The earnings per share (EPS) is $4.24. The earnings per share (EPS) are used to determine a company's profitability per share of stock. The formula for earnings per share (EPS) is net income divided by the total number of shares of stock outstanding.
For example, if a company has $1 million in net income and 500,000 shares of stock outstanding, its earnings per share would be $2.00. The share of stock trades at $144 and has a P/E ratio of 34. We can use the P/E ratio to determine the earnings per share. The P/E ratio is the price of the stock divided by the earnings per share. So, if we know the P/E ratio and the price of the stock, we can solve for the earnings per share. Let's use the following formula:
P/E ratio = price of stock / earnings per share
We know that the price of the stock is $144 and the P/E ratio is 34.
So we can plug those values into the formula and solve for the earnings per share: 34 = 144 / EPS
34 x EPS = 144
EPS = 4.24
Therefore, the earnings per share (EPS) is $4.24.
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if , then find the value of b (in terms of c and d) for which 0.
The value of b in terms of c and d for which the given integral is zero is [tex]\(b = \frac{\frac{1}{2}(c^2 - d^2)}{d - c}\).[/tex]
To find the value of b in terms of c and d for which the given integral is equal to zero, let's evaluate the integrals separately:
[tex]\(\int_{c}^{d} (x+b)\ dx = 0\)[/tex]
we can evaluate the integral and solve for b.
Expanding the integral expression, we have:
[tex]\(\int_{c}^{d} x\ dx + \int_{c}^{d} b\ dx = 0\)[/tex]
The integral of x with respect to x is:
[tex]\(\frac{1}{2}x^2\)[/tex]
Thus, we can rewrite the equation as:
[tex]\(\frac{1}{2}d^2 + bd - \frac{1}{2}c^2 - bc = 0\)[/tex]
To solve for b, we rearrange the equation:
[tex]\(bd - bc = \frac{1}{2}c^2 - \frac{1}{2}d^2\)[/tex]
Factoring out b:
[tex]\(b(d - c) = \frac{1}{2}(c^2 - d^2)\)[/tex]
Now, we can solve for b:
[tex]\(b = \frac{\frac{1}{2}(c^2 - d^2)}{d - c}\)[/tex]
Therefore, the value of b in terms of c and d is:
[tex]\(b = \frac{\frac{1}{2}(c^2 - d^2)}{d - c}\)[/tex]
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The correct question is:
If 0 < c < d, then find the value of b (in terms of c and d) for which [tex]\displaystyle { \int_{c}^{d} (x+b)\ dx = 0[/tex]
An increase in the price level will cause a ______________ the aggregate demand curve.
An expansion in the value level will cause a movement up along the aggregate demand curve.
The option (A) is correct.
As per the standard aggregate demand-aggregate supply (AD-AS) model, the total interest bend addresses the connection between the general cost level and the amount of genuine Gross domestic product requested in an economy. The total interest bend has a descending slant, demonstrating a reverse connection between the cost level and the amount of genuine Gross domestic product requested.
At the point when the cost level increments, it lessens the buying force of purchasers and builds the expense of creation for firms. Thus, the amount of genuine Gross domestic product requested diminishes, and there is a development up along the total interest bends to a lower level of result and consumption.
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This question is not complete, Here I am attaching the complete question:
An increase in the price level will cause a ______________ the aggregate demand curve.
(A) movement up along
(B) rightward shift of
(C) leftward shift of
You plan to purchase a company and wish to estimate the expected return on the company’s equity using a three-factor model. You believe the appropriate factors are the market return, the percentage change in GNP and the oil price return. The market is expected to grow by 6 per cent, GNP is expected to grow by 2 per cent, and the oil price is expected to fall by 5 per cent. The company has betas of 0.8, 0.3 and −0.1 for the market, GNP and oil respectively. The expected rate of return on the equity is 15 percent. What is the revised expected return if the market falls by 8 per cent, GNP contracts by 0.3 per cent and the oil price grows by 9 per cent?
The revised expected return on equity is -6.39%.
To calculate the expected return on a company's equity using a three-factor model, the following equation can be used: R_i = R_f + β_i, m(R_m - R_f) + β_i, g RP + β_i, o RP where R_i is the expected return on the equity, R_f is the risk-free rate, β_i, m, β_i, g, and β_i, o are the betas for the market, GNP, and oil respectively, R_m is the expected market return, g RP is the percentage change in GNP, and o RP is the oil price return.
Given the following information, we can calculate the expected return: R_f = 5%R_m = 6%gRP = 2%oRP = -5%Beta_m = 0.8Beta_g = 0.3Beta_o = -0.1Expected return on equity = 15%Plug in the values into the formula above to calculate the expected return:15% = 5% + 0.8(6% - 5%) + 0.3(2%) - 0.1(-5%)Simplify and solve:15% = 5.4% + 0.6% + 0.6% + 0.5%15% = 7.1%Therefore, the expected return on equity is 7.1%.
Now, let's assume that the market falls by 8%, GNP contracts by 0.3%, and the oil price grows by 9%. We can use the same formula with the new values to calculate the revised expected return on equity: R_f = 5%R_m = -8%gRP = -0.3%oRP = 9%Beta_m = 0.8Beta_g = 0.3Beta_o = -0.1Expected return on equity = ?Plug in the new values into the formula above: Expected return on equity = 5% + 0.8(-8% - 5%) + 0.3(-0.3%) - 0.1(9%)Simplify and solve: Expected return on equity = 5% - 10.4% - 0.09% - 0.9%Expected return on equity = -6.39%Therefore, the revised expected return on equity is -6.39%.
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What was the cause if the reduction in the unemployment rate after Obama took office in 2008: an increase in job creation the movement of people from the labor force' to 'not in the labor force the stimulus package that increased employment an increase in the population
The cause of the reduction in the unemployment rate after Obama took office in 2008 was the stimulus package that increased employment. A stimulus package is a set of monetary and fiscal policies implemented by the government to stimulate economic growth during a recession.
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009 was the stimulus package created under the Obama administration. It was a $787 billion package that focused on infrastructure projects, education, and health care, among other things.
As a result, it helped create jobs, lower the unemployment rate, and restore economic stability.
During the Great Recession of 2008, the unemployment rate reached a high of 10%. It was the highest rate since the 1980s.
However, after Obama took office, there was a significant reduction in the unemployment rate. One of the primary reasons for this was the stimulus package that increased employment. The package helped create jobs by investing in infrastructure projects, such as bridges, roads, and public transportation. It also invested in green energy projects, education, and health care.
The stimulus package worked because it injected money into the economy, which increased consumer spending, business investments, and economic growth. As a result, companies were able to hire more people, and more people were able to find jobs. The unemployment rate went from a high of 10% in 2009 to 4.7% in 2016.
