VSG can allow t. brucei to evade the immune system in two different ways:
Preventing immune system (innate/acquired) components from accessing invariant proteins on its surface and protecting parasites in the blood from complement system elimination.
Defenses of the host escaping
The innate system (low specificity) and the adaptive response are the two immune response mechanisms available to mammals (antigen-specific).
Avoiding a natural reaction
The initial line of defense against trypanosomes for animals is their innate immune system. Two serum human complexes known as trypanosome lytic factor, which contain apolipoprotein L1 and are endocytosed by the haptoglobinhemoglobin parasite surface receptor, can kill T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense. Both parasites produce certain proteins that offer them resilience to avoid being destroyed by APOL1.
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tall (t) is dominant to short (t), yellow seeds (y) are dominant to green (y), and purple flowers (p) are dominant to white (p) in pea plants. if the genes are not linked, what fraction of the offspring from a self-fertilizing plant with genotype ttyypp will be tall with green seeds and purple flowers?
A self-fertilizing plant with genotype ttyypp will not produce any offspring that is tall, with green seeds, and with purple flowers.
Is Mendel's peas' predominant seed color green or yellow?Since they were all yellow, yellow has the upper hand over green in this situation. One Y is enough to obscure the y and turn the peas yellow. The recessive green is subordinated to the one yellow.
If a homozygous green seed YY and a heterozygous yellow seed YY are crossed, what is the genotypic ratio?In a hybrid between heterozygous yellow-seeded and green-seeded plants, 50% of the offspring will have yellow seeds and 50% will have green seeds.
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Under conditions of excess oxygen, rubisco will use o2 instead of co2 and less carbon is fixed. This process is called.
Under conditions of excess oxygen, rubisco will use o2 instead of co2 and less carbon is fixed. This process is called photorespiration.
In the Calvin Cycle, a process known as photorespiration takes place during plant metabolism. The crucial enzyme RuBisCO, which fixes carbon dioxide, reacts with oxygen in this mechanism as opposed to carbon dioxide. It happens when the amount of carbon dioxide in the air decreases and rubisco runs out of carbon dioxide to repair, so it starts fixing oxygen. When conditions are right, C3 plants receive enough water, there is a plentiful supply of carbon dioxide, and photorespiration is not an issue.
High temperatures and light intensity both have an impact on photorespiration, boosting the production of glycolate and the flow via the photorespiratory pathway.
The synthesis and metabolism of a tiny particle called glycolate are linked to photorespiration, which results in the light-dependent uptake of oxygen and elimination of carbon dioxide.
Given that photosynthesis produces oxygen as a byproduct and photorespiration produces carbon dioxide as a byproduct, and that the aforementioned gases serve as the raw materials for both processes, photosynthesis, and photorespiration are two biological processes (in flourishing plants) that can operate concurrently side by side.
Around 50 ppm of carbon dioxide is the point at which RuBisCO starts combining oxygen with RuBP in place of carbon dioxide.
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which of the following is not a function of the nervous system? group of answer choices sense the internal and external environments integrate sensory information direct long-term functions, such as growth control peripheral effectors coordinate voluntary and involuntary activities
Direct long-term functions, such as growth control is not a function of the nervous system.
What are the functions of nervous system?Nervous system includes brain, spinal cord and also a complex network of nerves.
The nervous system, together with the endocrine system, is responsible for regulating and maintaining homeostasis. Through its receptors, nervous system keeps in touch with both external and internal environment.
The thalamus acts as integrating center for sensory information going to the cerebrum and also the output center for motor information leaving the cerebrum.
The nervous system is that part of the body that coordinates its voluntary and involuntary action and transmits signals in different parts of the body.
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cellular respiration can occur at the same time as photosynthesis, and photosynthesizing plants will either undergo both when exposed to light or just cellular respiration in dark conditions.
The equation for cellular respiration is the exact reverse of photosynthesis in that the products of one process are the reactants of the other.
Why is it known as cellular respiration?As we all know, every cell needs energy to carry out its activities because it is the structure and function of life. As a result, cellular respiration relates to breathing which happens at the smallest scale of our bodies, the cellular level.
