At STP, the temperature is 0 degrees Celsius and the pressure is 1 atm (101.325 kPa).
What is temperature?Temperature is a measure of the hotness or coldness of an object or environment. It is measured by thermometers using a numerical scale. Temperature is a physical property of matter that is described as the intensity of heat. Temperature is measured in units such as Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin. The temperature of an object or environment is determined by the average kinetic energy of the particles that make up the object or environment. Temperature affects many aspects of life, from human comfort to the ability of certain species of animals to survive in a given environment. Temperature can also affect the rate of chemical reactions, the strength of certain materials, and the behavior of sound waves.
According to the ideal gas law, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure, and directly proportional to the temperature. Therefore, the volume of the oxygen gas at STP will be:
V2 = V1 * (T2/T1) * (P1/P2)
V2 = 400 ml * (273K / 323K) * (101.325 kPa / 250 mmHg)
V2 = 284.7 ml
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PLEASE HELP!!!! In a sporting event, the scoring area (shown here) consists of four concentric circles on the ice with radii of 4 inches, 4 feet, 6 feet, and 8 feet. If a team member lands a (43-pound) stone randomly within the scoring area, find the probability that it ends up centered on the given color (a) red (b) white (c) blue . (a) The probability that it ends up centered on red is ___.
The probability that the stone ends up centered on the red circle is 0.038.
To calculate the probability, we need to find the area of the red circle and divide it by the total area of the scoring area. The radius of the red circle is 4 feet (48 inches), so its area is π(48)² = 7,238.23 square inches. The total area of the scoring area is the sum of the areas of the four circles, which is π(4²) + π(4²) + π(6²) + π(8²) = 256π square inches. Therefore, the probability of the stone landing in the red circle is:
(7,238.23 square inches) / (256π square inches) = 0.038So the probability that the stone ends up centered on the red circle is 0.038 or approximately 3.8%.
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Calculate the number of repetitions of the β‑oxidation pathway required to fully convert a 18
-carbon activated fatty acid to acetyl‑SCoA molecules.
The β-oxidation pathway involves the breakdown of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA molecules. For an 18-carbon activated fatty acid, a total of nine repetitions of the β-oxidation pathway would be required to fully convert it to acetyl-CoA molecules.
The β-oxidation pathway occurs in the mitochondria and is a four-step process that involves the following reactions: (1) oxidation, (2) hydration, (3) oxidation, and (4) thiolysis.
An 18-carbon activated fatty acid will yield 9 acetyl-CoA molecules through β-oxidation. This is because each cycle of β-oxidation cleaves two carbon units, which are then converted to acetyl-CoA. Therefore, the number of repetitions required can be calculated as follows:
Number of repetitions = Number of carbons ÷ 2
Number of repetitions = 18 ÷ 2
Number of repetitions = 9
Therefore, 9 repetitions of the β-oxidation pathway are required to fully convert an 18-carbon activated fatty acid to acetyl-CoA molecules.
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who can help me? i need a grade or i’m going to summer school, please help me
The information for the equation of the circle is given as follows:
Coordinate F(7,0) - =8
Coordinate R(7,-4) = 8
Coordinate T(11,0) = 8
Where the following equation is given:
(x-9)² + (y+2)² = 8
If Coordinate F(7,0)
Substituting we have:
(7-9)² + (0+2)² = 8
(-2)²+ (2)² = 8
4 + 4 = 8
If Coordinate R(7,-4)
Substituting we have:
(7-9)² + (-4+2)² = 8
(-2)²+ (-2)² = 8
4 + 4 = 8
If Coordinate T(11,0)
Substituting we have:
(11-9)² + (0+2)² = 8
(2)²+ (2)² = 8
4 + 4 = 8
3) The length of the diameter of the circle is 8
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We've figured out what part of the salt causes the flame to change color, so now let's measure the wavelengths created with four metals.
Use the ruler under the "tools" icon in the upper right of the video player to measure the wavelengths of light released by each compound.
The wavelength of one of the spectral lines for lithium chloride (LiCl) is 610.3 nanometers (nm).
In the case of lithium chloride (LiCl), the spectral lines are caused by the emission of light when the electrons in the lithium and chlorine atoms are excited to higher energy levels. One of the prominent spectral lines for LiCl is at a wavelength of 610.3 nm.