In conclusion, the reduction in the unemployment rate after Obama took office in 2008 was due to the stimulus package that increased employment. The package invested in infrastructure projects, green energy, education, and health care, which created jobs and helped restore economic stability.
The package worked because it injected money into the economy, which increased consumer spending, business investments, and economic growth. As a result, more people were able to find jobs, and the unemployment rate decreased significantly.
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ACME Toys accounting system provided the following data for the last two years : 2022 2021 Revenues \$55; 42, 25 Gross profit 41,000 2,000 Operating expenses 11,500 7,750 Interest expense 4,500 3,500 Income tax 1,500 1,100 Total assets 150,000 185,000 Total liabilities 95,000 77,500 Total equity 90; 86 Required : Calculate the net income , profit margin , return on assets , and return on equity for 2022. Where applicable use averages in your calculations .
Therefore, the net income, profit margin, return on assets, and return on equity for 2022 are $23,500, 42.72%, 7.94%, and 27.33% respectively.
The calculations of net income, profit margin, return on assets, and return on equity for 2022 are as follows:
Calculation of Net Income:
Net income is calculated by subtracting operating expenses, interest expenses, and income tax from gross profit.
Net Income = Gross Profit - Operating Expenses - Interest Expense - Income Tax
Net Income for 2022 = 41,000 - 11,500 - 4,500 - 1,500 = $23,500
Calculation of Profit Margin:
Profit Margin can be calculated as a ratio of net income to revenues.
Profit Margin = (Net Income / Revenues) × 100Profit Margin for 2022 = (23,500 / 55,000) × 100 = 42.72%
Calculation of Return on Assets:
Return on Assets can be calculated as a ratio of net income to total assets.
Return on Assets = (Net Income / Total Assets) × 100
Return on Assets for 2022 = (23,500 / ((150,000 + 185,000) / 2)) × 100 = 7.94%Calculation of Return on Equity:
Return on Equity can be calculated as a ratio of net income to total equity.
Return on Equity = (Net Income / Total Equity) × 100
Return on Equity for 2022 = (23,500 / ((90,000 + 86,000) / 2)) × 100 = 27.33%
Therefore, the net income, profit margin, return on assets, and return on equity for 2022 are $23,500, 42.72%, 7.94%, and 27.33% respectively.
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ASAP ...... don't copy-paste... I will give a downvote
...
Yolo Corporation experienced financial difficulty in 2020. It
decided to go into note receivable discounting to be able to ease
some of its f
ASAP stands for "as soon as possible." It is a commonly used acronym to indicate urgency or promptness in completing a task or providing a response to a request.
In the given scenario, Yolo Corporation is experiencing financial difficulty in 2020 and has decided to go into note receivable discounting to ease some of its financial burdens.
Note receivable discounting is a financing technique in which a company sells its notes receivable to a financial institution or a third-party investor at a discounted price to obtain cash upfront. This is done to receive immediate cash in hand, which can then be used to pay off any outstanding debts or to invest in the company's growth.
Yolo Corporation may choose to discount its notes receivable if it needs to obtain immediate cash for an upcoming project or investment opportunity. However, it is important to note that note receivable discounting comes with a cost, which is the discount rate. The discount rate is the percentage of the note's face value that the financial institution or third-party investor charges to purchase the note.
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unlike for profit organizations, the first step in the closing process is generally to close revenue. what should be the first step in closing for an entity that uses fund accounting?
a. Close revenue b. Close expense c. Close budgetary entries d. Close Fund Balances
Close budgetary entries should be the first step in closing for an entity that uses fund accounting. Thea answer is OPTION C.
The method used by university business officials and staff to modify (increase/decrease) their operating budgets or move budgeted cash across accounts, departments, funds, or operational units is known as a budget entry. A journal entry that is made at the conclusion of the accounting period is a closing entry.
It entails transferring information from floating accounts on the income statement to floating accounts on the balance sheet. Retained earnings finally get all balances from the income statement. Budgeting is the act of estimating a company's income and spending for a given time period. Examples include the sales budget created to estimate the company's sales and the production budget created to predict the company's output, among others.
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What are your thoughts about the medical model of addiction? Is addiction a disease? Is addiction caused by low or poor morals?
The medical model of addiction portrays addiction as a disease. Addiction is a mental condition that involves altered brain function and compulsive drug-seeking behaviors.
In recent times, research has shown that addiction is a chronic and relapsing disease, which means that it is characterized by a cycle of recovery and relapse. This cycle is similar to the cycle of other chronic diseases such as diabetes, asthma, or hypertension.
According to this model, addiction is a medical issue, which means that it should be treated as a disease that requires professional medical treatment. The medical model views addiction as a complex disorder that involves biological, psychological, and social factors
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Four different corporations, Aries, Gemini, Leo, and Pisces, show the same balance sheet data at the beginning and end of a year. These data, exclusive of the amount of stockholders' equity, are summarized as follows: Total Assets Total Liabilities Beginning of the year $75,200 $30,100 End of the year $120,300 $50,500 On the basis of the above data and the following additional information for the year, determine the net income (or loss) of each company for the year. (Hint: First determine the amount of increase or decrease in stockholders' equity during the year.) Aries: No additional common stock was issued, and no dividends were paid. Gemini: No additional common stock was issued, but dividends of $4,400 were paid. Leo: Additional common stock of $9,200 was issued, but no dividends were paid. Pisces: Additional common stock of $13,200 was issued, and dividends of $5,200 were paid.
The net income for Pisces is $32,700.
In the given question, we need to find out the net income (or loss) for four different corporations.
To find the answer, we first need to find out the amount of increase or decrease in the stockholders' equity during the year.
Increased or decreased stockholders' equity = End of the year total assets – End of the year total liabilities – Beginning of the year total assets + Beginning of the year total liabilities
Aries: As given, no additional common stock was issued and no dividends were paid.
So, increased or decreased stockholders' equity = $120,300 – $50,500 – $75,200 + $30,100
= $24,700
Therefore, the net income for Aries is $24,700.
Gemini: As given, no additional common stock was issued, but dividends of $4,400 were paid.
Increased or decreased stockholders' equity = $120,300 – $50,500 – $75,200 + $30,100= $24,700
So, the net income for Gemini is $24,700 – $4,400
= $20,300.
Leo: As given, additional common stock of $9,200 was issued, but no dividends were paid.
So, increased or decreased stockholders' equity = $120,300 – $50,500 – $75,200 + $30,100
= $24,700 + $9,200
= $33,900
Therefore, the net income for Leo is $33,900.
Pisces: As given, additional common stock of $13,200 was issued, and dividends of $5,200 were paid.