What happens during cellular respiration?A glucose molecule gradually decomposes into both water and carbon dioxide during cellular respiration. In the process of transforming glucose, some ATP is directly produced. But far more ATP is eventually created through a procedure known as oxidative phosphorylation.
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in a test cro between two individuals heterozygous for a suspected completely dominant, autosomal trait, 41 offspring exhibited the dominant trait, and 16 exhibited the recessive trait. determine the probability that this deviation from the expected is due to chance alone.
The probability will be 2.5%.
The autosomal traits are those traits that occur in an individual due to some changes in the personal DNA.
This doesn't affect the offspring genetically based on gender. Which means these are not related to the genes which are passed on from on generation to another or the sex-related traits.
These traits can be dominant and can be recessive. The dominant trait is can be seen in the next generation affecting anyone. This trait is dominant over the other traits while the recessive traits are not found exactly in the next generation. They may or may not occur. The individual can be carrier of that trait but it won't be shown as the resultant affecting that individual in any manner.
Here, we have 41 offspring exhibiting the dominant trait and 16 offspring exhibiting the recessive traits.
Therefore the probability of these traits can be said to be just 2.5% or we can say approx every 2 individual shows dominant trait over every 1 individual showing recessive trait.
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place the appropriate characteristic with the corresponding type of cytokinesis.
a. Cell plate
b. Lacks asters
c. Constricting belt of actin
d. Fusion of vesicles
e. Centrioles separate
f. Cleavage furrow
1. Animal cell cytokinesis
2. Plant cell cytokinesis
Place the appropriate characteristic with the corresponding type of cytokinesis . Plant cell cytokinesis.
Cytokinesis is the physical procedure that eventually splits the discern cell into two identical daughter cells. for the duration of cytokinesis, the mobile membrane pinches in at the cell equator, forming a cleft referred to as the cleavage furrow.
Cytokinesis, in biology, the process by way of which one cellular bodily divides into two cells. Cytokinesis represents the most important reproductive system of unicellular organisms, and it takes place within the manner of embryonic improvement and tissue increase and restore of higher vegetation and animals.
That is additionally often known as cytoplasmic department or mobile cleavage. Cytokinesis starts offevolved in anaphase in animal cells and prophase in plant cells, and terminates in telophase in both, to shape the two daughter cells produced via mitosis.
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Dna replication occurs during the _____________ phase and cell replication occurs during the _______________ phase.
Cell replication happens in the S phase, while DNA replication happens in the Interphase.
Who made DNA possible?Many people think that the 1950s saw the discovery of DNA by English physicist Francis Crick and American biologist James Watson. This is not actually the case. Rather, Swiss chemist German Chemist made the first official discovery of DNA in the late 1860s.
How much DNA does a human body contain?One very long, linear Strand of dna makes up each chromosome. The DNA molecule in the shortest human chromosomes contains roughly 50 million nucleotide pairs, whereas the largest chromosomes have about 250 million. This means that the haploid human genome is made up of 46 Dna strands of 24 different kinds.
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Chimpanzee communication involves different combinations of sounds. What are some examples of these sounds?.
Different combinations of sounds, including grunts, pants, and hoots, are used by chimpanzees to communicate. Chimps communicate with other chimps by making simple gestures like waving their hands in their general direction or reaching out their hands pleadingly for assistance.
They then rely on the other animal's intelligence to assess the situation and respond. Even some chimpanzees learn to create their own unique signals. A "woo" is unmistakably a response to a threat, but panted grunts are typically submissive greetings. A chimpanzee's grunt almost always denotes the presence of food. And a recent study found that chimpanzees can put these sounds together in different ways to create "sentences" that have varied meanings.
Thus, we can conclude that chimpanzees employ a variety of sound combinations, such as grunts, pants, and hoots, to communicate.
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How does the slope of the band of stability change as the number of protons increases?.
The ratio of neutron to protons rises as the number of protons rises, which is another observation about the band of stability.
