The Watson and Crick double helix model of DNA structure, proposed in 1953, provided a breakthrough understanding of the molecular structure of DNA, which has profound implications for our understanding of genetics, heredity, and molecular biology.
What is DNA structure?The model explained several key features of DNA:
Double helix structure: The model proposed that DNA consists of two strands that are twisted around each other in a helical fashion, forming a double helix structure. The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide bases (adenine with thymine, and guanine with cytosine), forming base pairs along the interior of the helix. This explained how DNA can have a stable and structural integrity, while also allowing for the replication and transcription of genetic information.
Complementary base pairing: The model explained how the nucleotide bases in DNA (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine) pair specifically with their complementary bases to form the "rungs" of the DNA ladder. This complementary base pairing mechanism ensures that the genetic information stored in DNA is accurately replicated and transmitted during cell division and protein synthesis.
Antiparallel orientation: The model revealed that the two strands of DNA in the double helix are oriented in an antiparallel manner, meaning they run in opposite directions. This orientation allows for the formation of hydrogen bonds between the complementary base pairs, and it has important implications for DNA replication and transcription processes.
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Which of the following is a product of the citric acid cycle?
Multiple Choice
Pyruvic acid
Carbon dioxide
Glycogen
Water
A red-green colorblind woman marries a man with normal vision. Their first child is a girl. Their second child is a boy. What is the probability that the girl will be colorblind? What is the probability that the boy will be colorblind? Briefly justify each one of your answers.
Answer:
I believe the answer would be 50% or equal likely
Explanation:
Because if you have two children the probability would be equal likely
Which of the following structures represents a carbohydrate
The structure that represents a carbohydrate is structure C.
What are carbohydrates?Carbohydrates are one of the three primary nutrients included in foods and beverages, along with proteins and fats.
Carbohydrates are classified into simple sugars or monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Glucose is a simple sugar created by the body during the breakdown of complex carbohydrates such as starch. It is the primary source of energy for the cells, tissues, and organs in your body.
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Answer: C
Explanation:
The red wolf, Canis rufus, formerly widespread in the southeastern and southcentral United States, nearly became extinct in the late 1970s. Saved by a captive breeding program under the authority of the Endangered Species Act (ESA), it has been reintroduced in areas such as the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Recent genetic evidence indicates that the red wolf may not be a separate species, but a hybrid of the coyote, Canis latrans, and the gray wolf, Canis lupus.
Though the original intent of the ESA was to protect all endangered groups—whether species, subspecies, or hybrids—the costs may be prohibitive. What criteria should be applied if we must decide which organisms to protect? Are there reasons to preserve hybrids, subspecies, or local populations of species when the species as a whole is not at risk?
(450 and 550 words that explain how the main question can be addressed.)
The question of which species should be protected under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) is complex and controversial. The ESA was established with the goal of protecting all vulnerable groups, including subspecies and hybrids, but the costs of doing so can be prohibitive. In order to make informed decisions about which organisms to protect, certain criteria must be applied. These criteria include population size and distribution, importance of the organism in the ecosystem, and recreational potential. Population size and distribution are likely criteria for determining which organisms should be protected. If an organism has very low populations or is found only in a limited geographical area, it may be endangered and therefore in need of greater protection. However, this criterion can be complicated by the fact that there are some organisms such as: B. hybrids may be of low or limited population in nature. Another criterion that can be used to determine which organisms to protect is the importance of the organism in the ecosystem. For example, if a subspecies or hybrid plays an important role in maintaining ecosystem function, it may be more deserving of protection than similar organisms that do not play such an important role. This criterion is especially important when protecting hybrids. These organisms may have unique characteristics that are important to their ecosystem. A third criterion that can be used in deciding which species to protect is their recreational potential. If an organism is likely to recover from an endangered state with appropriate protection and management, it may be more deserving of protection than an organism less likely to recover. This