What are the extra parts of the immune response in vertebrates that are adaptations to intracellular pathogens?
Answer:
The extra parts of the immune response in vertebrates that are adaptations to intracellular pathogens are the production of antibodies, the activation of the complement system, and the production of interferon.
humans do not have significantly more genes than some other animals, for instance, the nematode worm c. elegans. what accounts for the diversity of cell types and functions in humans relative c. elegans or d. melanogaster? select all that apply.
Different protein combinations, differential gene expression, and the ability of many human genes to encode multiple proteins all contribute to complexity.
What are some examples of genes?Many of your characteristics, including your skin tone and hair color, are determined by dna is passed down to you. Maybe Emma's mother had one gene for brown hair the other for red hair, therefore she gave Emma the red hair gene. Her red hair could be explained by the possibility that her father carries two red hair genes.
What distinguishes a gene from DNA?Your human anatomy is created and maintained by DNA. Genes are sections of your DNA that give you the physical traits that make you special. Your body's cells are guided by a detailed guidebook that is present throughout.
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alternative splicing may be considered a mechanism of gene regulation because it: group of answer choices is mutagenic. results in different protein products. enhances rna editing. results in dna rearrangements.
Alternative Splicing may be considered a mechanism of gene regulation because it results in different protein products that is option B is correct.
Alternative splicing may be defined as the method of modification of the construction of the pre-mRNA also known as the messenger RNA. By using this method a number of m-RNA can be produced and it helps to get a diverse amount of m-RNA. It produces the diverse amount of m-RNA from the newly generated RNA transcripts and forms different sequences of those. Gene regulation may be defined as the process with which the quantities of the gene that is the timing, location and the amount of expression of the genes are determined. The process is a very complicated one and it involves the use of all the proteins available in the DNA.
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which of the following is true about bmr? multiple choice between 50 and 75 percent of the calories consumed each day are used for physical activity. physical activity only influences bmr by burning calories. bmr is influenced by age, gender, and weight. there is no way to change your bmr.
The true statement about BMR is: (3) BMR is influenced by age, gender, and weight.
BMR stands for Basal Metabolic Rate. It can be defined as the measure of the calories burned by an individual when at rest. It accounts for the energy required by the body when it is at rest. This energy is essential for the normal functioning of the body.
There are several factors that affect the value of BMR. These are age, gender, weight, height, infections, genetic effects, etc. Keeping all the factors in focus, most adult women must have a BMR of 1550 calories each day and adult males should have around 1600-1800.
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Based on your knowledge of microbial genetics and microbial pathogenesis, where do you think the genetic information for endotoxins are located?.
Based on your knowledge of microbial genetics and microbial pathogenesis, the genetic information for endotoxins is located in Tus Protein .
The usage of microbes and protocols have been evolved to insert genes into bacterial plasmids, taking advantage of their speedy reproduction, to make biofactories for the gene of interest. Such genetically engineered microorganisms can produce pharmaceuticals consisting of insulin, human growth hormone, interferons, and blood clotting factors.
The researchers found almost forty-six million bacterial genes—about 24 million within the mouth microbiome and 22 million in the gut microbiome. The crew predicted that the overall quantity of genes inside the collective human microbiome could be around 232 million.
Genetic checking out can screen modifications (mutations) in your genes that may motivate illness or ailment. despite the fact that genetic trying out can provide critical statistics for diagnosing, treating, and stopping contamination, there are boundaries.
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ailure of the implant that occurs after the initial integration is often caused by which condition(s)? 1. bacterial infection extending from the peri-implant tissues into the bone 2. generation of excessive heat when the implant hole is drilled into the bone 3. overloading of the implant during function
After initial integration, implant failure is typically caused by bacterial infection that travels from the peri-implant tissues into the bone.
Explain about the peri-implant tissues?The tissues that surround Osseointegrated dental implants are referred to as peri-implant tissues. They are separated into compartments for soft and hard tissues. The "peri-implant mucosa" or soft tissue compartment is formed after the insertion of the implant or abutment and is referred to as such during the healing process.
To create a thicker soft tissue foundation for the implant, connective tissue or Alloderm is applied over the problematic area at the time of implant insertion.