Increased or decreased stockholders' equity = $120,300 – $50,500 – $75,200 + $30,100
= $24,700 + $13,200 – $5,200
= $32,700
Therefore, the net income for Pisces is $32,700.
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Boeing executives have just reviewed the company's 2018 operating performance and financial status at its April 29, 2019 annual shareholder meeting. Besides voting on new directors and approving executive compensation, in addition to other company business, such meetings are held to afford shareholders the opportunity to question Boeing's financial practices from an investor standpoint. Shareholder meetings are typically the only time during the year when shareholders and company executives interact.
Key investor takeaways from the shareholder meeting are as follows:
Boeing’s net income for 2018: $10.46B
Boeing issued a 10% stock dividend on December 4.
Market value per share on December 4: $342.50 (close)
Boeing executives revealed a plan to build a new $52B factory in South Carolina, opening a third production line for the 787 Dreamliner. Their plans include a $5B bond issue to finance, in part, the new factory. In addition, they announced a cut of 20% in the annual cash dividend from $6.84 to $5.47 per share starting in 2019.
Market value per share on December 31: $322.50 (close). Retained earnings as of December 31: $55.94B. Availability of retained earnings for dividends on December 31 is restricted by $50B owing to the planned new 787 factory.
Boeing executives explained that the drop in share price at December 31 was due solely to a downturn in the overall market and not to past or projected operating performance.
To encourage executive and shareholder interaction, officials from the company’s investor relations program asked shareholders attending the meeting to submit written questions about Boeing’s financial management. As Boeing’s chief auditor and an independent, objective source of the company’s financial data, Investor Relations has asked you to respond to the following question. Your response will be emailed, via Investor Relations, directly to the shareholder who posed the question.
Shareholder (an investor with financial acumen): "If you have set aside $20B in retained earnings for the new 787 factory, why are you borrowing $5B and not just the $2B needed?"
Explanation :
Shareholder (an investor with financial acumen): "If you have set aside $20B in retained earnings for the new 787 factory, why are you borrowing $5B and not just the $2B needed
Boeing has revealed a plan to build a new $52B factory in South Carolina, opening a third production line for the 787 Dreamliner. As a part of financing the new factory, the company has announced a cut of 20% in the annual cash dividend from $6.84 to $5.47 per share starting in 2019.
However, the availability of retained earnings for dividends on December 31 is restricted by $50B owing to the planned new 787 factory. The shareholders attending the meeting submitted a written question regarding the borrowing of $5B by the company to finance the new factory when they have already set aside $20B in retained earnings for it.
The borrowed $5B is needed for the construction of the factory. Boeing has retained earnings of $20B that can be used for various purposes, including dividends and strategic acquisitions. Borrowing the money instead of using all the retained earnings makes sense because the company wants to keep some amount of cash on hand for other investments, possible future crises or any strategic initiatives the company may take.
Furthermore, using all the retained earnings can hamper the company's flexibility and liquidity, which can be detrimental to the interests of the shareholders. Hence, borrowing $5B is a logical decision.
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Write a short note on
The Concept Of EBQ
The Assumptions of CVP Analysis And Its Application In Real World
Notional Profits
EBQ (Economic Batch Quantity) EBQ (Economic Batch Quantity) is defined as the optimum size of batch that is to be ordered to minimize the total costs associated with the purchase, transportation, and storage of inventory. This quantity is usually calculated by the use of mathematical formulas, and is based on the tradeoff between the ordering costs and the carrying costs.
In addition, this quantity is usually determined by the use of statistical techniques such as regression analysis and forecasting methods.
CVP (Cost-Volume-Profit) Analysis is a management accounting tool that is used to analyze the relationship between the fixed costs, variable costs, and the level of sales volume. Some of the key assumptions that underlie this analysis include the assumption that the selling price is constant per unit, the assumption that the variable costs are constant per unit, the assumption that the total fixed costs are constant over the relevant range, and the assumption that the sales mix is constant over the relevant range.
CVP Analysis is widely used in the business world to make various kinds of decisions such as pricing decisions, product mix decisions, and cost control decisions. For example, a company might use CVP Analysis to determine the selling price of its products, or to determine the optimal product mix that will maximize its profits.
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selling techniques of selling product tooth paste in 300
words
Selling techniques refer to the methods or strategies that salespeople use to persuade potential customers to buy a particular product or service. In the case of toothpaste, salespeople use various techniques to attract customers and convince them to choose their product over others.
One selling technique is to highlight the benefits of the toothpaste. For instance, salespeople can emphasize that their toothpaste has cavity-fighting ingredients, teeth whitening capabilities, and fresh breath effects. By highlighting the benefits, salespeople show potential customers why their product is superior to others.
Another technique that salespeople use is to offer free samples or product demonstrations. This approach allows customers to experience the benefits of the product first-hand and increases the chances that they will purchase the product in the future.
Salespeople can also use testimonials or endorsements from dentists or celebrities to persuade customers to buy their product. This technique works because customers are more likely to trust a product that has been endorsed by a reputable professional or well-known personality.
Additionally, creating a sense of urgency can also be an effective selling technique. For example, salespeople can offer limited-time discounts or promotions to create a sense of urgency that encourages customers to make a purchase right away.
Another technique is to provide excellent customer service. By providing exceptional service, salespeople can build a rapport with customers and create a positive image of their product. Good customer service can also lead to repeat customers and positive word-of-mouth advertising.
Finally, salespeople can leverage technology to sell their toothpaste product. By creating engaging social media posts, online advertisements, and website content, salespeople can reach a wider audience and increase brand awareness.
In conclusion, toothpaste salespeople use various selling techniques to persuade potential customers to purchase their product. These techniques include highlighting the product's benefits, offering free samples, providing endorsements, creating a sense of urgency, offering excellent customer service, and leveraging technology. By using these techniques, salespeople can increase brand awareness, attract new customers, and generate more sales.
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What advice would you give to Winters if you were Bridges? How would you connect this advice to the needs of Hudson College?
Provide recommendations about how Hudson College can change the culture to place more emphasis on succession planning.
What questions or challenges would a talent management strategy address? When is a talent management strategy appropriate, and when is it not appropriate?
Advice for Winters (Bridges): Foster a culture of mentorship and knowledge sharing at Hudson College to ensure smooth succession planning.
Encourage senior employees to guide and develop junior staff, creating a pipeline of future leaders.
Connecting the advice to Hudson College's needs: Emphasize the importance of long-term sustainability and growth for the college. By nurturing talent internally and preparing successors for key positions, Hudson College can ensure a seamless transition of leadership and maintain its reputation and success.