criterion may be of particular relevance with respect to subspecies conservation, as these organisms may have unique adaptations that allow them to survive in certain environments. Ultimately, deciding which organisms to protect under ESA requires careful consideration of several factors. The ESA's original intention was to protect all vulnerable groups, but the reality is that resources may be limited and difficult decisions must be made. By considering criteria such as population size and distribution, ecological importance, and recreational potential, we can make more informed decisions about which organisms to protect. There may be compelling reasons to do so when considering the conservation of hybrids, subspecies, or local populations of a species when the entire species is not endangered. For example, hybrids may have unique genetic traits that are important to conserve, or local populations of species may be adapted to specific environmental conditions not found elsewhere. Conservation of these organisms can also have important cultural or ethical implications. However, there may also be limitations, objections, or weaknesses to hybrid or subspecies protection under an ESA. For example, some individuals may argue that protecting hybrids undermines conservation efforts in the original species or deprives them of resources to protect other vulnerable groups. In addition, some might argue that hybrids or subspecies do not meet the criteria for different species and therefore do not warrant protection under the ESA. In summary, deciding which organisms to protect under an ESA is complex and requires careful consideration of multiple factors. By applying criteria such as population size and distribution, ecological importance, and recreational potential, we can make more informed decisions about which organisms to protect. To protect hybrids, subspecies or local populations of species where the entire species may not be endangered
A diploid cell has four pairs of homologous chromosomes. Following meiosis, and assuming that crossing-over has not occurred, what is the probability of a daughter cell having only the maternal chromosomes from that initial cell?
1/16
1/8
1/4
This cannot happen.
The probability of a daughter cell having only the maternal chromosomes from that initial cell is 1/16
What is meiosis?In meiosis, the diploid cell undergoes two rounds of cell division, resulting in four haploid daughter cells.
During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through crossing-over. This means that it is unlikely for the daughter cell to have only the maternal chromosomes, as there is a high probability that at least one crossover event has occurred.
Since there are four pairs of homologous chromosomes, the probability of a daughter cell receiving only maternal chromosomes from all four pairs is:
1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/16
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Which statement correctly describes the changes in the air as it moves
from Location R to Location T?
The sun heats the land faster than the ocean water, so high-density
air moves from the ocean to the land, becoming less dense.
The sun heats the land faster than the ocean water, so high-density
air moves from the land to the ocean, becoming less dense.
The sun heats the land slower than the ocean water, so high-density
air moves from the ocean to the land, becoming less dense.
The sun heats the land slower than the ocean water, so high-density
air moves from the land to the ocean, becoming less dense.
3. Part of the cell cycle is shown in this simplified
model.
010-
00
O
O-O
This part of the cell cycle is best described as
the process that-
A. Duplicates the DNA
B. Completes cell division.
C. Maintains genetic homeostasis
D. Synthesizes new molecules
Design a simple experiment to improve the crop yeild of plant
based on the concept of photosynthesis
Here's a simple experiment to improve crop yield based on the concept of photosynthesis:
Choose two groups of identical plants and grow them under identical conditions (same soil, water, and light).
In one group, add a small amount of fertilizer to the soil. Fertilizers can provide essential nutrients for plants, which can help improve the process of photosynthesis and increase crop yield.In the other group, place a reflective surface, such as a mirror, near the plants to reflect more light onto them. More light can also help increase the rate of photosynthesis, which can lead to a higher crop yield.Monitor both groups of plants for several weeks and record their growth, height, and number of leaves.At the end of the experiment, measure the crop yield from both groups of plants and compare the results. The group with the higher yield can be considered the more successful one.This experiment can help determine the impact of fertilizers and reflective surfaces on the growth and yield of plants, by focusing on the process of photosynthesis. It is important to control all other variables, such as temperature and water, to ensure that any differences in crop yield are due to the specific variables being tested.
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Here's a simple experiment to improve crop yield based on the concept of photosynthesis:
Choose two groups of identical plants and grow them under identical conditions (same soil, water, and light).