In example, between 18% and 30% of implants experienced peri-implant mucositis over the course of 1 to 9 years, and 9% of implants showed clinical symptoms of peri-implantitis (defined as the presence of BOP + PD 4 mm + considerable bone loss).
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how do the small size and rapid reproduction rate of bacteria contribute to their large population sizes and high genetic variation?
Despite being small, the population is huge. A trillion bacteria can be found in a few handfuls of dirt, making up the population of bacteria there. Bacteria are a few micrometers in size, which is smaller than the size of a sand grain.
Large population size is a result of rapid reproduction. In a short amount of time, the bacterial population grows significantly. Bacteria can multiply in a matter of minutes to a few hours. Their growth is exponential, thus after each replication cycle, there is an increase in their population.
High genetic variation is a result of rapid reproduction rates. After a short while, the bacterial population starts to get more and more mutated. Bacteria must replicate their DNA very quickly in order to maintain their rapid reproduction rate; this causes replication errors that result in mutation. As a result of the replication machinery moving too quickly, mutations accumulate in the genome and cannot be repaired.
Bacteria may prevent growth in areas that are small and "deficient" in nutrients. This characteristic is due to the bacterial cell wall and adaptations rather than the size of the bacteria.
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which of these is not part of the peripheral nervous system (pns)? which of these is not part of the peripheral nervous system (pns)? spinal cord cranial nerves afferent nerve fibers spinal nerves
Spinal cord is not part of the peripheral nervous system (pns).
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) is composed of all the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia (groups of nerve cells). Brain, brain stem and spinal cord are all components of the central nervous system (CNS).
Three part of Peripheral nervous system are Sensory that Connects the brain and spinal cord to your skin and allow you to feel pain and other sensations. Secondly Autonomic that helps to Controls involuntary function like blood pressure, heart rate. The third one is Motor that helps to Connects the brain and spinal cord to muscles to stimulate movement.
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PLLLLZZZZ HELPPPP ITSSS DUE IN AN HOURRRR
Answer:
mr. smith because ice (or glaciers), wind, and ice could have possibly stripped off many layers of deposits. this kind of stuff frequently occurs in desert environments, making such discoveries easier.
Would you results have been any different if you had used a cell type different from your cheek cells? why or why not?.
The results have been different if you had used a cell type different from your cheek cells why because of the absence of a cell wall in the cheek cell.
The human cheek cells lack a cell wall, just like other animal cells do. The cytoplasm is encircled by a cell membrane that is partially permeable. Animal cells have denser, more granular, and larger cytoplasms compared to plant cells. Because they lack cell walls, cheek cells have irregular shapes. Because only plant cells have cell walls, most animal cells are atypical in shape.
Since the cells in the human cheek are animal cells, they lack a cell wall. The cell membrane, a semi-permeable barrier, is therefore the exterior barrier of the human cheek cell. Human cheek cells, as opposed to onion cells, contain a rich cytoplasm. It takes up a lot of room inside the cell and is granular.
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According to the lab 10 lecture, what can cause morphological traits to be potentially misleading and result in inaccurate phylogenetic trees?.
According to the lab 10 lecture, cause morphological traits to be potentially misleading and result in inaccurate phylogenetic trees Here in Polygenetics generate a tree, after acquiring the data.
A phylogenetic tree, additionally known as phylogeny, is a diagram that depicts the traces of the evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestor.
This diagrammatic representation represents how special species developed from a chain of commonplace ancestors. The phylogenetic tree also can be described as a two-dimensional graph representing the evolutionary relationship among an organism from diverse different organisms.
A phylogenetic tree is a diagram used to mirror evolutionary relationships amongst organisms or businesses of organisms. Scientists take into account phylogenetic trees to be a speculation of the evolution beyond due to the fact one can not pass again to confirm the proposed relationships.
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Which animal has the closest DNA to humans?
Chimpanzees have the closest DNA to humans, sharing about 99% similarities to human DNA.
Genome Sequencing analysis which was published in "Nature" scientific journal on 1 September 2005 by the Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium revealed that chimpanzees shares 99% similarities to human DNA.
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Chimpanzees have the closest DNA to humans.
How are humans related to chimpanzees?
