Assume actual machine-hours worked during the period of 54,000
hours, (2) estimated machine-hours to be worked during the period
of 54,300 hours, (3) manufacturing overhead applied to production
durin

In the marketing mix of a company, place refers to the locations or outlets from where the customers can access the products or services.

In this case, we will describe the effect of the place strategy on the overall success of Red Bull. Red Bull is available in over 171 countries and at over 6.7 billion cans sold annually. The brand focuses on the distribution of its product through its own distribution network rather than third-party distributors.

This strategy allows the company to have control over the supply chain and ensure that its products are delivered on time, fresh, and of high quality to consumers. Red Bull's distribution system ensures that it is always available at most retail stores, gas stations, clubs, and bars.The company also sponsors several sporting events such as Formula 1 and extreme sports such as cliff diving and skydiving. This has led to Red Bull being widely available in sporting events across the world, in arenas, stadiums, and at sports retail outlets.

Additionally, Red Bull has developed vending machines that have been placed in high traffic areas such as universities, railway stations, airports, and malls. This ensures that the product is conveniently available for consumers wherever they may be.Red Bull has been able to use its place strategy effectively to reach its target audience. It has placed its products where its audience is most likely to purchase them and created the perception of exclusivity by placing them in unique venues. This, coupled with the brand's marketing campaigns, has created a powerful brand image and led to the overall success of Red Bull.

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The following duties cannot be delegated are when duties are personal in nature and the performance by a third party will vary materially from that expected by the obligee under the contract.

According to the general principle of agency law, an agent may delegate the performance of any non-personal duty, unless otherwise agreed between the principal and the agent. Personal duties include the duties that are performed solely by the person responsible for that particular duty, and therefore, cannot be delegated to another individual. These types of duties may be personal by nature or specific to the individual, such as a specific skill set, personality, or experience.

For example, a professional athlete’s duty to compete in a particular game or event is personal and cannot be delegated to another athlete. A material variance exists when the performance by a third party of the duty delegated would be substantially different from that expected by the obligee under the contract.

This is why the delegation of certain duties is generally not permitted, such as those involving the exercise of discretion, the exercise of judgment, and the giving of advice. This is because the delegation of these types of duties would create a substantial risk that the person performing the duty would not exercise the necessary judgment and discretion required.

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The manufacturer of Brand A automobile tires claims that its tire can save 100 gallons of fuel over 56,000 miles of driving, as compared to a popular competitor (Brand B). If gasoline costs $3.00 per gallon, how much per mile driven does this tire save the customer (Brand A versus Brand B).The savings are $0.016 per mile. (Round to three decimal places.)

Brand A automobile tire can save 100 gallons of fuel over 56,000 miles of driving. Gasoline costs $3.00 per gallon. So, we have to find how much per mile driven does this tire save the customer (Brand A versus Brand B).To find the savings of the tire. We need to find the price of the gasoline for 1 mile for both Brand A and Brand B and then calculate the difference between them.

Brand A automobile tire fuel required for 56,000 miles = 56,000 miles / (100 gallons) = 560 miles per gallon. So, Gasoline required for 1 mile = 1/560 gallon Price for 1 mile = 3.00 / 560 = 0.00536

Brand B automobile tire fuel required for 56,000 miles = 56,000 miles / x gallons Gasoline required for 1 mile = 1/x Price for 1 mile = 3/x The difference in price = $3.00/x - $0.00536 = ($2.99464) / x This tire saves the customer $100 of fuel.

To find the savings per mile, Divide $100 by the number of miles the tire is good for.= $100 / 56,000 miles = 0.001786 per mile. The tire saves the customer $0.001786 per mile driven. The savings are $0.016 per mile. (Round to three decimal places.). Thus, the tire saves the customer $0.016 per mile.

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The statement "Over the past two years, the prices of new cars and used cars showed significant growth. The price increases in new and used cars were both caused by the decrease in supply due to the COVID-19 pandemic" is false.

Explanation: The given statement is not entirely true, as there were different reasons for the price increase in new and used cars. The price increase for new cars was due to the increase in the cost of raw materials such as steel, aluminum, and copper. The cost of these materials increased because of high demand and production difficulties during the COVID-19 pandemic. The demand for new cars also increased due to the low interest rates and economic stimulus packages by the government.