In one group, add a small amount of fertilizer to the soil. Fertilizers can provide essential nutrients for plants, which can help improve the process of photosynthesis and increase crop yield.In the other group, place a reflective surface, such as a mirror, near the plants to reflect more light onto them. More light can also help increase the rate of photosynthesis, which can lead to a higher crop yield.Monitor both groups of plants for several weeks and record their growth, height, and number of leaves.At the end of the experiment, measure the crop yield from both groups of plants and compare the results. The group with the higher yield can be considered the more successful one.This experiment can help determine the impact of fertilizers and reflective surfaces on the growth and yield of plants, by focusing on the process of photosynthesis. It is important to control all other variables, such as temperature and water, to ensure that any differences in crop yield are due to the specific variables being tested.
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Explain how a marble chemical entities and human activities related to those pollutants connect to at least one of the four root causes of on sustainability
A marble chemical entities and human activities related to the pollutants are one of the four root causes of unsustainability.
Marble is a natural mineral used in construction, flooring, sculptures, etc. However, the use of marble also has negative impact on environment that is the root cause of unsustainability due to overuse of natural resources.
The extraction of marble, its transportation to manufacturing facilities and construction sites contributes to carbon emissions and pollution. The use of marble in construction and decorative applications lead to overconsumption and waste that is the root cause of unsustainability.
Another root cause of unsustainability is pollution. The processing of marble often involves the use of chemicals such as acids and solvents, which can contribute to air and water pollution if not disposed properly.
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Select the two true statements about natural selection.
Environmentally compatible features are favoured by natural selection. New qualities emerge as a result of natural selection.
What is the definition of the natural selection theory?According to the Natural selecting, organisms breed more young than they can withstand in their surroundings. Those who are more physically capable of surviving, maturing, and reproducing.
what is it Natural selection and evolutionary ?Evolutionary Process the process by which organisms with stronger environmental adaptations typically survive and have more progeny. Evolution. any shift across generations in the phenotypes (inherited traits) of a heterogeneous population.
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Which 3 statements describes proteins?
Proteins are created from the code in DNA.
Proteins are synthesized in the nucleus of a cell.
DNA and RNA are proteins.
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
Proteins affect the structures and functions of living things.
The shape and the function of a protein are not related.
Answer:
1,4,5
Explanation:
1,because proteins are synthesized by ribosomes which get the coded mRNA from the nucleus of the cell and these mRNA are also gets it's code from the cods on DNA molecule. so proteins are created from the coded in DNA.
4,proteins are build in cytoplasm by ribosomese because ribosomes accept the mRNA and then tRNA comes attached amino acid and translate the code in mRNA to protein molecule. so Amino acids are building blocks of protein.
5,proteins are almost the building block of every life. proteins affect the structure of life because all life cells are made from proteins. proteins also affect the functions of life because all the chemical reactions are controlled by enzymes which are proteins.
Which source of water pollution is a nonpoint source?
O A. Acid rain
B. An oil spill
C. Garbage dumps
D. A leaking sewer pipe
Answer:
A leaking sewer pipe
Explanation:
Because everything in this diasaster is made by human.
How might the production of antibiotics and odors have evolved?
Answer:
Explanation:
The production of antibiotics and odours may have evolved as a result of natural selection. Bacteria and other microorganisms have to compete with each other for resources, and the production of antibiotics and odours may be a way for them to gain an advantage over their competitors. For example, some bacteria produce antibiotics that kill other bacteria in their vicinity, thus reducing competition for resources. Similarly, some bacteria produce odours that attract pollinators or other organisms that may help them in some way. Over time, the ability to produce these chemicals may have become more prevalent in certain populations, as those that could produce them had an advantage in the competition for resources.
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1. Soma's mother was spraying an insecticide on a cockroach. Soma opposed this while her mother wanted to kill it. Why doesn't Soma want her mother to kill the cockroach? Why did mother oppose Soma? Write the reason.
It seems Soma does not want her mother to kill the cockroach because she opposes killing insects unnecessarily, even if they are unpleasant pests. Some possible reasons Soma may have opposed killing the cockroach:
1. She believes in compassion for all living creatures, even insects. She thinks there are humane ways to get rid of cockroaches rather than killing them.
2. She thinks cockroaches have a right to life too, as long as they are not directly harming humans or threatening health and safety. Killing them as a first resort is unjustified.
3. She may think cockroaches serve some purpose in the ecosystem and food chain, so they should not be exterminated casually.