To change the culture at Hudson College, implement the following recommendations:
1. Establish formal mentorship programs that pair experienced employees with potential successors.
2. Encourage knowledge sharing through regular training sessions, workshops, and collaborative projects.
3. Recognize and reward employees who actively participate in succession planning efforts.
4. Include succession planning as a key performance indicator and incorporate it into the performance appraisal process.
5. Develop career paths and growth opportunities for employees, showcasing the benefits of staying with the organization.
A talent management strategy addresses questions and challenges related to identifying, attracting, developing, and retaining top talent within an organization. It focuses on aligning talent with organizational goals, nurturing their potential, and creating opportunities for growth. A talent management strategy is appropriate when an organization wants to cultivate a strong workforce, ensure business continuity, and proactively plan for future leadership needs. It is not appropriate when an organization has a short-term focus, limited resources, or does not prioritize talent development and succession planning.
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how I do connect with you in myhomeworkhelp89?
how i connect with you?
Requirement 1. Allocate the support departments' costs to the operating departments using the direct method. (Do not round intermediary calculations. Only round the amount you input in the cell to the
To connect with me, you can follow these steps:
Visit the website or platform where you have access to the MyHomeworkHelp89 service.Look for the "Support" or "Contact Us" section on the website. It is usually located at the top or bottom of the page. Click on it.You will be directed to a page where you can find various contact options. Look for a live chat feature, email address, or phone number. These are the most common ways to connect with customer support.If there is a live chat option, click on it to initiate a conversation. A chat window will open, and you can type your queries or concerns directly to the support representative.If there is an email address provided, you can compose a detailed message explaining your requirements, questions, or issues. Be sure to include all relevant information so that the support team can assist you effectively.In case there is a phone number listed, you can call the support line and speak directly with a representative. Prepare your questions or concerns beforehand to ensure a smooth conversation.Once you have connected with the support team, clearly explain that you require assistance with allocating support departments' costs to the operating departments using the direct method.Provide any relevant information or data required for the calculation, such as the cost breakdown for support departments and the operating departments involved.The support representative will guide you through the process and may ask for additional details if needed. They should help you understand and implement the direct method of allocating costs.If you encounter any difficulties or have further questions during the process, don't hesitate to ask for clarification or additional support from the customer service team.Remember to remain polite and patient throughout your interaction, as it will help facilitate a productive conversation with the support team.For such more question on implement
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ered wer You are an American (USD $) exporter selling to Canada (CAD=C). The transaction size is 520,000 Canadian dollars due in 3 months. Futures contracts come in 125000 C increments. How much would you eventually receive for the goods if you hedged with futures given the following data. All numbers are $/C. Now 3 months from now Spot 0.762 0.779 0.955 0.962 Futures 0.777 0.969 592.600 400,600 margin of error +/-2
If you hedged with futures, you would eventually receive 403,440 USD for the goods.
How to calculate w much would you eventually receive for the goods if you hedged with futureswe need to determine the value of the Canadian dollars you will receive at the future exchange rate.
Here's the calculation:
Determining the number of futures contracts needed:
Transaction size in CAD = 520,000 CAD
Futures contract size = 125,000 CAD
Number of futures contracts = Transaction size / Futures contract size
=520,000 CAD / 125,000 CAD
= 4.16 contracts (round up to the nearest whole number)
= 5 contracts (since futures contracts come in increments of 125,000 CAD)
Calculating the future exchange rate using the given data:
Spot exchange rate = 0.762 USD/CAD (Now)
Futures exchange rate = 0.777 USD/CAD (3 months from now)
Calculating the amount you will receive in USD:
Amount in CAD = Transaction size in CAD
Amount in USD = Amount in CAD * Futures exchange rate
= 520,000 CAD * 0.777 USD/CAD
= 403,440 USD
Therefore, if you hedged with futures, you would eventually receive 403,440 USD for the goods.
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The adjusted balances at December 31, 2020, for Derlak Enterprises are shown in alphabetical order below: 2020 2019 Accounts payable $ 66,300 $ 11,500 21,100 13,100 4,000 3,300 Accumulated amortizatio
The adjusted balances for Derlak Enterprises for the year 2020 are $66,300 for accounts payable, $21,100 for accounts receivable, and $4,000 for accumulated amortization. Derlak Enterprises is a service providing company that manages its business operations in accordance with the accrual accounting system.
In this context, the financial statements of the company are prepared by following the accrual accounting principle, which implies that revenue is recognized when earned and expenses are recognized when incurred. The statement of financial position or balance sheet represents the financial position of the company as of a particular date (December 31, 2020).
The adjusted balances at December 31, 2020, for Derlak Enterprises are shown in alphabetical order below: 2020 2019 Accounts payable $ 66,300 $ 11,500
Accounts Receivable $ 21,100 $ 13,100
Accumulated Amortization $ 4,000 $ 3,300
The adjusted balances indicate the ending balances of the accounts as of December 31, 2020. Accounts payable amount is $66,300, which represents the amount that Derlak Enterprises owes to its suppliers as of December 31, 2020. The balance of accounts receivable is $21,100, which represents the amount that Derlak Enterprises will collect from its customers in the future.
Accumulated amortization balance is $4,000, which represents the cumulative amount of amortization charged against long-term assets such as plant and equipment. Thus, the adjusted balances for Derlak Enterprises for the year 2020 are $66,300 for accounts payable, $21,100 for accounts receivable, and $4,000 for accumulated amortization.
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Employment will be lower in a(n) ________ competitive industry than in a ________ competitive industry.
A) perfectly; imperfectly
B) imperfectly; normative
C) imperfectly; perfectly
Employment will be lower in a perfectly competitive industry than in an imperfectly competitive industry.
In a perfectly competitive industry, there are many firms competing in the market, and each firm is a price taker, meaning they have no control over the market price. In this type of industry, there is free entry and exit of firms, and there are no barriers to entry.
On the other hand, in an imperfectly competitive industry, there are fewer firms, and each firm has some degree of market power, allowing them to influence the market price. Imperfectly competitive industries can include monopolistic competition, oligopoly, or monopoly.
In a perfectly competitive industry, firms operate at the lowest point on their average total cost curve, which means they are producing at the most efficient level. As a result, they may have lower costs and lower profit margins, which can lead to lower employment levels.
In an imperfectly competitive industry, firms may have more control over prices and can potentially earn higher profits. This may allow them to operate at higher levels of output and employment compared to perfectly competitive industries.
In summary, employment will generally be lower in a perfectly competitive industry compared to an imperfectly competitive industry. This is because perfect competition tends to result in firms operating at the most efficient level, which can lead to lower employment levels.
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what are the relative values of the two sample likelihoods if the sample of four cores yielded values of 3000, 3300, 2800, and 3500
The relative values of the two sample likelihoods are:L1:L2 = 1:4.63 x 10⁻¹⁶ or L1 << L2.