This corresponds to the transition of an electron in the lithium atom from the 2p to the 3s energy level. The spectral lines for LiCl have been extensively studied using techniques such as atomic absorption and emission spectroscopy, and they are important for a variety of applications in fields such as chemistry and physics.
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The complete question is:
What is the wavelength of one of the spectral lines for lithium chloride LiCl?
Determine the pH of a 3.4 x 10^-6 M solution of HNO3
Considering the definition of pH, the pH of a 3.4×10⁻⁶ M solution of HNO₃ is 5.47.
Definition of pHpH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and indicates the amount of hydrogen ions present in a solution or substance.
The pH is defined as the negative base 10 logarithm of the activity of hydrogen ions:
pH= - log [H⁺]
pH in this caseStrong acids are those that are completely, or almost completely, dissociated in dilute solution (of concentration less than 0.1 M). So the concentration of protons is equal to the initial concentration of acid.
HNO₃ is a strong acid. So [H⁺]= [HNO₃]= 3.4×10⁻⁶ M
So, the pH can be calculated as:
pH= - log (3.4×10⁻⁶ M)
Solving:
pH= 5.47
Finally, the pH is 5.47.
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1. Calculate the enthalpy of the following reaction:
2. Calculate tbe energy change when 25.0 g of magnesium changes from from 27°C to 45°C. The specific heat of magnesium is 1.05 J/g*°C.
Heat capacity of a substance or system is defined as the amount of heat required to raise its temperature through 1°C. It is denoted by C. Heat capacity is an extensive property.
The specific heat capacity of a substance is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of the substance through 1°C.
1. The enthalpy change = sum of enthalpies of products - sum of enthalpies of reactants
ΔH = (-411 - 286) - (-92.3 + -426.7) = -178 kJ
2. The heat required to raise the temperature of a sample is:
q = mc ΔT
25.0 × 1.05 (45 - 27) = 472.5 J
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PLS HELP!!!!!
Convert the following measurements. Show all work, including units that cancel.
82.6 L of neon at STP -> mol
Answer: To convert 82.6 L of neon at STP to moles, we need to use the ideal gas law equation:
PV = nRT
where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature.
At STP, the pressure is 1 atm and the temperature is 273 K. The gas constant, R, is 0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K).
Therefore, we can rearrange the equation as:
n = PV/RT
n = (1 atm)(82.6 L)/(0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K))(273 K)
n = 3.43 mol
So, 82.6 L of neon at STP is equivalent to 3.43 mol of neon.
Explanation:
To convert from liters of a gas at STP (standard temperature and pressure) to moles, we can use the conversion factor of 1 mole of a gas occupies a volume of 22.4 L at STP.
So, to convert 82.6 L of neon at STP to moles, we can use the following calculation:
82.6 L neon x (1 mol neon / 22.4 L neon) = 3.69 mol neon
Therefore, 82.6 L of neon at STP is equivalent to 3.69 mol of neon.
A certain mass of nitrogen gas occupies a volume of 8.52 L at a pressure of 5.06 atm. At what pressure will the volume of this
sample be 10.90 L? Assume constant temperature and ideal behavior.
= P =
atm
At a volume of 10.90 L, the pressure of the nitrogen gas would be approximately 3.95 atm.
To solve this problem
Using the ideal gas law, we have:
PV = nRT
Where
P is pressureV is volume n is the number of moles of gas R is the universal gas constantT is the temperature in KelvinAssuming constant temperature and ideal behavior, we can set up a proportion:
(P1)(V1) = (P2)(V2)
Where
P1 is the initial pressureV1 is the initial volumeP2 is the final pressureV2 is the final volumeSubstituting the given values, we get:
(5.06 atm)(8.52 L) = (P2)(10.90 L)
Solving for P2, we get:
P2 = (5.06 atm)(8.52 L) / (10.90 L)
P2 = 3.95 atm
Therefore, at a volume of 10.90 L, the pressure of the nitrogen gas would be approximately 3.95 atm.
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Conditions required to separate chromatograms in dyes
Answer:
All substances should be equally soluble (or equally insoluble) in both.
16. Why are some batteries considered non-rechargeable even
though they are based on the same reversible redox reac-
tions as those in rechargeable batteries?