4. She could see the cockroach as a fellow living being deserving of mercy and a chance to live, rather than an automatic target for killing.
In contrast, the mother likely opposed Soma's view because:
1. She finds cockroaches disgusting and sees killing them as the only reasonable solution to get rid of an infestation.
2. She thinks Soma is being too compassionate towards useless vermin at the cost of hygiene and practicality.
3. She may see it as Soma being too sentimental or foolishly opposed to the only effective method of dealing with cockroaches.
4. There could be a difference in viewpoint and tolerance for insects between the generations. The mother's perspective may be more pragmatic while Soma's is more ethical.
Does this help explain the possible reasons for the difference in perspectives? Let me know if you need any clarification.
5.08 energy consumption lab worksheet
The five adjustments we made to the Rube Goldberg device in order to keep the flow of energy going include:
Changing the anglePutting the rubber band firmly to the white ballChanging the position of the weightAttaching the 5lbs to the rope on the third platform found in close proximity to the green tube so it can enter into the see saw device.What is the Rube Goldberg device?The Rube Goldberg machine, named after American cartoonist Rube Goldberg, is described as a chain reaction–type machine or contraption intentionally designed to perform a simple task in an indirect and overly complicated way.
The device function by using a set of tasks that work in succession and trigger one event after another until the final event.
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#complete question:
01.05 energy lab worksheet
Describe the five adjustments you made to the Rube Goldberg device in order to keep the flow of energy going.
3. What two properties does the antiparallel arrangement of the two DNA
strands give to this molecule.
The antiparallel arrangement of the two DNA strands gives the molecule two important properties:
Complementary Base Pairing: The antiparallel arrangement of the two DNA strands allows for complementary base pairing between the nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) of the two strands. Specifically, adenine on one strand pairs with thymine on the other strand, and cytosine on one strand pairs with guanine on the other strand. This base pairing is essential for DNA replication and the maintenance of genetic information.
Stability: The antiparallel arrangement of the two DNA strands also gives the molecule stability. The sugar-phosphate backbones of the two strands run in opposite directions, with one strand running in the 5' to 3' direction and the other strand running in the 3' to 5' direction. This allows the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs to be held in a stable configuration, as they are oriented towards each other in a predictable way. Additionally, the stacking interactions between the nitrogenous bases of each strand further contribute to the stability of the DNA molecule.
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Have a Great Day!When an action potential reaches the axon terminals, communication is typically _______________.
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After the disaster, Kiko became very concerned about her country's dependence on nuclear energy and Japan resort to nuclear energy because C, no native fossil fuel deposits.
What is nuclear energy?Nuclear energy is the energy produced by nuclear processes, either fission or fusion. The nucleus of an atom is divided into smaller nuclei during nuclear fission, releasing a tremendous quantity of energy in the process.
Nuclear fusion occurs when two atomic nuclei merge to produce a bigger nucleus, which releases energy. Nuclear energy is used to create electricity in power stations.
It is classified as clean energy since it emits no greenhouse emissions, but it also carries substantial safety and environmental dangers.
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Organ systems consist of organs, which consist of tissues.
True or False
True
False
The statement that Organ systems consist of organs, which consist of tissues is true.
What is the justifiucation?Organ systems are composed of various organs, which in turn are made up of different types of tissues that work together to perform specific functions. Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function.
For example, the heart is an organ that is made up of several types of tissues, including muscle tissue that contracts to pump blood, nervous tissue that coordinates the heart's activity, and connective tissue that provides support and structure to the heart. Similarly, the digestive system is composed of several organs, including the stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas, each of which is made up of different types of tissues that work together to digest food and absorb nutrients.
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Discuss Gregor Mendel's role in the discovery of the patterns of inheritance.
Gregor Mendel is known as the father of modern genetics due to his pioneering work in discovering the patterns of inheritance.
Mendel conducted experiments on pea plants, observing and recording the traits of the plants and their offspring. He concluded that traits are inherited from parents and that there are dominant and recessive traits. He also proposed the laws of segregation and independent assortment, which explain how traits are passed down from generation to generation.