:If the cement was left out then the mean core strength will be 3000 psi.If the cement was not left out then the mean core strength will be 3500 psi.In either case, the standard deviation of the normally distributed core strengths would be 450 psi.
The values of the four cores are: 3000, 3300, 2800, and 3500.
Now, we need to find the relative values of the two sample likelihoods. We can use the likelihood ratio test for this purpose. The likelihood ratio test statistic is given by:LR = (L1/L2)Where, L1 is the likelihood of the model with the smaller number of parameters and L2 is the likelihood of the model with the larger number of parameters.
Here, the two models are:1) Mean core strength is 3000 psi 2) Mean core strength is 3500 psi.The likelihoods of these two models can be calculated as follows:
For model 1, the likelihood can be calculated as:L1 = (1/√2πσ)⁴ * exp[-(3000-3000)²/(2σ²)] * exp[-(3300-3000)²/(2σ²)] * exp[-(2800-3000)²/(2σ²)] * exp[-(3500-3000)²/(2σ²)]
For model 2, the likelihood can be calculated as:L2 = (1/√2πσ)⁴ * exp[-(3000-3500)²/(2σ²)] * exp[-(3300-3500)²/(2σ²)] * exp[-(2800-3500)²/(2σ²)] * exp[-(3500-3500)²/(2σ²)]
Substituting the values of L1 and L2, we get:LR = L1/L2
= exp[(3000-3500)²/(2σ²)] * exp[(3300-3500)²/(2σ²)] * exp[(2800-3500)²/(2σ²)] * exp[(3500-3000)²/(2σ²)]
= exp[-250000/(2*450²)] * exp[-2500/(2*450²)] * exp[-490000/(2*450²)] * exp[-250000/(2*450²)]
= 4.63 x 10⁻¹⁶. Therefore, the relative values of the two sample likelihoods are:L1:L2 = 1:4.63 x 10⁻¹⁶ or L1 << L2.
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Complete Question : There is circumstantial evidence that a fraction of the cement was inadvertently left out of one batch of concrete now in place in a tall retaining wall. Core data has been obtained. If the cement has been left out; the mean core strength will now be 3000 psi; ifnot; it will be 3500 psi. In either case, the standard deviation of the (normally distributed) core strengths would be 450 psi. What are the relative values of the two sample likelihoods if the sample of four cores yielded values of 3000, 3300,2800, and 35002
Suppose that there are two types of firms in a perfectly competitive market for widgets (w). Firms of type A have costs given by CA(w) = 5*w^2 + 2*w + n. Firms of type B have costs given by CB(w) = 3*w^2 + m. There are 100 firms of type A and 180 firms of type B.
a. What are the individual firm supply functions for each type type of firm (SA(p) and SB(p)? Are there any prices at which no firms produce? Are there any prices at which some firms produce but others do not?
b. What is the industry supply function? Graph the industry supply function and be certain to label any kinks and all relevant slopes.
c. Suppose that in the long run, when firms can adjust all inputs, all firms have the following cost function: C(w) = w^3 − 20w^2 + 110*w. The market demand for widgets is still given by D(p) = 1000 − p. What must the price of widgets be in the long run equilibrium? How many firms will there be producing widgets?
a. The individual firm supply functions:
For firms of type A: SA(p) depends on the cost function CA(w) and the value of n.For firms of type B: SB(p) depends on the cost function CB(w) and the value of m.There may be prices at which no firms produce if the cost of production exceeds the price.There may be prices at which some firms produce but others do not, depending on the cost functions and price levels.b. The industry supply function is the sum of the quantities supplied by all individual firms in the market, and it may exhibit kinks or changes in slope at the prices where firms enter or exit the market.
c. The long-run equilibrium price of widgets will be determined by setting the market demand equal to the total quantity supplied by all firms, and the number of firms producing widgets will depend on the equilibrium quantity supplied and market demand at that price.
a. The individual firm supply functions for each type of firm are as follows:
For firms of type A (SA(p)): Set CA(w) = p and solve for w. The resulting supply function will depend on the value of n.
For firms of type B (SB(p)): Set CB(w) = p and solve for w. The resulting supply function will depend on the value of m.
At certain prices, there may be no firms producing if the cost of production exceeds the price (i.e., when p < min(CA(w), CB(w))). There may also be prices at which some firms produce but others do not, depending on the cost functions and price levels.
b. The industry supply function is obtained by summing up the quantities supplied by all individual firms in the market at each price level. To graph the industry supply function, plot the total quantity supplied on the vertical axis and the price on the horizontal axis. The industry supply curve may exhibit kinks or changes in slope at the prices where some firms enter or exit the market.
c. In the long-run equilibrium, the price of widgets will be such that the quantity supplied by all firms in the market matches the market demand. To determine the long-run equilibrium price, set the market demand D(p) equal to the total quantity supplied by all firms. Solve for p, which will be the long-run equilibrium price.
The number of firms producing widgets in the long run equilibrium will depend on the quantity supplied by each firm and the market demand. The total quantity supplied by all firms should match the market demand at the long-run equilibrium price.
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escribing accounting responsibilities LO C1 Determine whether each of the following accounting duties mainly involves financial accounting, managerial accounting, or tax accounting Accounting Duties Area of Accounting 1. Internal auditing 2. External auditing 3. Cost accounting 4. Budgeting 5. Enforcing tax laws 6. Planning transactions to minimize taxes 7. Preparing external financial statements 8. Analyzing external financial reports
Accounting duties can be categorized into three main areas: financial accounting, managerial accounting, and tax accounting.
Let's determine the area of accounting for each of the listed duties:
Internal auditing: This duty primarily falls under managerial accounting. Internal auditors assess and evaluate internal controls, risk management processes, and operational efficiency within an organization.External auditing: This duty mainly involves financial accounting. External auditors review financial statements, records, and transactions to provide an independent opinion on their accuracy and compliance with accounting standards.Cost accounting: Cost accounting is a subset of managerial accounting. It involves tracking and analyzing costs associated with production, operations, and decision-making within an organization.Budgeting: Budgeting is primarily a managerial accounting responsibility. It involves creating, monitoring, and controlling budgets to allocate resources efficiently and achieve organizational goals.Enforcing tax laws: This duty falls under tax accounting. It involves ensuring compliance with tax regulations, investigating tax evasion, and collecting taxes owed.Planning transactions to minimize taxes: This duty also falls under tax accounting. It involves strategizing and structuring transactions to minimize tax liabilities within the boundaries of tax laws and regulations.Preparing external financial statements: This duty primarily falls under financial accounting. It involves preparing financial statements (e.g., income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement) for external stakeholders such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities.Analyzing external financial reports: This duty mainly involves financial accounting. It entails reviewing and interpreting financial reports to assess the financial performance, position, and trends of an organization.For such more question on Accounting
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Samir purchased shares of a chartered bank for $75 a share. The shares paid a dividend of $2.50 each year. The dividends were reinvested. After 3 years Samir sold the shares for $92 each. What was his effective annual return? A 10.17% B 32.7% C 7.04% D 20.51% 0/1 Completed Points: 1
The effective annual return is 7.56%.The correct answer is C) 7.04%.