Non-rechargeable batteries, also known as primary batteries, are designed with a limited amount of active materials in their electrodes. Once all the active materials are consumed, the battery cannot be recharged. This is because non-rechargeable batteries have significantly different chemistries than rechargeable batteries, despite both being based on reversible redox reactions.
On the other hand, rechargeable batteries, or secondary batteries, are designed to be recharged because they contain more active materials in their electrodes that can be replenished when the battery is charged. Rechargeable batteries also have additional layers to protect their active materials from degrading during the charge and discharge process.
Therefore, the fundamental difference between non-rechargeable and rechargeable batteries is the amount of active materials contained in the electrodes and their corresponding battery chemistries – which results in the limited use of non-rechargeable batteries.
nitric acid is electrolysed using graphite, what are the ions ?
Answer:
When nitric acid (HNO3) is electrolyzed using graphite electrodes, the following ions are present:
Nitrate ions (NO3-): These are negatively charged ions that are formed from the dissociation of nitric acid. During electrolysis, they will move towards the positively charged anode.
Hydrogen ions (H+): These positively charged ions are also formed from the dissociation of nitric acid. During electrolysis, they will move towards the negatively charged cathode.
Water molecules (H2O): Small amounts of water may also be present in the nitric acid solution, and they will also be involved in the electrolysis process. The water molecules can be oxidized at the anode to form oxygen gas and positively charged hydrogen ions (H+).
How does activity on the Sun affect human technology on Earth and in the rest of the solar system? (Select all that apply)
A. Coronal holes reduce the amount of material leaving the Sun making it a great opportunity to launch new satellites.
B. Solar flares and coronal mass ejections can disrupt communications, damage satellites and can cause power outages on Earth.
C. During high periods of activity, the higher amount of heat radiating from the Sun will melt satellites, disrupting communications.
D. Coronal holes allow more of the Sun’s material to flow out into space.
Answer: The answer is B,C,D
Explanation: Solar activity can affect satellite orbits, communication satellites, and the local power grids. It can also impact our spacecraft throughout the solar system, especially orbiters or landers on surfaces without an atmosphere.
therefore, Solar flares and coronal mass ejections can disrupt communications, damage satellites and can cause power outages on Earth.
During high periods of activity, the higher amount of heat radiating from the Sun will melt satellites, disrupting communications.
Coronal holes allow more of the Sun’s material to flow out into space.
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The options that apply are:
B. Solar flares and coronal mass ejections can disrupt communications, damage satellites, and can cause power outages on Earth.
D. Coronal holes allow more of the Sun’s material to flow out into space.
Coronal holes, mentioned in option D, allow more of the Sun's material to flow out into space. This primarily affects the solar wind, which consists of charged particles emitted by the Sun. The increased solar wind from coronal holes can impact spacecraft and satellites throughout the solar system.
Solar flares and coronal mass ejections, mentioned in option B, are intense bursts of energy and matter from the Sun. These events can release a large number of charged particles and electromagnetic radiation. When directed towards Earth, they can interfere with satellite communications, damage sensitive electronic equipment, and disrupt power grids, potentially causing power outages.
Option A, stating that coronal holes reduce the amount of material leaving the Sun, is incorrect. Coronal holes allow more material, particularly the solar wind, to flow out into space, as mentioned in option D.
Option C, suggesting that the higher amount of heat radiating from the Sun during high activity melts satellites, disrupting communications, is not accurate. While solar activity can increase radiation levels in space, it does not typically lead to satellite melting or disruption of communications due to excess heat.
Therefore, the correct options are B and D. Solar flares and coronal mass ejections can disrupt technology on Earth, and coronal holes allow more material from the Sun to flow into space.
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Calculate the hydroxide ion concentration, [OH−]
, for a solution with a pH of 8.81
The hydroxide ion concentration of the given solution is 7.94 x 10⁻⁶ M.
The hydroxide ion concentration, [OH⁻], can be calculated from the pH of a solution using the equation:
pH + pOH = 14.
Since we have the pH of the solution as 8.81, we can first calculate the pOH as follows:
pOH = 14 - pH
pOH = 14 - 8.81
pOH = 5.19
Now, we can use the definition of pOH to calculate the hydroxide ion concentration:
pOH = -log[OH⁻]
5.19 = -log[OH⁻]
[OH⁻] = 7.94 x 10⁻⁶ M
The pH of a solution is a measure of its acidity or basicity, which is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions, [H⁺], in the solution. A pH value of 8.81 indicates that the solution is slightly basic, meaning that it has a lower concentration of hydrogen ions and a higher concentration of hydroxide ions.