Ever since researchers sequenced the chimp genome in 2005, they have known that humans share about 99% of our DNA with chimpanzees, making them our closest living relatives.
Are humans and chimpanzees the same family?
Researchers generally agree that among the living animals in this group, humans are most closely related to chimpanzees, judging from comparisons of anatomy and genetics.
Thus, chimpanzees have the closest DNA to humans.
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thrombus lodging in the pulmonary circulation, the sympathetic nervous system is activated. hemodynamically, this results in right heart failure why?
Right heart failure (RHF) is a clinical syndrome in which the right heart's structures—most notably the right ventricle [RV]—function abnormally, impairing the right heart's ability to perfuse.
Is right-sided heart failure more common?Left-sided heart failure is the most common type. When the right ventricle struggles to efficiently pump blood to the lungs, right-sided heart failure results.
What causes right heart failure the most?Pulmonary hypertension is the main factor in right heart failure. Other reasons include pericardial disease, hereditary cardiomyopathy, RV myocarditis, and ischaemia.
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order the steps in binary fission from first to last, starting at the top.
A. the cell pinches in two, forming two daughter cells.
B. the cell elongates and the DNA is partitioned such that the origins are at the 1/4 and 3/4 positions in the cell.
C. the bacterial DNA molecule replicates.
D. septation begins
Answer:1. The bacterial DNA molecule replicates
2. the cell elongates and the dna is partitioned such that the origins are at the 1/4 and 3/4 positions in the cell.
3. Septation begins.
4. The cell pinches in two, forming two daughter cells.
Explanation: Hoped This Helped?
Compare the three types of specialized cells that you
viewed through the microscope to the generalized cell that you built in Part 1. List which
organelles each specialized cell might need in greater numbers than the generalized
cell. Offer a reason for each answer.
The three categories of specialized cells are as follows:
a nerve cell
reproductive cellular
muscular cells
Cells that are specialized are those that make up the body's organ systems.
The organism's other cells and these cells are interdependent on one another.
What are the three functions of the three instances of specialized cells?The body is made up of specialized cells that each play a specific job in maintaining health. Examples include red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body, muscle cells, which contract and relax, and nerve cells, which transmit signals throughout the body.
Give me two examples of specialized cells, and define them.Cells that are specialized in a certain structure or set of bodily tasks. Specialized cells can be found in many different forms, such as: Blood.
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which of the following inner ear structures contains granules and helps with gravitational equilibrium? (more than one answer may apply)
The inner ear structures containing granules and helps with gravitational equilibrium are: the semicircular canals called utricle and saccule.
Ear is the organ involved in the hearing of sounds and also maintains the balance of the body. The ear is distinguished into three parts: the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. The outer ear is called pinna. The middle ear consists of three most important bones called the malleus, incus and stapes.
Semicircular canals are the parts involved in balancing. These are the tiny tube like structures that contains a fluid. Apart from balancing, the semicircular canals are also able to detect the head position.
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what is the major cation found in intracellular fluid?
Answer:
Sodium is the major cation found in intracellular fluid.
There is growing concern over the decline in the U.S. honeybee population due to the use of pesticides. How could this affect biodiversity and ecosystem services? Suggest a solution for this problem. (Minimum of five sentences)
Biodiversity will be affected with the decline of bees because;
there will be less floral production, fruit yield will be low and the lowest level of food chain will be affected.To mitigate the reduction of bees;
reduction in the use of pesticides introduce crop rotationplant bee gardensbuild homes for native beesWhy are bees important to biodiversity and the ecosystem?Bees are pollinators that carry flower pollens to other flowers for fertilization of both wild and domestic plants. They help prevent inbreeding in plants for their survival.
When plants are fertilized they produce seeds that offers food for the survival of different species in a particular habitat. Without this, organisms will die out.
For solution, farmers need to employ chemical free solutions, introduce crop rotation plant bee farms among other things to help bees survive.
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The half-life of Ca-40.078 is 601 years. If one had 24g of fossil at the beginning, how many grams would be left after 1803 years has elapsed?
The half-life of an isotope is useful to determine how much time has an organism been dead or how much isotope is left in the organism. In the exposed example, after 1803 years there was 3 g of Ca⁻⁴⁰.