Given: Samir purchased shares of a chartered bank for $75 a share. The shares paid a dividend of $2.50 each year. The dividends were reinvested. After 3 years Samir sold the shares for $92 each.
To find: What was his effective annual return?
Solution:
Dividend paid by the shares = $2.50 per share per annum.
Number of shares purchased = 1
Cost of 1 share = $75
Cost of all shares purchased = 1 × $75
= $75
Initial investment by Samir = $75
After one year:
Samir received a dividend of $2.50 and he reinvested that amount.
Therefore, the number of shares he owned at the end of the first year was:
$2.50 / $75
= 0.033
Shares purchased = 0.033 × 1
= 0.033
Total number of shares = 1.033Cost of 1 share
= $75
Cost of all shares purchased
= 1.033 × $75
= $77.48
After two years:
Samir received a dividend of $2.50 and he reinvested that amount.
Therefore, the number of shares he owned at the end of the second year was:
$2.50 / $75 = 0.033
Shares purchased = 0.033 × 1.033 = 0.034
Total number of shares = 1.067
Cost of 1 share = $75
Cost of all shares purchased = 1.067 × $75
= $80.02
After three years: Samir received a dividend of $2.50 and he reinvested that amount.
Therefore, the number of shares he owned at the end of the third year was:
$2.50 / $75 = 0.033
Shares purchased = 0.033 × 1.067 = 0.036
Total number of shares = 1.103
Cost of 1 share = $75
Cost of all shares purchased = 1.103 × $75
= $82.73
The selling price of the shares = $92 each.
Selling price of 1 share = $92
Number of shares sold = 1
Total selling price = 1 × $92 = $92.00
Therefore, Total capital after 3 years = $92.00
Now, we can calculate the effective annual return using the below formula:
Effective Annual Return = [(Total Capital / Initial Investment) ^ (1 / Number of Years)] - 1
Effective Annual Return = [(92/75)^(1/3)]-1
Effective Annual Return = [1.2266^(1/3)]-1
Effective Annual Return = 1.0756-1
Effective Annual Return = 0.0756
Effective Annual Return = 7.56%
Hence, the effective annual return is 7.56%.The correct option is C) 7.04%.
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The Holtz Corporation acquired 80 percent of the 100,000
outstanding voting shares of Devine, Inc., for $6.40 per share on
January 1, 2020. The remaining 20 percent of Devine’s shares also
traded ac
The worksheet to consolidate these two companies as of December 31, 2018:
The Financial WorksheetHoltz Corporation
Devine, Inc.
Total
Sales
$787,000
$392,000
$1,179,000
Cost of goods sold
$282,000
$105,000
$387,000
Operating expenses
$346,000
$117,000
$463,000
Dividend income
$16,000
$0
$16,000
Net income
$175,000
$170,000
$345,000
Retained earnings, 1/1/18
$727,000
$330,000
$1,057,000
Net income (above)
$175,000
$170,000
$345,000
Dividends declared
$50,000
$20,000
$70,000
Retained earnings, 12/31/18
$902,000
$500,000
$1,402,000
Current assets
$379,500
$162,000
$541,500
Investment in Devine, Inc
$512,000
$0
$512,000
Buildings and equipment (net)
$785,000
$422,000
$1,207,000
Trademarks
$148,000
$206,000
$354,000
Total assets
$1,824,500
$790,000
$2,614,500
Liabilities
$652,500
$210,000
$862,500
Common stock
$320,000
$100,000
$420,000
Retained earnings, 12/31/18 (above)
$902,000
$500,000
$1,402,000
Total liabilities and equities
$1,824,500
$790,000
$2,614,500
The 2018 consolidated income statement for Holtz and Devine:
Sales
$1,179,000
Cost of goods sold
$387,000
Operating expenses
$463,000
Dividend income
$16,000
Net income
$345,000
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The Complete Question
The Holtz Corporation Acquired 80 Percent Of The 100,000 Outstanding Voting Shares Of Devine, Inc., For $6.40 Per Share On January 1, 2017. The Remaining 20 Percent Of Devine’s Shares Also Traded Actively At $6.40 Per Share Before And After Holtz’s Acquisition. An Appraisal Made On That Date Determined That All Book Values Appropriately Reflected The Fair
The Holtz Corporation acquired 80 percent of the 100,000 outstanding voting shares of Devine, Inc., for $6.40 per share on January 1, 2017. The remaining 20 percent of Devine’s shares also traded actively at $6.40 per share before and after Holtz’s acquisition. An appraisal made on that date determined that all book values appropriately reflected the fair values of Devine’s underlying accounts except that a building with a 5-year future life was undervalued by $62,000 and a fully amortized trademark with an estimated 10-year remaining life had a $67,000 fair value. At the acquisition date, Devine reported common stock of $100,000 and a retained earnings balance of $260,000.
Following are the separate financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2018:
Holtz
Corporation Devine,
Inc.
Sales $ (787,000 ) $ (392,000 )
Cost of goods sold 282,000 105,000
Operating expenses 346,000 117,000
Dividend income (16,000 ) 0
Net income $ (175,000 ) $ (170,000 )
Retained earnings, 1/1/18 $ (727,000 ) $ (330,000 )
Net income (above) (175,000 ) (170,000 )
Dividends declared 50,000 20,000
Retained earnings, 12/31/18 $ (852,000 ) $ (480,000 )
Current assets $ 379,500 $ 162,000
Investment in Devine, Inc 512,000 0
Buildings and equipment (net) 785,000 422,000
Trademarks 148,000 206,000
Total assets $ 1,824,500 $ 790,000
Liabilities $ (652,500 ) $ (210,000 )
Common stock (320,000 ) (100,000 )
Retained earnings, 12/31/18 (above) (852,000 ) (480,000 )
Total liabilities and equities $ (1,824,500 ) $ (790,000 )
At year-end, there were no intra-entity receivables or payables.
1) Prepare a worksheet to consolidate these two companies as of December 31, 2018.
2) Prepare a 2018 consolidated income statement for Holtz and Devine.
Federal Corporation has the following information: sales=$350,000; costs of goods sold=$170,000; interest=$42,000; depreciation=$34,000; and tax rate=20%.