Mendel's discoveries laid the foundation for the field of genetics and had a significant impact on our understanding of inheritance. His work formed the basis for modern genetic research and has led to advancements in areas such as medicine and agriculture.
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Answer: Inheritance is defined as receiving genetic information from parents. The whole process of heredity majorly relies on inheritance and that is the reason why offspring are similar to their parents.
It was the mid-19th century when people began to understand inheritance in a proper way. The understanding was possible because of Gregor Mendel, who provided certain laws which are known as Mendal's laws of inheritance.
Between 1856-1863, Mendal conducted various experiments related to the Hybridization of garden peas.
Why were peas chosen?
1. The pea plant was easily grown and maintained.
2. It features several contrasting characters.
3. Pea plant was an annual plant.
Mendel conducted 2 main experiments to conclude law of inheritance. These experiments were:
1. Monohybrid Cross
2. Dihybrid Cross
While doing experiments, Mendel observed that certain things were always being transferred down to offspring in a stable way. Those factors were called Genes.
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Who was the “culprit” in the “Great M&M Mystery?
The "culprit" in the "Great M&M Mystery" was a student named David Bellisario.
In 1988, a science teacher named Roger Bennatti noticed that the brown M&M's in a bag appeared to weigh slightly more than the other colors. He and his colleagues decided to investigate this phenomenon, eventually leading to what became known as the "Great M&M Mystery." They hypothesized that the brown M&M's were either denser or thicker than the other colors, causing them to weigh more.
However, after numerous experiments and tests, they were unable to find any significant differences in the weights of the M&M's based on their colors. It wasn't until several years later that a former student, David Bellisario, confessed to the prank. He had added a few extra brown M&M's to the bag to see if he could trick his teacher.
The "Great M&M Mystery" became a famous example of the scientific method in action, as Bennatti and his colleagues went through multiple iterations of testing and experimentation to try to solve the mystery. However, in the end, it turned out to be a simple case of student mischief.
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Darwinian Gradualism can be generalized to: The change in a population's phenotype (by genetic change) over time (many, many years of applied geologic time) allowing for the gradual formation of new species from an ancestor group
The statement 'Darwinian Gradualism can be generalized to the change in a population's phenotype over many years allowing for the gradual formation of new species from an ancestor group' is true.
What is Darwinian Gradualism and which is its importance in evolution?Darwinian Gradualism refers to changes that occur over many generations that lead to adaptation by natural selection, which is critical for the evolution of traits in nature.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that Darwinian Gradualism can explain minor differences in the phenotypes of the individual in a species.
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ou believe that the migration of a species of fish is innate. You raise the offspring of a pair of these fish with parental fish of another species that migrates by a different route. If the behavior is innate, you would expect:
Sketch and explain how respiratory gasses are exchanged between the alveoli
and capillaries in the lungs.
Gas interchange occurs by simple diffusion between the air and the blood in alveoli, which are the smallest sac-shaped structures in the lungs surrounded by several capillaries.
What are alveoli?
Alveoli are small bags located at the end of bronchia in the lungs, where gas interchange involved in respiration occurs.
Alveoli are surrounded by several capillaries through which blood flows from the heart to the lungs and from the lungs to the heart.
Carbonated blood coming from the heart has a high CO₂ concentration. This gas is transported in the plasma. Oxygenated blood returning to the heart has a high O₂ concentration, gas transported within the red cells.
When carbonated blood reaches alveoli, it releases CO₂ and absorbs O₂. This gas interchange allows the organism to take oxygenated blood to the organs.
Gas interchange occurs by diffusion between blood and air. Oxygen molecules move from the air (the more concentrated side) to the blood (the less concentrated side), while carbon dioxide moves oppositely, from the blood (the more concentrated side) to the air (the less concentrated side).
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2.
PART B: Which detail from the text best supports the answer to Part A?
A.
"One study shows students with disabilities participate in fewer extracurricular activities, like clubs or on-campus events, than non-disabled peers. This is due to a lack of social inclusion, the study states." (Paragraph 5)
B.
"How many books did you read in school that featured characters with disabilities? How much did you learn about the disability rights movement in your social studies classes?" (Paragraph 8)
C.