Which three facts regarding protons are true?Within an atom's nucleus are protons, which have a positive charge. Every element, whether created in a lab or in the natural world, has at least one proton. Although a proton's mass is 1840 times more than that of an electron, it is equal to that of a neutron. The outside of the nucleus is surrounded by electrons, which are negatively charged particles.
How do protons function in an atom?While the electron circles the proton, which makes up the nucleus, Similar to helium, which is seen in Figure 2.2, all other atoms have neutrons in addition to protons in their nuclei. The neutrons aid in keeping the nucleus together by helping the positive charge protons repel one another.
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Why do a double circuit heart better than single heart.
A double circulatory system has two loops, one from the heart to the lungs and one from the heart to the rest of the human body. The advantage of a double circulatory system is that blood can be pumped to the rest of the body at a higher pressure than the rate at which it is pumped in a single circulatory system.
The double circulatory system, also defined as the double loop circulatory system, is a type of circulatory system that includes two separate circuits for blood flow that cause blood to pass through the heart twice in the same cycle. This is the type of circulatory system that is present in most mammals. There are two loops of blood vessels in the heart:
The systemic circuit pumps oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.The pulmonary circuit pumps deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs of the human body.Together, the two circuits help to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood at the same time. Even though it takes up a little more energy than a single circuit system, it is way more efficient and faster than the single circuit system.
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What new idea about succession came from studying the eruptions of mount saint helens?.
The new idea about succession came from studying the eruptions of mount saint Helen would be both biological ancestors and alien species play a role in succession.
The term "primary succession" refers to succession that starts in a location devoid of any remains of a previous society. As an illustration, an erupting volcano at Mount Saint Helens, Washington, wiped out all local life. There will be long-lasting changes in this neighborhood. Earth tremors focused on the ground beneath the mountain's north flank signaled the start of the audible volcanic activity.
As these tremors intensified, Mount St. Helens started to release steam and ash via its crater and vents, resulting in a small eruption on March 27. The surrounding volcanoes, which have not erupted in recorded history, will either have minimal or no impact on the chance of an eruption.
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Dna replication relies on the blank______ of dna strands according to the blank______ rule.
According to the AT/GC rule, DNA replication depends just on complementarity of DNA.
What does complementarity in DNA mean?Complementarity is a characteristic of DNA:RNA duplexes and other double-stranded nucleic acids in molecular biology. The base pairs that connect each strand to the other are non-covalently linked by two to three hydrogen bonds, making each strand complimentary to the other.
Who made the discovery that T and G are complementary to A?Watson and Crick developed the four, double-helical hypothesis for the structure of DNA as a result of Chargaff's discovery that A = T and C = G as well as some critically significant X-ray crystallography studies by English scholars Rosalind Franklin & Maurice Wilkins.
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The external brain structure found between the pre-central gyrus and the post-central gyrus is the?.
Central sulcus is found between the pre-central gyrus and the post-central gyrus.
What are central sulcus?Folding of the cerebral cortex leads to the formation of gyri and sulci. This folding separates brain regions and improves brain surface and cognitive performance. The gyri and sulci form boundaries within and between lobes, dividing them in half. A prominent landmark in the brain, the median sulcus separates the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe and the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex.
The central sulcus often continues for a short distance to the medial surface of the hemisphere. Anteriorly and posteriorly of this are the medial extensions of the precentral and postcentral gyrus that form a morphological unit known as the paracentral lobule.
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. which of the following is a function of the urinary system? a. filtration of blood b. management of waste products in blood c. temporary storage of urine d. formation of urine e. regulation of blood pressure and volume f. adjustment of plasma ph
Answer:
The functions of the urinary system are:
All of these, a. filtration of blood b. management of waste products in blood c. temporary storage of urine d. formation of urine e. regulation of blood pressure and volume f. adjustment of plasma pH.
Explanation:
Function of the urinary system
The urinary system begins with the kidneys. The smallest unit of the kidney, the nephron, consists of an arteriole, a glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, and a tubule. Blood in the arterioles will enter the glomerular capillaries and be filtered (Function 1: filtration of blood).