Federal Corporation has net capital spending of $64,900 and increase in net working capital of $33,400. What is the cash flow from assets for Federal Corporation?
Cash flow from assets measures how much cash is generated or consumed by a company's assets. The formula for calculating cash flow from assets is Cash flow from assets = cash flow to creditors + cash flow to stockholders. Therefore, the cash flow from assets for Federal Corporation is $66,900.
Cash flow to creditors = interest – net new borrowing cash flow to stockholders = dividends paid – net new equity raised. Given information, Sales=$350,000;
Costs of goods sold=$170,000; Interest=$42,000; Depreciation=$34,000; and Tax rate=20%Federal Corporation has net capital spending of $64,900 and an increase in net working capital of $33,400.A calculation of cash flow to creditors and stockholders is not needed to answer this question. Here's the step-by-step explanation of how to calculate the cash flow from assets for Federal Corporation:First, calculate earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) by using the formula: EBIT = Sales – Costs of goods sold – DepreciationEBIT = $350,000 - $170,000 - $34,000EBIT = $146,000Next, calculate taxes using the formula: Taxes = Tax rate x (Sales - Costs of goods sold - Depreciation)Taxes = 20% x ($350,000 - $170,000 - $34,000)Taxes = $30,400
Now, calculate net income using the formula:Net income = EBIT - TaxesNet income = $146,000 - $30,400Net income = $115,600To calculate the cash flow from assets, use the formula: Cash flow from assets = Operating cash flow - Net capital spending - Increase in net working capitalTo get the Operating cash flow, use the formula: Operating cash flow = EBIT x (1 - Tax rate) + DepreciationOperating cash flow = $146,000 x (1 - 20%) + $34,000 Operating cash flow = $131,200 + $34,000. Operating cash flow = $165,200. Now, plug in the values: Cash flow from assets = Operating cash flow - Net capital spending - Increase in net working capital cash flow from assets = $165,200 - $64,900 - $33,400Cash flow from assets = $66,900Therefore, the cash flow from assets for Federal Corporation is $66,900.
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Fill in information about your company to create your comprehensive business plan . your bussiness plan should include :
.business overview
. sales and marketing
. operating plan
.people
. action plean
It is the cornerstone of a company's strategy and helps businesses remain competitive.
The five essential sections of a comprehensive business plan are explained below. Business Overview The first part of your business plan is the business overview. It's a brief summary of your company, including what it does, its structure, mission, and vision statements, management team, and any significant achievements.
Sales and Marketing The sales and marketing section should explain your go-to-market strategy. You'll need to detail who your target customers are and how you plan to reach them. Furthermore, you'll need to describe your product or service and how it fits into the market. Finally, your sales and marketing plan should also include details on how you plan to price your product.
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f) Now, assume that the government does not want to wait for the self-adjustment process to take its course and would like to bring the economy back to its medium-run level of output using fiscal policy. Calculate the exact level of change in government budget balance that will bring the economy back to its natural rate of output. Show the effect of this policy action on IS-LM graph.
To calculate the exact level of change in the government budget balance that will bring the economy back to its natural rate of output, we need more information regarding the specific values of the government spending multiplier and the tax multiplier. These multipliers determine the impact of changes in government spending and taxes on the overall output of the economy.
Once we have the values of these multipliers, we can calculate the required change in the government budget balance by using the following formula:
Change in budget balance = (Required change in output) / (Government spending multiplier + Tax multiplier)The required change in output is the difference between the current output level and the natural rate of output.Once we have the change in the budget balance, we can analyze the effect of this policy action on the IS-LM graph. By increasing government spending or decreasing taxes, the IS curve will shift to the right, indicating an increase in output. The LM curve may also shift depending on the specific monetary policy actions taken by the central bank in response to the fiscal policy measures.
Without specific values or information regarding the government spending and tax multipliers, it is not possible to provide an exact calculation or graph.
About economyIn general, economics has an understanding as a science that studies how humans fulfill their life needs by using available resources. All forms of business and human effort in meeting the needs of life in order to obtain life welfare
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The yield to maturity of a $1,000 bond with a 8% coupon rate, semiannual coupons, and two years to maturity is 5% APR, compounded semiannually. What is its price? The price of the bond is $. (Round to the nearest cent.)
The price of the bond is [tex]\$1,003.80[/tex].
[tex]\[\text{{Price}} = \frac{{C}}{{(1 + r)^1}} + \frac{{C}}{{(1 + r)^2}} + \ldots + \frac{{C}}{{(1 + r)^n}} + \frac{{M}}{{(1 + r)^n}}\][/tex]
Where:
[tex]\begin{{align*}}C & = \text{{Coupon payment}} \\r & = \text{{Yield to maturity rate per period}} \\n & = \text{{Number of periods}} \\M & = \text{{Face value or principal payment}}\end{{align*}}[/tex]
In this case, the bond has a $1,000 face value, an [tex]8\%[/tex] coupon rate, semiannual coupons, and two years to maturity. The coupon payment per period is calculated as [tex]$\frac{{8\% \times \$1,000}}{{2}} = \$40$.[/tex]
The yield to maturity rate is given as [tex]5\%[/tex] APR, compounded semiannually. To find the periodic yield rate, we divide it by the number of compounding periods per year:
[tex]\[\text{{Periodic Yield Rate}} = \frac{{5\%}}{{2}} = \frac{{0.05}}{{2}} = 0.025\][/tex]
Using this information, we can calculate the bond's price:
[tex]\[\text{{Price}} = \frac{{\$40}}{{1.025^1}} + \frac{{\$40}}{{1.025^2}} + \frac{{\$1,000}}{{1.025^2}}\][/tex]
Calculating the values:
[tex]\[\text{{Price}} = \$39.02 + \$37.86 + \$926.92 = \$1,003.80\][/tex]
Therefore, the price of the bond is [tex]\$1,003.80[/tex].
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for what reason is good business writing most in demand today? question 8 options: 1) most people are over-scheduled and don't stop to proofread. 2) government agencies have spawned poorly written communications. 3) technology has increased the volume of written communication. 4) employers must ensure that complex instructions are clear.
Good business writing is most in demand today because technology has increased the volume of written communication.
Business writing is the act of writing concise, clear, and effective communication messages that are delivered via email, letters, memos, reports, and other channels. Business writing is critical to all industries, from small startups to multinational corporations. It is used to communicate with employees, customers, suppliers, partners, and other stakeholders, making it a vital aspect of every company.
Demand is the desire for a product or service by a buyer or consumer. It refers to the amount of a product or service that people want to buy or receive at a given price. Demand is a critical factor in determining the success of a business because it drives sales, revenue, and profits. Businesses must be aware of changes in demand and adjust their strategies accordingly.