The price increase in used cars was due to the shortage of new cars. People turned to buying used cars as a substitute, leading to the increase in demand. The low production of new cars due to the pandemic also led to a decrease in the supply of used cars since fewer cars were available for trade-ins. Thus, the statement is false as the reasons for the price increase in new and used cars were different.

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The transactions for MU Ltd can be journalized as follows:

On January 24, 2019, the company received applications for 33,000 shares, which exceeded the available shares of 30,000. As a result, the excess application money was refunded to the unsuccessful applicants.

On February 20, 2019, the company allotted the shares to the successful applicants and received the allotment money. The total allotment money received was $99,000, calculated as $3 per share for 33,000 shares.

On February 28, 2019, the payment for the allotted shares was received, completing the transaction related to share issuance.

On March 3, 2019, the company made a call for $1 per share, totaling $30,000, which was due from the shareholders.

Finally, on March 23, 2019, the call money was received from the shareholders, completing the call transaction.

It's worth noting that the given information does not include any specific details about other events or transactions such as revenue, expenses, or any other financial activities. The focus of the provided information is mainly on the share issuance process, refunds, and the call made by the company.

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Complete Question:

At the beginning of 2019, MU Ltd released a prospectus seeking 30,000

shares valued at $8 each. The prospectus required investors to pay $4 on application, $3 on allotment and $1 on call. The deadline for applications was 24 January. By this date, applications were received for 33,000 shares. In dealing with this over-subscription, the company decided to refund the excess application money back to the unsuccessful applicants. The shares were allotted on 20 February with payment received on 28 February. A call was made on 3rd March and the call money was received on 23 March. MU Ltd is unable to pay dividends in 2019 or 2020 but declares cash dividends of $15,000 on 1 March 2022. These dividends are paid on 28 March 2022.

Required: Journalise all the transactions represented by the events described above, including all relevant dates.

The value of the investment timing option is $1,943 thousands.

An investment timing option is an option to postpone or accelerate an investment in order to benefit from changes in cash flows generated by the investment. It is a financial option that allows a company to delay or accelerate an investment project to take advantage of future changes in the project's cash flows. A company may postpone or accelerate an investment if it believes that market conditions will change and affect the profitability of the investment.In this scenario, Games Unlimited Inc. is considering a new game that would require an after-tax investment of $20.0 million. The project would produce after-tax cash flows of $9.5 million a year for 3 years if the new game is well received, and $5.4 million per year if the market does not like the new game. There is a 50% probability of both good and bad market conditions. The firm could delay the project for a year while it conducts a test to determine if demand would be strong or weak.The investment timing option is calculated using the binomial model. The present value of the project is calculated with and without the option to delay. The difference between these two values is the value of the investment timing option.The present value of the project without the option to delay is $21.741 million. The present value of the project with the option to delay is $23.684 million. Therefore, the value of the investment timing option is $1.943 million (in thousands).

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The units of capacity needed are 3 machines.

To calculate the units of capacity needed, divide the processing time needed by the processing time capacity per unit.

Processing time needed: 7,500 hours

Processing time capacity per unit: 2,500 hours

Units of capacity needed = Processing time needed / Processing time capacity per unit

Units of capacity needed = 7,500 hours / 2,500 hours

Units of capacity needed = 3 units

Therefore, the units of capacity needed are 3 machines.

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When the U.S. and Canadian demand curves for lumber are linear, and the Canadian demand curve is inside the U.S. curve, the aggregate demand curve for the two countries is as follows:

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Advertising objective identifies the specific communication task a campaign should accomplish for a specified target audience during a specified period.

Advertising refers to any form of compensated communication from a reputable advertiser or source that advertises ideas, things, people, or the sponsor themselves. Media is usually used to convey advertising, and it is usually focused at groups rather than at specific people.

The three major objectives of advertising are to clarify, influence, and inform clients. Through educational advertising, products, services, and concepts are made known. Persuasive advertising seeks to persuade people that a firm's products or services are the finest in order to alter perceptions and enhance the reputation of a company or product. Reminder advertising is used to remind customers that they need a product or service, or that doing so would give them benefits and features.

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The motivation for the reconsideration of the country risk of China is primarily due to concerns about its economic policies and the potential impact they may have on global markets and economies. There are several factors that have contributed to this reconsideration, including China's rising debt levels, its emphasis on state-led investment, and its tendency to prioritize political goals over economic efficiency.