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Which of the following fields is(are) part of the environmental movement? a. scientific b. social c. political d. all of the above Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B C D
The correct answer is D: All of the above. The environmental movement encompasses all of these fields, including scientific, social, and political aspects.
What is movement?Movement is a physical activity that involves the change of position of a person or object over a particular area of space. It can include the displacement of the body, such as walking, running, and dancing, or the movement of objects, such as throwing a ball or lifting a weight. Movement can be voluntary or involuntary, as in reflexes or twitches, or it can involve the movement of non-living objects such as a car moving on a road. Movement can be used to express social and emotional states, such as joy or sadness, or to coordinate with others in a group. Movement can also help to explore and learn about the environment, to socialize with others, or to simply have fun.
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Question 14 of 25
For a certain chemical reaction, the reactants contain 52 kJ of potential
energy, and the products contain 32 kJ. How much energy is absorbed or
released by the reaction?
OA. 20 kJ is released.
о B. 84 kJ is relesed.
OC. 84 kJ is absorbed.
OD. 20 kJ is absorbed.
SUBMIT
Answer: The answer is (20 kj is released)
Explanation:
Have A Good Day :)
How many moles of PCl5 can be produced from 25.0 g of P4 (and excess Cl2 )?
Answer: The balanced equation for the reaction between P4 and Cl2 to form PCl5 is:
P4 + 10Cl2 → 4PCl5
The molar mass of P4 is 123.9 g/mol, which means that 25.0 g of P4 is equal to:
25.0 g P4 x (1 mol P4 / 123.9 g P4) = 0.202 mol P4
According to the balanced equation, 1 mol of P4 reacts with 10 mol of Cl2 to produce 4 mol of PCl5. Therefore, the number of moles of PCl5 that can be produced from 0.202 mol of P4 is:
0.202 mol P4 x (4 mol PCl5 / 1 mol P4) = 0.808 mol PCl5
Therefore, 0.808 moles of PCl5 can be produced from 25.0 g of P4 (assuming excess Cl2).
Consider the combustion of carbon monoxide in oxygen gas 2CO2+O2=2CO2, in this reaction, 10.8 moles of carbon dioxide was produced. Calculate the number of corbonmonoxide used in this reaction to produce such number of carbon dioxide.
In this process, 10.8 moles of carbon monoxide were converted into 10.8 moles of carbon dioxide.
What is the carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide mole ratio?The carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide have a 2:2 mole ratio according to the balanced chemical equation. The mole ratio will make it easier for us to determine how many moles of carbon dioxide will be created from the specified amount of carbon monoxide. (oxygen gas is excess).
The balanced chemical formula for carbon monoxide combustion is:
2carbon monoxide + oxygen → 2carbon dioxide
2 moles of carbon monoxide react with 1 mole of oxygen gas in this reaction, according to the stoichiometry, to produce 2 moles of carbon dioxide.
So, in order to generate 10.8 moles of carbon dioxide, we must:
10.8 moles carbon dioxide x (2 moles carbon monoxide / 2 moles carbon dioxide) = 10.8 moles carbon monoxide
In this process, 10.8 moles of carbon monoxide were converted into 10.8 moles of carbon dioxide.
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Please help! What is the shape of the right carbon?
The shape of the right carbon is tetrahedral (option C).
How does carbon shape in a compound?A carbon atom with four attachments, and bond angles of approximately 109.5° is called a tetrahedral carbon.
The overall shape is that of a tetrahedron (i.e., a pyramid with all faces being equilateral triangles, or nearly so). The carbon atoms uses sp³ orbitals to achieve this geometry.
According to this question, a chemical compound called acetate is given. It is made up of two carbon atoms. The second (right) carbon is surrounded by two oxygen atoms.
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What is the approximate temperature of each of these regions?
1.photosphere:
A. 4500K to 6800K
B. 10^4 K to 10^6 K
C. 10^4 K
D. A few million K
2. Chromosphere:
A. 4500K to 6800K
B. 10^4 K to 10^6 K
C. 10^4 K
D. A few million K
3. Corona:
A. 4500K to 6800K
B. 10^4 K to 10^6 K
C. 10^4 K
D. A few million K
the approximate temperature of each of these regions are:
Photosphere: 4500K to 6800K
Chromosphere: 10⁴ K to 10⁶K
Corona: A few million k
How to solve the question?