Good business writing is most in demand today because technology has increased the volume of written communication. With the rise of digital communication, businesses are producing and exchanging more written content than ever before. Emails, memos, reports, and other documents must be written clearly, concisely, and effectively to ensure that they are easily understood and interpreted by their intended audiences.Good business writing is crucial for effective communication between employees, customers, and suppliers. It can help businesses to enhance their reputation, improve their productivity, increase their sales, and reduce their costs. As a result, good business writing is in high demand in today's economy.
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Question 6 of 8 -/15 View Policies Current Attempt in Progress Fishing Designs has arranged to borrow $10,000 today at 13% interest. The loan is to be repaid with end-of-year payments of $3,000 at the end of years 1 through 4. At the end of year 5, the remainder will be paid. What is the year 5 payment? $ Round entry to the nearest dollar. Tolerance is ±4. Click here to access the TVM Factor Table Calculator Save for Later Attempts: 0 of 4 used Submit Answer ||| Question 7 of 8 < -/15 View Policies Current Attempt in Progress The Joshi Fish Farm (JFF), a saltwater aquarium company, is planning to expand its operations. It anticipates that an expansion will be undertaken in 4 years. In anticipation of the expansion, JFF invests money into a mutual fund that earns 6% compounded annually to finance the expansion. At the end of year 1, they invest $70,000. They increase the amount of their investment by $34,000 each year. How much will JFF have at the end of 4 years so that it can pay for the expansion? Click here to access the TVM Factor Table calculator. $ Carry all interim calculations to 5 decimal places and then round your final answer to a whole number. The tolerance is ±50. Save for Later Attempts: 0 of 4 used Submit Answer >
6) The value of the year 5 payment is $13,206.
7) The amount that JFF will have at the end of the fourth year to pay for the expansion is $305,618
Question 6: Given that,Fishing Designs has arranged to borrow $10,000 today at 13% interest. The loan is to be repaid with end-of-year payments of $3,000 at the end of years 1 through 4.
At the end of year 5, the remainder will be paid.The outstanding balance after the fourth payment can be calculated using the present value of an annuity formula as shown below;
PV = P * [(1 - (1+i)^-n)/i]
Where,
P = 3000
i = 13%/year
n = 4 years.
Substituting the values, we get;
PV = 3000[(1 - (1.13)^-4)/(0.13)]
PV = 9000.25
Therefore, the outstanding balance after the fourth payment is $9,000.25.
Then, we can find the payment that will be made at the end of year 5 using the present value formula.PV = FV/(1+i)^n
Where,FV = the future value that will be paid after the fifth year.
Substituting the values, we get;
9000.25 = FV/(1.13)^5
Therefore, the future value of the fifth-year payment is $13,205.88, which will be paid at the end of the fifth year.
Question 7: Given that,The Joshi Fish Farm (JFF), a saltwater aquarium company, is planning to expand its operations. It anticipates that an expansion will be undertaken in 4 years.
In anticipation of the expansion, JFF invests money into a mutual fund that earns 6% compounded annually to finance the expansion. At the end of year 1, they invest $70,000.
They increase the amount of their investment by $34,000 each year.
To find the amount that will be available at the end of the fourth year to finance the expansion, we can use the future value formula as shown below;
FV = PV(1+i)^n + PMT[((1+i)^n - 1)/i]
Where,PV = $70,000
i = 6%/year
n = 4 years
PMT = $34,000
Substituting the values, we get;
FV = 70000(1+0.06)^4 + 34000[((1+0.06)^4 - 1)/0.06]
FV = 305,617.64
Therefore, the amount that JFF will have at the end of the fourth year to pay for the expansion is $305,618 (rounded to the nearest dollar).
Hence, the answer is $305,618.
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1 Question 1 Consider an economy where the nominal interest rate (i), the inflation rate () and the growth rate of real GDP (g) are constant unless otherwise stated. (1.1) Interpret the following equation and argue why it must hold: Dt+1= Dt+1-Dt=Gt -Tt+rDt where Dt is the real government debt at time t, G, is the real government expenditure at time t, Tt is the real tax revenue at time t and r is the real interest rate. (1.2) Show that the law of motion for the debt-to-GDP ratio (dt = P) is Gt -Tt p(8-a)+ dt+1
1.1 The given equation is: Dt+1= Dt+1-Dt=Gt -Tt+ t Where,Dt = real government debt at time t,Dt+1 = real government debt at time t+1,Gt = real government expenditure at time t,Tt = real tax revenue at time t,r = real interest rateThe above equation represents the change in the government debt from time t to time t+1. It states that the change in the government debt between time t and time t+1 is equal to the difference between real government expenditure (Gt) and real tax revenue (Tt), plus the interest rate on government debt (r) multiplied by the initial value of the debt at time t.The equation must hold because it represents the government's budget constraint, which implies that the government cannot spend more than its revenue (taxes) and must borrow the difference between its spending and revenue. The equation also implies that the government's debt at time t+1 depends on its debt at time t, its spending, its revenue, and the interest rate it pays on its debt.1.2
The law of motion for the debt-to-GDP ratio is given by the following equation:dt = P(8 - a) + dt+1Where,dt = Debt-to-GDP ratio at time t,dt+1 = Debt-to-GDP ratio at time t+1,Gt = Real government expenditure at time t,Tt = Real tax revenue at time t,P = Primary surplus,G = Real GDP,a = Growth rate of real GDP The primary surplus (P) is the difference between real tax revenue (Tt) and real government expenditure (Gt), excluding interest payments on government debt. The law of motion for the debt-to-GDP ratio states that the debt-to-GDP r atio at time t+1 is equal to the product of the primary surplus (P) and a constant (8-a), plus the debt-to-GDP ratio at time t. The constant (8-a) represents the inverse of the growth rate of real GDP, which is the maximum rate at which the debt-to-GDP ratio can decline without a primary surplus.
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The Matching Concept
A.
Breaks accounting activities into separate periods or fiscal years
B.
Matches the accounting procedures used during one period to the next
C.
Is the process of matching costs (efforts) with their associated revenues (accomplishments)
D.
Ensures the accounting entries are matched to reliable sources
The Matching Concept is defined as the process of matching costs (efforts) with their associated revenues (accomplishments). Option C.
The Matching Concept is a fundamental accounting principle that requires expenses to be recorded when they are incurred and revenues to be recorded when they are earned. This principle seeks to ensure that accounting activities break into separate periods or fiscal years and match the accounting procedures used during one period to the next.
By doing so, the matching principle ensures that accounting entries are matched to reliable sources. Answer (C) Is the process of matching costs (efforts) with their associated revenues (accomplishments).
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