What is the half-life of an isotope?The half-life term refers to the time it takes for half the mass of an isotope to become its less radiocative daughter form.
Half-life is a reference. It means that an organism that has been dead for a certain time (in years) has half the isotope amount or concentration than the same organism had when it was alive.
Knowing the half-life of an element is useful to determine the age of the dead matter or the amount of isotope left.
Available data:
The half-life of Ca⁻⁴⁰ is 601 years24g of fossil at the beginning T₁ = human 1803 yearsWe can answer this question in two different ways,
1) We can make use of the following equation
A = A₀ (1/2)ˣ
Where,
A is the final amount = ?A₀ is the initial amount = 24gX = time / half-life = 1803 years / 601 years = 3A = 24 g (1/2)³
A = 24g * 0.125
A = 3 gr.
2) You can also think about is as follows,
601 years --------- 1 half-life
1803 years ------- X = 3 half-lives
The original isotopic sample had 24g
After 601 years (1 half-life), there was only 50% of the original sample left ⇒ 24/2 = 12.After 1202 years (2 half-lives), there was 50% left of half of the original sample ⇒ 12/2 = 6.
After 1803 years (3 half-lives), there was 50% left of the half of the half of original sample. This is 6/2 = 3.
In conclusion, after 1803 years there was 3 g of Ca⁻⁴⁰.
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What is the difference between a kidney infection and a kidney disease
In a particular bacterial cell, β-galactosidase is at high concentrations but b-galactoside permease is at very low concentrations. Which is the most likely explanation?.
The most likely explanation would be that one of the structural genes has mutation that is option E is correct.
β-galactosidase is kind of enzyme that may be used in the hydrolysis reaction of the terminal β-galactose that are non reducing in nature. This enzyme is basically used as a catalyst in the hydrolysis reaction. β-galactosidase permease on the other hand is a kind of protein that is found in the cell membrane of living beings. This protein is responsible for binding of galactosidase molecules that are soluble in nature within the cell of the human being. Sometimes there is difference in the concentration of both these within the cell because there are possibilities of mutation within the β-galactosidase and this happens due to the genes of these enzymes.
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Complete Question:
In a bacterial cell, β-galactosidase is at high concentrations but β-galactosidase permease is at very low concentrations. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?
a) Both glucose and lactose are at high concentrations.
b) Both glucose and lactose are at low concentrations.
c) The operator has a mutation.
d) The promoter has a mutation.
e) One of the structural genes has a mutation.
Which terms best describe the class of questions that insel and young were addressing when they studied the effect of antidiuretic hormone on monogamous voles by experimentally increasing the number of receptors in the brain?.
The class of questions Insel and Young were attempting to answer when they investigated the impact of antidiuretic hormone are best described in proximate, mechanistic terms.
The event closest to or most directly responsible for the effect seen is referred to as the proximate cause. The "real" cause of an occurrence, on the other hand, is occasionally regarded as a more important ultimate cause (also known as a distal cause).
The mechanism is the physiology of behavior. Tinbergen referred to this as "causation." These are the mechanical justifications for how specific physiological traits in animals function and influence behavior. One way to do this is to identify the hormones and neurotransmitters that influence behavior.
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single cell organism that is responsible for converting plant based sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide
Sugars and carbohydrates, which are plentiful in bread dough, are what yeasts eat. They convert this food into energy and as a result, produce carbon dioxide gas. The process is termed as fermentation.
What is fermentation?
Yeast cells use fermentation to turn carbohydrates from cereals into ethanol and CO2. Numerous secondary metabolites that affect the flavor and aroma of beer are created at the same time. Because various yeast strains produce these metabolites differently, yeast can uniquely affect the flavor of beer.
Secondary metabolites are substances that an organism produces to give it a selective advantage but are not necessary for its growth or reproduction. They frequently block crucial biological processes, such as the growth of organisms with which
Hence, the answer is yeast.
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which organism is a normal part of our microbiome, and hence if we carry the organism it is not considered a latent infection?
Types of human microbiome include bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, and viruses. Micro-animals can also live in the human body, but are usually excluded from this definition.