The photosphere is the visible surface of the sun, and its temperature ranges from approximately 4500K to 6800K (Kelvin). This temperature range is where the majority of the sun's light and radiation is emitted, and it is also where sunspots and solar flares occur. The photosphere is also where the sun's magnetic field lines emerge and interact with the surrounding plasma.
The chromosphere is the region of the sun that lies just above the photosphere. Its temperature ranges from approximately 10^4 K to 10^6 K, making it hotter than the photosphere. This region is visible during a solar eclipse as a red or pink ring around the sun. The chromosphere is also where solar prominences and flares occur, which are large eruptions of hot plasma from the sun's surface.
The corona is the outermost layer of the sun's atmosphere, and its temperature is several million Kelvin (a few million K). The corona is much hotter than the layers below it, despite being farther away from the sun's core. The corona is visible during a total solar eclipse as a white halo around the sun. The corona is also where the solar wind originates, which is a stream of charged particles that flows out into space and can affect the Earth's magnetosphere.
In summary, the approximate temperature of each of these regions are:
Photosphere: 4500K to 6800K
Chromosphere: 10⁴ K to 10⁶ K
Corona: A few million K
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#1
13.
How much energy is required to warm 250.0 g of water from room temperature (23.00 °C) to 100.0 °C given that the
specific heat of water is 4.18 J/g °C?
-104.5 kJ
104.5 kJ
*:
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MacBook Air
F6
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-80.5 kJ
80.5 kJ
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Titration of 20.0 mL of an NaOH solution required 9.0 mL of a 0.30 M KNO3 solution. What is the morality of the NaOH solution?
How much heat is produced when 30.4 g of NO2 react?
4NO2(g) + O2(g) → 2N2O5(g) heat of reaction = –110.2 kJ
Answer:
Explanation:
We can use the molar mass of NO2 to convert grams to moles:
30.4 g NO2 x (1 mol NO2 / 46.0055 g NO2) = 0.6618 mol NO2
From the balanced chemical equation, we see that 4 moles of NO2 react to produce 2 moles of N2O5, so:
0.6618 mol NO2 x (2 mol N2O5 / 4 mol NO2) = 0.3309 mol N2O5
Finally, we can use the molar enthalpy of reaction to calculate the heat produced:
0.3309 mol N2O5 x (-110.2 kJ / 2 mol N2O5) = -18.16 kJ
Therefore, 30.4 g of NO2 reacting produces -18.16 kJ of heat. Note that the negative sign indicates an exothermic reaction, meaning heat is released.
Calculate the potential of a zinc/silver cell. The zinc electrode is in 0.300 M zinc nitrate solution. The silver electrode is in a 0.600 M silver nitrate solution.
The zinc/silver cell has a potential of 1.23 V.
What is a few half cells' standard electrode potential?In order to obtain a half-unique cell's reduction potential, a standard electrode potential becomes necessary. It is measured with a reference electrode called the standard hydrogen electrode (abbreviated to SHE).
Zinc(s) → Zinc2+(aq) + 2e- E° = -0.76 V
Silver+(aq) + e- → Silver(s) E° = +0.80 V
We employ the following formula to get the cell potential:
Ecell = E°cell - (0.0592 V/n) log(Q)
where n is the number of electrons transported in the balanced equation, Q is the reaction quotient, and E°cell is the standard cell potential. For a concentration cell like this, n =
Q = [Zinc2+]/[Silver+]
Plugging in the values:
n = 2 (because 2 electrons are exchanged in each half-reaction) (since 2 electrons are transferred in each half-reaction)
E°cell = E°cathode - E°anode = +0.80 V - (-0.76 V) = +1.56 V
[Zinc2+] = 0.300 M
[Silver+] = 0.600 M
Q = [Zinc2+]/[Silver+] = (0.300 M)/(0.600 M) = 0.500
Substituting all the values into the formula:
Ecell = +1.56 V - (0.0592 V/2) log(0.500) = +1.23 V
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A 0.1946g piece of magnesium metal is burned in a constant-pressure calorimeter. The calorimeter contains 500.0g of water and the temperature rise for the water is 1.40°C. Calculate the heat of combustion of magnesium metal in kJ/mol, given that the specific heat of water= 4.184 J/g °C Question 13 options: -2929 kJ/mol -23kJ/mol 23 kJ/mol -366 kJ/mol 366 kJ/mol
A 0.1946g piece of magnesium metal is burned in a constant-pressure calorimeter. The calorimeter contains 500.0g of water and the temperature rise for the water is 1.40°C. 24.76 kJ/gram is heat of combustion of magnesium metal.