One of the main concerns is that China's debt levels have been rising rapidly in recent years, fueled by a surge in lending by state-owned banks and other financial institutions. This has led to fears that China may be on the brink of a debt crisis, which could have far-reaching implications for global markets and economies. In addition, there are concerns about China's state-led investment approach, which has led to the creation of large state-owned enterprises that often operate inefficiently and are plagued by corruption and other problems.

This has led to calls for China to adopt more market-oriented policies and to reduce its reliance on state-led investment. Finally, there are concerns about China's tendency to prioritize political goals over economic efficiency, which has led to a number of policy decisions that have been criticized for being overly aggressive or nationalistic. Overall, these concerns have led to a reassessment of the country risk of China, with many investors and analysts taking a more cautious approach when it comes to investing in the country.

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Four recruitment techniques that can be used to recruit thirty accountants are: Job Advertisements, Employee Referrals, Recruitment Agencies, Professional Networks and Events.

Job Advertisements: Placing job advertisements in relevant print and online platforms, such as newspapers, professional websites, and job boards, can attract a wide pool of potential candidates. The job advertisements should include the necessary qualifications, experience, and job description to attract suitable accountants.

Employee Referrals: Encouraging current employees to refer qualified candidates can be an effective recruitment technique. Incentives, such as referral bonuses, can motivate employees to recommend potential accountants from their professional networks. This method can result in high-quality candidates who are pre-screened by trusted employees.

Recruitment Agencies: Collaborating with recruitment agencies specializing in accounting and finance can help streamline the recruitment process. These agencies have access to a database of qualified accountants and can assist in identifying suitable candidates, conducting initial screenings, and coordinating interviews.

Professional Networks and Events: Engaging with professional networks, such as accounting associations, attending industry events, and participating in job fairs can help connect with experienced accountants actively seeking new opportunities. Building relationships within the industry can lead to potential candidate referrals and provide insights into the available talent pool.

By combining these recruitment techniques, organizations can maximize their reach, tap into diverse talent sources, and ensure a strong pool of candidates for the accountant positions. It is important to tailor each technique to target accountants specifically and emphasize the required skills and qualifications for the role.

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Innovations on areas that involve complex, sustained effort and/or self-improvement are prone to bias, and four types of those biases have been identified. One of those biases is the Dunning-Kruger effect, which is the tendency to consider oneself as "self" or above average in reaping benefits.

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Stephanie's Bridal Shoppe must sell approximately 307 dresses to yield an after-tax net income of $20,000. The correct answer is option (B).

To determine the number of dresses Stephanie's Bridal Shoppe must sell to yield an after-tax net income of $20,000, we need to consider the selling price, variable costs, fixed costs, and the tax rate. Here's how we calculate it:

Selling price per dress = $1000

Variable costs per dress = $500

Fixed costs = $120,000

Tax rate = 40% (0.40)

Let's calculate the contribution margin per dress:

Contribution margin per dress = Selling price per dress - Variable costs per dress

Contribution margin per dress = $1000 - $500

Contribution margin per dress = $500

To determine the breakeven point in terms of the number of dresses, we can use the following formula:

Breakeven point (in units) = (Fixed costs + After-tax net income) / Contribution margin per dress

After-tax net income = Target net income / (1 - Tax rate)

After-tax net income = $20,000 / (1 - 0.40)

After-tax net income = $20,000 / 0.60

After-tax net income = $33,333.33

Breakeven point (in units) = ($120,000 + $33,333.33) / $500

Breakeven point (in units) = $153,333.33 / $500

Breakeven point (in units) = 307

Rounding up to the next whole number, Stephanie's Bridal Shoppe must sell approximately 307 dresses to yield an after-tax net income of $20,000. Therefore, the correct answer is  option (B).

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Option d is correct. Liabilities are items owed to a creditor. Assets are items owned by a company. Net income represents owners' claims to company resources.

Loans, accounts payable, and accrued expenses are examples of things due to a creditor. They stand in for the company's contractual commitments to outside parties.

Items that a firm has and may be measured in value are called assets. They consist of cash, receivables, inventories, equipment, and real estate. The company's resources that have the potential to produce future financial gains are represented by its assets.

Equity held by stockholders represents owners' claims to corporate assets. It is the company's remaining ownership stake in its assets after obligations have been subtracted. It consists of additional paid-in capital, retained earnings, and common stock.

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Cultural dimensions are a collection of different cultural values that are used to differentiate one culture from another.