Then, it enters Bowman's capsule and tubules. In the tubules, two things occur: reabsorption and secretion. Reabsorption is to reabsorb the filtered material that is still needed by the body from tubules into the arterioles. Meanwhile, the secretion carries out the material that is not filtered and is no longer needed into the tubules (Function 2: management of waste products in the blood).
In the process of reabsorption and secretion, there is regulation of blood pressure and blood volume by the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System). These three enzymes form the system by receiving signals from blood vessels. If there is hypotension (decreased blood pressure) or hypovolemia (reduced blood volume), blood flow to the kidneys will decrease and baroreceptors (blood pressure receptors) in the body will also detect it. Then RAAS will be activated. Activation in hypotension/hypovolemia will result in increased reabsorption of sodium and water, so that it will increase blood pressure (Function 3: regulation of blood pressure and volume).
In addition, reabsorption and secretion processes also occur for blood pH regulation with ions, namely H+ and HCO3- ions. When the blood pH is too acidic, H+ ions will be secreted and HCO3- ions will be reabsorbed. This will make the blood pH remain alkaline (Function 4: adjustment of plasma pH).
After reabsorption and secretion, the products in the tubules will be excreted into urine (Function 5: urine formation).
The urine formed in the tubules unites and exits the kidney through the ureter and is temporarily stored in the bladder (Function 6: temporary storage of urine).
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in the kidney, there is an anatomical structure that is also observable in at least two other organs. what is it?
The portal system is an anatomical structure that is also observable in at least two other organs.
A portal system is one in which veins begin and end in capillaries. It transports nutrient-rich blood to the liver for purification before transporting it to the heart. The portal venous system transports capillary blood to the liver from the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, pancreas, gallbladder, and spleen. The portal vein is formed by the union of the splenic and superior mesenteric veins behind the pancreas's neck.
The hepatic portal system, the hypophyseal portal system, and (in non-mammals) the renal portal system are examples of such systems. The hepatic portal system gets its name from the fact that it connects capillaries in the intestines and other digestive organs to modified capillaries in the liver (hepatic sinusoids).
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Select one or more correct answers.
Hakeem is testing the effects of sunlight on samples of soil. Which of these actions would introduce confounding variables into Hakeem’s experiment?
A. He tests a theory that’s already been established.
B. He tests multiple hypotheses at a time.
C. He uses identical specimens when completing multiple trials.
D. He adjusts the independent variable and records the effects.
E. He uses different types of soil in each of his samples.
The actions that will introduce confounding variables into Hakeem's experiment of testing the effects of sunlight on samples of soil will be:
(B) He tests for multiple hypotheses at a time.
(E) He uses different varieties of soil in each of his samples.
Variables are the factors of an experiment that can themselves change or exhibit the potential to change the results of the experiment. There are three types of variables: the dependent variable, the independent variable and the controlled variable.
Hypothesis can be defined as any statement or theory that has no significant proof. That theory may be or may not be true and applicable.
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The diseases that cause considerable morbidity in adolescents and young adults are: A. heart diseases. B. lung diseases. C. sexually transmitted diseases.
Answer: C
Explanation: C
which of the following are similarities between b cells and t cells? i) both recognize antigens using immunoglobulin receptors. ii) both undergo clonal selection after encountering an antigen. iii) both maintain an immunological memory of previously encountered antigens.
Similarities between b cells and t cells are ii) both undergo clonal selection after encountering an antigen. iii) both maintain an immunological memory of previously encountered antigens.
Both B and T cells originate in the bone marrow. These cells are involved in adaptive immunity. T cells can clean infected or cancerous cells. They also helps to mediate immune response by helping B lymphocytes by eliminate the attacking pathogens.
B lymphocytes create a type of protein called an antibody. B cells and T cells are important components of the immunity system.
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in a lumbar puncture (spinal tap), fluid is extracted from the group of answer choices subarachnoid space epipial space subdural space epidural space central canal of the spinal cord
An invasive outpatient operation known as a lumbar puncture (LP), sometimes known as a spinal tap, is used to take a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the subarachnoid.