The quantity of heat of combustion created during the burning of a specific amount of a substance, typically a fuel and food (refer to food energy), is known as the thermal capacity (or energy value and calorific value) of that substance.
The total amount of energy that is released as heat whenever a substance completely burns with oxygen takes on a calorific value under normal circumstances.
Heat of combustion =24.76 kJ/gram
Mass of magnesium sample = 0.1946 grams
Molar mass of magnesium = 24.3 g/mol
Heat capacity = 1349 J/°C
Mass of water = 500 grams
Temperature change = 1.40 °C
Q = (1349 J/°C × 1.40 °C) + (500 grams × 4.184 J/g°C ×1.40 °C)
Q =4817.4 J = 4.82 kJ
4817.4 J / 0.1946 grams = 24755.4 J/ gram = 24.76 kJ/ gram
Heat of combustion of magnesium metal=24.76 kJ/gram
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To calculate the Ksp value in the presence of ion activity, it is necessary to measure the ion product at the point of saturation for multiple
______. The ion product nears the Ksp value at (concentration, compounds, temperatures)
______due to lower ionic strength and (lower concentrations, lower temperatures, higher mass)
_____ is finally used to determine the Ksp value. ( a table, a plot, a spectrophometer)
Answer: compounds, lower, plot
Choose the orbital diagram that represents the ground state of Be
Explanation:
The orbital diagram that represents the ground state of Be would have two electrons in the 1s orbital and two electrons in the 2s orbital, with the following configuration:
1s↑↓ 2s↑↓
The "1s" and "2s" notations refer to the energy levels of the orbitals, with "1s" being the lowest-energy level and "2s" being the next highest. The arrows indicate the spin of each electron; up arrows represent "spin up" electrons, while down arrows represent "spin down" electrons.
It's worth noting that the Aufbau principle (which states that electrons fill the lowest-energy orbitals first) and the Pauli exclusion principle (which states that no two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers) are both reflected in this orbital diagram for the ground state of Be.
Reaction A: consider a solution of acetophenone (AKA methyl phenyl ketone) and sodium trifluoroperacetate (deprotonated trifluoroperacetic acid). Draw these two reactants and then show a full arrow-pushing mechanism providing the flow of electrons, showing how the two react with one another and the resulting product
The reaction between acetophenone and sodium trifluoroperacetate results in the formation of α-trifluoromethylphenylacetic acid.
The mechanism involves the nucleophilic attack of the enolate ion of acetophenone on the electrophilic carbon of the trifluoroperacetic acid, followed by the transfer of the trifluoromethyl group to the carbonyl carbon. The resulting intermediate then undergoes hydrolysis to form the final product.
The reaction is useful in organic synthesis as it provides a straightforward method for introducing a trifluoromethyl group onto an aromatic ring. This functional group is known to have unique properties that can enhance the biological activity of molecules, making it a valuable tool in drug discovery and development.
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6) Apply the rules for canceling complex units to simplify and find the units in an answer:
a)
=
atm / mol • (atm •L/
mol • K)
b) (mol • (atm•L / mol • K) • K ) / L
Cancelling units is also called the unit conversion or dimensional analysis. This is because we can use conversion facts along with multiplication to convert from one unit to another.
When dealing with scientific measurements in science, we can sometimes multiply a specific measurement by another measurement and units will cancel out. This is called cancelling units. Unit cancellation is just a method of converting numbers to different units.
Here the given units can be simplified as:
a) atm / mol × (atm ×L/mol × K)
cancel the mole by mole
atm / (atm ×L/ K)
b) (mol × (atm×L / mol × K) × K ) / L
cancel the mole by mole
(atm×L / K) × K ) / L
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give some example of scientific method with sample of experiments
The Scientific Method is a method of research in which a problem is identified, relevant data are gathered, a hypothesis is formulated from these date, and the hypothesis is empirically rested.