Cultural dimensions, according to researchers, are helpful in distinguishing cultures around the world. However, these dimensions might lead to stereotypical assumptions about people from other cultures. This can be discussed as follows:Implications of stereotyping in business settingIn the business environment, stereotyping is a major issue. It causes major conflicts and difficulties in working with other cultures.

Cultural stereotyping can cause misunderstandings, and this can lead to a lack of cooperation and even conflict between two or more cultures. For example, a businessperson might encounter a person from a different culture who is quiet and reserved in his approach. The businessperson may see this behavior as a sign of disrespect, but in reality, the quietness of the person could be due to cultural differences or personality.

In this case, the businessperson’s stereotyping behavior may lead to wrong assumptions about the other person's behavior. Another example is that in some cultures, making eye contact during a conversation is considered a sign of disrespect. A businessperson who is unaware of this cultural difference might assume that the person is untrustworthy when they don't make eye contact.

This kind of stereotyping can lead to mistrust and lack of cooperation between cultures. Such misunderstandings may harm the business relationship, ultimately leading to a lack of trust and loss of future business opportunities. Therefore, it is essential to understand cultural dimensions while working in a multicultural environment.

Instead of making assumptions, people should communicate with their counterparts from other cultures, learn about their cultural differences, and develop an open-minded approach.

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Complete question:

In the class we discussed some of the important cultural dimensions which help us to differentiate cultures across the globe. Do you think these cultural dimensions would lead us to make more stereotypical assumptions about people from other cultures? What are the implications of this stereotyping in business setting? Please discuss with examples.

Title and description of an ad should align with the product or service being promoted. The title and description should accurately represent what the ad is about and entice the target audience to learn more or take action.

In advertising, the title and description play a crucial role in grabbing the attention of potential customers and conveying the value proposition of the product or service. The title should be concise and captivating, giving a glimpse of what the ad offers. The description expands on the title, providing more details and benefits to engage the audience further.

The alignment between the title and description ensures that the ad delivers on its promises and creates a coherent message that resonates with the target audience. By aligning the title and description with the product or service, advertisers can increase the chances of attracting the right audience and achieving their desired objectives.

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Higher stock prices can lead to greater investment spending by firms because the cost of external financing is lower. The correct option is (d).

When stock prices are high, it indicates that the market values the firm positively and views it as a favorable investment opportunity. The company can use this situation to increase their investment spending by raising funds through external financing methods such as issue of new shares, debentures and bonds.

Also, the firms can get loans from external sources at comparatively lower rate of interest and other relaxed terms.

With higher stock prices, the firm can issue shares at higher price than the face value of shares, it will also result in more funds with the firms and it can again serve as an investment spending.

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Higher stock costs can prompt more prominent speculation spending by firms in light of the fact that the firm gets 100% of the increase in the stock value.

The option (B) is correct.

Higher stock costs can prompt more noteworthy venture spending by firms since they can emphatically affect a company's capacity to raise outer support. At the point when an organization's stock cost increments, it signs to financial backers and moneylenders that the organization is performing great and has an inspirational perspective.

At the point when stock costs are higher, organizations might find it more straightforward to draw in financial backers who will give extra assets to venture motivations. This should be possible through auxiliary contributions of stock or different types of value funding.

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The required sales in dollars to break even for Cullumber Corp. is $430,000. This means that the company needs to generate at least $430,000 in sales to cover all its costs and reach the break-even point.

To calculate the required sales in dollars to break even, we can use the following formula:

Break-Even Point (Sales) = Total Fixed Costs / Contribution Margin Ratio

First, let's calculate the contribution margin ratio:

Contribution Margin Ratio = (Total Revenues - Total Variable Costs) / Total Revenues

Contribution Margin Ratio = ($450,000 - $247,500) / $450,000 = $202,500 / $450,000 = 0.45

Next, we can calculate the break-even point in sales:

Break-Even Point (Sales) = $193,500 / 0.45 = $430,000

Therefore, the required sales in dollars to break even for Cullumber Corp. is $430,000. This means that the company needs to generate at least $430,000 in sales to cover all its costs and reach the break-even point.

The question should be:-

Current Attempt in Progress Your answer is incorrect. Cullumber Corp. had total variable costs of $247,500, total fixed costs of $193.500, and total revenues of $450,000. Compute the required sales in dollars to break even

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Two explanations that economists give for the slow recovery after the Great Recession are: Low interest rates coupled with the decline in wages and high debt levels Suboptimal policies that fail to address the problem.