Where does a lumbar puncture get its fluid from?In order to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid, a needle is inserted between two lumbar vertebrae during a lumbar puncture. In order to protect your brain and spinal cord from injury, this fluid surrounds them.
spine tapped in the subarachnoid region?To diagnose or treat a condition, a lumbar puncture (LP) or spinal tap may be carried out. In order to perform this procedure, your healthcare provider places a hollow needle in the subarachnoid space, which surrounds the spinal column in the lower back.
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Which student do you agree with most?
Zacharia said, “I think the hawk is the most important organism in the ecosystem because it can eat the most organisms.”
Mira said, “I think the kangaroo rat is the most important organism in the ecosystem because many organisms eat it.”
Carlos said, “I think the desert plants are the most important organism because they start each food chain.”
Yasmin said, “I think the desert fox is the most important organisms in the ecosystem because nothing eats the adults.”
The student I agree with most is Carlos who said, “I think the desert plants are the most important organism because they start each food chain.” That is option C.
What is food chain?Food chain is defined as the pathway that shows the flow of nutrients and energy from one organism to another in an ecosystem.
The food chain is made up of various parts that includes the following:
The sun,producers,consumers, and decomposers.From the given options, the student that is correct is Carlos. This is because the producers which is the desert plants are the most important part of the food chain.
This is because they use the energy from the sun to manufacture their own food while other parts of the food chain depends on the manufactured food.
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causes water to bead up on surfaces (glass, fabric, leaf), which slows wetting of the surface and inhibits the cleaning process. hydrophobicity hydrophylicity surface tension surfactant
Surface tension causes water to bead up on surfaces (glass, fabric, leaf) which slows the wetting of the surface and inhibits the cleaning process.
Surface tension is a phenomenon in which the surface of a liquid, where the liquid is in proximity with a gas, acts as a thin elastic sheet. This term is generally used when the liquid surface is in contact with gas (such as the air).
Lower surface tension means the cleaning fluid can get into compact spaces easily. It directly influences the ability of the cleaning fluid to wet a surface and evidently, you can't clean if you can't wet.
Various intermolecular forces, such as Van der Waals forces, bring out the liquid particles together. Along the surface, the particles are tuged toward the rest of the liquid.
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what is an action of the highlighted muscle? elevation of ribs thorax expansion compression of intercostal spaces depression of ribs
Elevation of the ribs is a motion of the highlighted muscle. Elevation of ribs thorax expansion compression of intercostal areas melancholy of ribs.
The highlighted muscle tissue is called the frontalis muscle. This muscle tissue's only function is expressions of the face. This muscle is positioned within the brow of the cranium.
Elevation of the ribs and enlargement of the rib cage end result from the coordinated action of the rib cage muscle mass. We wanted to review the motion and interaction of the rib cage muscular tissues all through ventilation.
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Which of the statements is true regarding a phylogenetic tree?
a. Phylogenetic trees could be considered physical representations of hypotheses―those that seek to establish the evolutionary relationships between different organisms.
b. Within a phylogenetic tree, the order of groups located at the tree tips―not the nodes within a tree―determines sister group relationships.
c. Phylogenetic trees only depict the evolutionary relationships between different classes; relationships among different species within the same genus are not illustrated in such trees.
d. Phylogenetic trees are constructed based solely on the morphological characteristics of species; sequence similarities among different organisms are only evaluated by taxonomists.
e. Given the sheer number of prokaryotic and eukaryotic species on Earth, it is impossible to create a phylogenetic tree encompassing all of these organisms.
Option A is correct Phylogenetic trees could be considered physical representations of hypotheses―those that seek to establish the evolutionary relationships between different organisms.
A branching diagram or tree illustrating the evolutionary relationships among distinct biological species or other entities based on similarities and differences in their physical or genetic traits is known as a phylogenetic tree (sometimes referred to as an evolutionary tree or phylogeny). A phylogenetic tree depicts the relationship between several creatures by tracing the course of evolution from a shared ancestor to various descendants. The relationships between individuals in a population to the entire history of life on Earth can all be represented by trees.
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The intramolecular cyclization reaction of glucose in solution ______. A) generates a chiral center. B) yields a hemiacetal. C) usually forms a pyranose
The intramolecular cyclization reaction of glucose in Generates a chiral center.