"At Villanova, where I teach, LEVEL, a student-run disability awareness group, provides opportunities for students to raise awareness and participate in fully accessible social activities on and off campus." (Paragraph 16)
D.
"At Penn, a graduate student and his colleagues developed the Accessibility Mapping Project. This project is an effort to digitally map the 'emergency of physical and social barriers' around campus." (Paragraph 21)
3.
According to the text, how have disability rights changed over time?
A.
People with disabilities have won additional rights over the years, but there is still work to be done, especially in education.
B.
People with disabilities have the same access to physical and social spaces as people without disabilities.
C.
People with visible disabilities have successfully won more rights than people with invisible disabilities.
D.
People with disabilities have successfully fought for many individual rights, but they continue to have no rights in academic settings.
4.
How do paragraphs 1-3 contribute to the development of ideas in the text
A.
They provide an example of the typical experience of a person with disabilities on a college campus.
B.
They emphasize how sororities and fraternities are more exclusionary than other groups on campus.
C.
They provide an example of a student who was excluded from campus life likely because of her disability.
D.
They stress how little college students know about disability on campus and how they are reluctant to discuss it.
Numerous impairments, including mental diseases, problems with learning and paying attention, some physical ailments, neurodiversity, and many more, are not always obvious.
Why are invisible limitations is considered as a problem?In addition to dealing with symptoms that can drastically impair their quality of life, many persons with invisible disabilities experience prejudice and scepticism because of this. People may ignore a medical condition's consequences if they cannot see a signal, such as a wheelchair or crutches.
When a handicapped person receives unfavourable treatment that cannot be justified because of something connected to their impairment.
The most severe punishment a school may impose on a student who violates its conduct policy is permanent exclusion. (the school rules).
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What is the oxygen pathway from nose to the brain?
What is the role of resistance in an electrical circuit? Provide an
example to support your statement.
Answer:
The role of resistance in an electrical circuit is to regulate the flow of current, ensuring that it does not exceed safe levels. This is particularly important in devices such as resistors, which are specifically designed to provide a specified amount of resistance to current flow.
For example, consider a circuit consisting of a battery, a switch, a resistor, and a light bulb. When the switch is closed, current flows from the battery through the resistor, which limits the current flow to a safe level, before reaching the light bulb. The resistance of the resistor ensures that the light bulb does not receive too much current, which could cause it to burn out.
Resistance is also important in many other electrical devices, such as electric motors, heating elements, and electronic components. In each case, the resistance of the device helps to regulate the flow of current and ensure that it operates safely and efficiently.
Explanation:
2 Quiz
How are micronutrients classified?
Answer:
micronutrituens are classified water soluble vitamin, fat, solublevitamin macromineral andtracemineral.
Plants are named according to their?
Answer: Plants are named according to “International Code of Botanical Nomenclature".
Explanation: As humans, plants also have names. Some have more than one but are mostly known by their “International Code of Botanical Nomenclature". The code is based on a two-name (binomial) system developed by the famous botanist Linnaeus. Each plant is given a first name and last name, generally based in Latin, that is unique to each species. This name is recognized for that plant throughout the world, no matter what the native language might be.
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Fill out the mRNA molecule?
The corresponding protein sequence is, Methionine-Arginine-Methionine-Alanine-Threonine-Glycine-Threonine.
The given sequence of nucleotides represents a fragment of an mRNA molecule. Using the genetic code, we can translate the nucleotide sequence into a sequence of amino acids to determine the corresponding protein sequence.
The genetic code is a set of rules that specifies the correspondence between nucleotide triplets (codons) and amino acids. Each codon consists of three nucleotides, and there are 64 possible codons. Three of these codons are stop codons that signal the end of the protein sequence, while the remaining 61 codons code for the 20 different amino acids.
TAC -> Methionine (start codon)
CGG -> Arginine
ATG -> Methionine
GCT -> Alanine
ACT -> Threonine
GGT -> Glycine
ACT -> Threonine
Therefore, the corresponding protein sequence is:
Methionine-Arginine-Methionine-Alanine-Threonine-Glycine-Threonine
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