1. Low interest rates coupled with the decline in wages and high debt levels The first explanation that economists give for the slow recovery after the Great Recession is that it is caused by the decline in wages, high debt levels, and low-interest rates. This combination led to low spending levels, decreased investment, and low GDP growth rates. The decrease in interest rates was a response to the Great Recession as it aimed to encourage investment and boost economic growth. Nevertheless, instead of leading to an increase in consumer spending, the low-interest rates led to higher levels of debt as individuals and corporations took advantage of the low-interest rates to borrow money. This, in turn, led to the decline in wages as corporations attempted to cut their costs to pay for their debt.

2. Suboptimal policies that fail to address the problem The second explanation that economists give for the slow recovery after the Great Recession is that the suboptimal policies that were put in place failed to address the problem. After the Great Recession, governments responded by adopting expansionary fiscal policies to stimulate the economy. However, many of these policies were not well-designed and did not address the underlying problems that led to the Great Recession in the first place. For example, governments that introduced tax cuts were criticized for not adequately addressing the issue of high debt levels. Additionally, some governments focused on cutting public spending rather than investing in public infrastructure or other policies that would have created jobs and stimulated economic growth. Therefore, the suboptimal policies that were put in place failed to address the problem of low GDP growth rates, high debt levels, and decreased investment.

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The assertion that all valid transactions are recorded is an assertion of the Completeness type.

This assertion confirms that all financial transactions that occurred during a given period are included in the company's financial statements.

Assertions are a set of beliefs or expectations about the data that was used to generate financial statements. They are a kind of quality control for accounting data and ensure that the data is precise, complete, and accurate.Types of AssertionsThere are three different types of assertions.

They are as follows:

Existence Assertions - These confirm that all of the transactions or account balances in the financial statements actually exist.

Completeness Assertions - These confirm that all valid transactions that occurred during the period under consideration are included in the company's financial statements.

Accuracy and Valuation Assertions - These confirm that the financial statement numbers are accurate and appropriately valued according to GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles).

Therefore, the assertion that all valid transactions are recorded is of the Completeness type.

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Bonds are debt securities that companies and governments use to borrow funds. They are an integral part of the fixed income securities market, offering investors a variety of investment opportunities. Bonds are issued in the local market or foreign market depending on the needs of the issuer and the availability of capital. These bonds come in different forms such as domestic bond, foreign bond, and Eurobond. Here is a comparison of these three types of bonds.

Domestic bond: Domestic bonds are issued by companies and governments in their home country's currency and domestic capital markets. These bonds are subject to local currency and interest rate risks, making them attractive to local investors. Domestic bonds are usually registered with the local financial regulatory authorities and are subject to local tax rules. Examples of domestic bonds are U.S. Treasury bonds, Japanese government bonds, and corporate bonds issued by a company operating within its home country's capital market.

Foreign bonds: Foreign bonds are issued in the local market of a foreign country in the currency of that country. Foreign bonds allow governments and companies to tap into the international financial markets to raise capital. The risk associated with foreign bonds is dependent on the currency risk, political risk, and the regulatory environment of the country where the bonds are issued. Examples of foreign bonds are Chinese bonds issued by a U.S. company, Mexican bonds issued by a Japanese company, and South African bonds issued by a European company.

Eurobond: Eurobonds are debt securities that are issued in a foreign currency outside the jurisdiction of the country in which they are issued. Eurobonds are subject to interest rate risks, exchange rate risks, and political risks, making them attractive to international investors. Examples of Eurobonds are the Deutsche Bank Eurobond, the Barclays Eurobond, and the UBS Eurobond.

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To find the expected value (E(X)) of a continuous random variable, we need to integrate the product of the random variable and its probability density function (PDF) over its entire range.

We can calculate the expected value as follows:

Therefore, the expected value of X, E(X), is 0.75.

Value in mathematics refers to results or numbers that represent a measure or amount in a mathematical context. Values ​​can represent various concepts such as numbers, variables, or functions. In mathematics, values ​​are often used to perform calculations, comparisons or modeling of mathematical phenomena.

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Profit center income statements are most meaningful to managers when they are prepared on a full cost basis.

A profit center is a segment or division of a company that is responsible for generating revenue and incurring costs. Managers of profit centers are typically evaluated based on their ability to generate profits and effectively manage costs within their respective areas.