In order to create the matching saturated nitrogen and oxygen heterocycles, -haloalkyl amines and alcohols undergo intramolecular hydrogen bonding (a hydrogen bond created between two functional groups of the same molecule) (an SN2 reaction within the same molecule)
What is the difference between intermolecular and intramolecular?
The atom-atom bonds that hold molecules together are known as intramolecular forces. Molecules in a solid or liquid are held together by intermolecular forces.
What are the 3 types of intramolecular forces?
Covalent, ionic, and metallic bonding are the three types of intramolecular forces. Between two nonmetals, covalent bonds are formed. Atoms share electrons in this kind of relationship. Covalent bonds can be either polar or nonpolar.
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16. By approximately what percentage has the concentration of carbon dioxide increased in the atmosphere since 1950?
20%
37%
17%
40%
By approximately 40% has the concentration of carbon dioxide increased in the atmosphere since 1950.
Carbon dioxide concentrations are rising primarily as a result of the fossil fuels that people use for energy. Coal and oil are fossil fuels that contain carbon that plants extracted from the atmosphere over millions of years through photosynthesis.
The CO2 concentration in the atmosphere increased by 2.5 parts per million (ppm) in 2021 and is expected to rise by another 2.5ppm in 2022, resulting in global atmospheric concentrations of 417.2ppm on average for the year. This represents a 51% increase in atmospheric CO2 compared to pre-industrial levels. The presence of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere warms the planet, resulting in climate change. In less than 200 years, human activities have increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere by 50%.
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for which codon(s) could a single base change account for this amino acid change? lysine to asparagine
There are two lysine codons (AAA, AAG) and two asparagine codons (AAC, AAU).
A codon is a three-nucleotide (DNA or RNA) sequence that forms a unit of genomic information encoding a specific amino acid or signaling the end of protein synthesis (stop signals). There are 64 different codons, 61 of which specify amino acids and three of which serve as stop signals.
Lysine, or L-lysine, is an essential amino acid, which means it is required for human health but cannot be produced by the body. Lysine must be obtained through diet or supplementation. Protein is made up of amino acids such as lysine.
In humans, asparagine is a non-essential amino acid. It is a beta-amido derivative of aspartic acid and is important in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins and other proteins.
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The light micrograph shows dividing cells near the tip of an onion root. Identify a cell in each of the following stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Describe and list the major events occurring at each stage.
Mitotic division in onion root cells:
Prophase: the emergence of chromatin threads that form chromosomes, the chromosomes are visible and overlap.Metaphase: chromosomes line up and line up in the middle of the equatorial plane. The centromere of the chromosome appears to have bonds with the kinetochores connected to the spindle threads.Anaphase: the centromere of the chromosome undergoes division then the chromosomes are pulled by the spindle threads towards the two opposite poles and leave the center of the equator that looks empty.Telophase: The cytoplasm divides into two identical-looking daughter cells. At the telophase stage, the process of cell division occurs in two parts and has identical properties.Mitosis is a cell division through the stages of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. The purpose of mitosis is for growth and regeneration which results in two daughter cells that are identical to the original parent cell. Mitosis occurs only once and lasts only during somatization.
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HELP ASPPPP PLEASE THANK YOU
Answer:
Explanation:
not sure what the question is one is amswered one is not very readable
A student analyzes a cross section of earth's layers. which letter corresponds to a trench in the cross section? question 11 options: l m n o
Answer: its M
Explanation:
i did the k-12 test :)
consider the signal transduction pathway in model 3. what event begins the process of producing a cellular response?
In a signal transduction pathway, the process of producing a cellular response begins when the ligand binds to the active site of receptor and induces a signal.
Signal transduction is the process of transmission of signals from the one part of the cell to another through a cascade of events where the activation of one molecules relays signals for the activation of other and thus the signals proceeds towards its target site.
Ligand is the signaling molecule that binds to its recipient called the receptor to initiate the process of transduction. The ligand molecule can be a protein, hormone, or some other compound.
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