The microbiome consists of beneficial and potentially harmful microbes. Most are symbiotic (benefiting both the human body and the microbiome) and a few are pathogenic (promoting disease). In a healthy body, pathogenic and commensal bacteria readily coexist. Microbiome refers to the group of up to 1,000 different microorganisms or bacteria that live in your body. This bacterium aids digestion, destroys harmful bacteria, and helps control the immune system. The gut microbiome is made up of trillions of bacteria, fungi, and other microbes. The gut microbiota plays a very important role in health, including controlling digestion and providing benefits to the immune system and other aspects of health.
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does german eat turkey on Thanksgiving
Yes, they do eat turkey on thanksgiving unless they don't like the taste of it.
In dna replication, the strands on the original molecule are used as blank______ for the synthesis of new dna strands.
Answer:
In dna replication, the strands on the original molecule are used as templates for the synthesis of new dna strands.
Explanation:
There isn't much explaining on this one.
but basically just remember that at the end of DNA replication you will end up with 2 DNA molecules, one is the original template DNA strand and the other one is the new DNA strand.
Therefore, they would need an original DNA strand to replicate off of, and that is what we call the template DNA strand.
1. would you expect the concentration of hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones in a systemic venous blood sample to be higher, lower, or the same as the concentration of these hormones in a sample of hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal blood?
(hypothalmic releasing AND inhibiting hormones) =
1. TRH
2. CRH
3. GnRH
4. GHRH
5. GHIH
6. PRH
7. PIH
What is Hypothalamus releasing and inhibiting hormones ?The area of the brain that keeps the body's internal balance in check The endocrine and nervous systems communicate with one another through the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus creates releasing and inhibiting hormones that start and stop the body's other hormones from being produced.
Comparing systemic venous blood samples to hypothalamic hypophyseal portal blood, the concentration would be incredibly low (almost nonexistent). Between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, these hormones are secreted into the portal blood for local delivery. Given that systemic blood has a much larger total volume than portal vessel blood, any portion of these hormones that are taken up by systemic blood at the anterior pituitary capillary level is diluted.Learn more about Releasing and inhibiting hormones here:
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which stage of urine production involves adding ammonia, uric acid, and other waste substances directly into the renal tubule?
Secretion stage of urine production involves adding ammonia, uric acid, and other waste substances directly into the renal tubule.
Filtration is the first step in the urine production, where water and other substances leave the blood and enter the renal tubule. Secretion is the process where substances that is not filtered out of the blood are moved into the fluid within renal tubule.
Hence, Urine formation occurs in three main steps like glomerular filtration, reabsorption and secretion. Urine comprises of 95 % water and 5% wastes such as ions of sodium, potassium and calcium, and nitrogenous wastes such as creatinine, urea and ammonia.
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Which factors are used to differentiate climate regions? Check all that apply. Orainfall plant life Danimal life temperature wind
Rainfall, temperature, wind- All these factors are used to differentiate climate regions.
The correct options are a, d and e.
The quantity of sunshine a location receives, its elevation above sea level, the form of the terrain, the amount of rainfall and how close it is to seas are just a few of the numerous variables that affect its climate.
The long-term pattern of the weather in a region is called the climate. Hour by hour, day by day, month by month, or even year by year, the weather might vary. A region's climate is determined by its weather patterns, which are typically monitored for at least 30 years.
The complete question is:
Which factors are used to differentiate climate regions?
Check all that apply.
a. rainfall
b. plant life
c. animal life
d. temperature
e. wind
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based on their diets in the wild, determine whether the species listed are carnivores, omnivores, or herbivores. enter the total number of each type into the following boxes.
When discussing animal diets, there are three primary categories to keep in mind: Any animal that only consumes plants is a herbivore. A species that consumes both meat and plants is an omnivore.
What aspects of an animal's diet matter?The nutritional requirements of animals differ not just between species but also between individuals. An animal's nutritional requirements are influenced by its life stage, age, level of physical activity, sex, size, bodily condition, reproductive status, and overall health.
Which three animal diets are there?The three primary types of animals are herbivores, omnivores, and carnivores. Herbivores are animals that only eat vegetation. Carnivores are animals that eat only meat.
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