The Scientific Method was used even in ancient times, but it was first documented by England's Sir Francis Bacon (15-61-1626) who set up inductive methods for scientific inquiry.
Scientific method is often spelled out in a simplistic stepwise fashion in textbooks as if it were some sort of recipe or set of instructions that scientists follow. It’s somewhat mythical, not something a working scientist necessarily thinks of and consciously follows step by step. But textbook authors have very limited space and must simplify.
Briefly, scientific method is not a set of instructions for research, but a habit of thought and investigation by which we gain the most reliable and objective information on how the world works—from the world of subatomic particles to the world of galaxies and beyond.
A scientist is, above all, an endlessly curious and highly disciplined person. A scientist has a question about nature. He or she conceives of a possible answer to it framed in the context of what we already know about the subject. That possible answer is called a hypothesis.
A hypothesis is useless and not really scientific at all unless there’s some conceivable way of empirically testing it—i.e., by direct observation. (Stephen Hawking even went so far as to say the string theory of particle physics isn’t really science at all, because there’s no conceivable way of putting it to an empirical test.) So a scientist’s next step is to formulate a way of observationally testing his or her hypothesis.
The test might be simple qualitative observation (not manipulating nature but just observing it with a trained and careful eye—as in much field research in animal behavior and paleontology), or it might be by experimentation (manipulating some variables to see what effect that produces on a system, as medical research, most laboratory science, and some field science).
The test should generate information—data, usually in numerical form. Next, one must ask whether those data really mean anything. Do they truly show an effect of your manipulated (independent) variables on the behavior of a system (dependent variables). This calls for tests of statistical significance—mathematical procedures of great variety, depending on the kind of data one is testing (Student’ t-test, analysis of variance, Person’s product-moment correlation coefficient, Tukey’s range test, and many others). These tests are meant to minimize subjective bias in the interpretation of data. The product of such tests is probability statements. Experimental scientists speak in probabilities, not certainties. Scientists will not say, for example, This proves that disease X is caused by virus Y, or that this new drug controls hypertension or produces leukemia remission better than the old one. Rather, they will make such statements as, There’s at least a 99.5% chance that variable X caused the observed change in variable Y. A careful scientist doesn’t assert “My findings prove ___,” but “My findings are consistent with the hypothesis that ___.”
Then, to have truly “done science,” one must make one’s findings available to the scientific community and the public—that is, publish them. Some say, if you don’t publish it, it’s not science. You’ve contributed nothing to the world’s understanding if you don’t publish. Public knowledge is the ultimate goal of science, not just the satisfaction of personal curiosity.
To publish one’s findings, one must first demonstrate that the work was important enough to warrant a share of the limited and expensive space in a recognized scientific journal; then show that one’s hypothesis and methods were sound; then show that the results were meaningful—often, but not always, by demonstration of statistical tests of confidence.
All of this entails surviving a process of peer review, in which an editor or grant agency sends your draft publication out to other experts in your field, whose job is basically to find fault (if there is any) with what you’ve done: to closely scrutinize your logic, assumptions, methods, findings, and tests of significant to see if they can find anything wrong with it, serious enough that you need to revise your paper or the journal editor should outright reject it for publication. The prestigious journals Cell, Science, and Nature reject 97% of all papers that scientists submit for publication, for various reasons including insufficient importance to warrant publication, inappropriateness of subject matter to those journals, unclear hypotheses, fallacious methods, poor analysis of the results, violation of research ethics, or poor writing.
At 27 °C, 3 mole of Bromine gas was found to occupy a volume of 6 Lat a pressure of 380 kPa. What is the value of the gas constant in L.kPa/ mol.K?
Answer: 2.53
Explanation: The ideal gas equation is formulated as:[tex]PV = nRT[/tex]P = Pressure of the ideal gas,
V = Volume of the ideal gas,
n = Total amount of ideal gas that is measured in terms of moles,
R = Gas constant, and
T = Temperature
By rearranging the ideal gas equation we get,
[tex]R = PV/nT[/tex]P = 380 kPa
V = 6 L
n = 3 moles
T = 27+273 = 300 K
Put the value given in this equation:
R = 380 kPa . 6L / 3 mol . 300 K
R = 2.53