Preparing profit center income statements on a full cost basis provides a comprehensive view of the financial performance of the profit center. A full cost basis includes all costs associated with the profit center, both direct and indirect, allowing managers to understand the total cost structure and its impact on profitability.

By using a full cost basis, managers can analyze the contribution margin of the profit center, which is the difference between revenues and the full cost of generating those revenues. This information helps in evaluating the profitability of specific products, services, or business units within the profit center.

Additionally, a full cost basis enables managers to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of cost allocation and resource utilization within the profit center. It provides insights into overhead costs, indirect expenses, and other costs that are necessary to operate the profit center, helping managers identify areas for cost reduction or efficiency improvements.

While other formats, such as multiple-step or single-step income statements, focus on presenting revenue and expenses in different categories, they may not provide the same level of detail and cost visibility as a full cost basis.

In conclusion, preparing profit center income statements on a full cost basis offers managers a comprehensive understanding of costs, profitability, and resource allocation within the profit center, making it the most meaningful approach for managerial analysis and decision-making.

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Lauren received compensation of $18,550 and low interest rate of $4950.

Lauren experienced a loss on the sale of her home:

Proceeds from sale: $345,400 (Given)

Original cost: $382,500 (Given)

Loss on the sale: ($37,100) (Given)

WEL agreed to compensate Lauren for one-half of the loss amount.

Compensation = 1/2 * Loss on sale

= 1/2 * ($37,100)

= $18,550

Therefore, the compensation amount received by Lauren is $18,550.

Loan amount: $180,000

Actual interest rate: 0.75%

Prescribed interest rate: 1% (assumed for all of 2021)

Interest rate difference = Prescribed interest rate - Actual interest rate

= 1% - 0.75%

= 0.25%

Taxable benefit = Interest rate difference * Loan amount * Number of months (From 1 Feb to 31 Dec)

Taxable benefit = 0.25% * $180,000 * 11

= $4950

Therefore, the low interest loan benefit is $4950.

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The complete question is:

Lauren McMann is an advanced mountaineer and outdoor adventure specialist. In 2021, a headhunting firm connected her with Whitehorse Expeditions Ltd (WEL) a public Ca Other information relevant to 2021:

Lauren put her house on the market on January 5, 2021, and at the urging of the listing agent, she accepted an offer resulting in a loss on this property. WEL agreed to compensate her for one-half of any loss on the sale of her home. The payment was made on May 30, 2021.

Proceeds from sale of home = 345,400

Original home cost = 382,500

Gain (Loss) = (37,100)

In order to help Lauren with the purchase of her new townhouse, WEL provided her with a $180,000, 0.75% housing loan. The funds are provided to Lauren on February 1, 2021. Assume that the prescribed rate for all of 2021 is 1 percent. Use the number months to calculate the low interest loan benefit.

a) The Nash equilibrium prices for A and B are $2.25 and $2.25. The equilibrium profits for firm A and firm B are $0.94 and $0.94 respectively. b) When firms set their prices simultaneously, the Nash equilibrium can be determined using the Bertrand Model.

Bertrand Model is an economic model that describes how companies compete with each other by setting prices. Nash Equilibrium refers to the point at which both firms are maximizing their profits given the price set by the other firm. In this scenario, the best response for firm A is to set the price equal to 2.25, given that firm B is charging 2.25. Similarly, the best response for firm B is also 2.25, given that firm A is charging 2.25. As a result, the Nash Equilibrium price for both firms is 2.25. Using this price, the equilibrium profits for both firms can be computed. Firm A's equilibrium profit is 0.94, and Firm B's equilibrium profit is also 0.94.c) When firm A is the leader, the Nash Equilibrium concept cannot be used to solve the game.

This is because there is a sequential nature to the game in which firm A moves first and firm B moves second. In this case, a better solution method is to use the Stackelberg Model, which is an economic model that describes how companies compete with each other by setting quantities. In this scenario, firm A, as the leader, will set its price at a level that maximizes its profit, taking into account firm B's response. Firm B will then react to firm A's price and set its own price to maximize its profit. Using this method, the equilibrium prices for both firms can be determined. The equilibrium price for firm A is 2.55, and the equilibrium price for firm B is 1.95. Using these prices, the equilibrium profits for both firms can be computed. Firm A's equilibrium profit is 1.05, and Firm B's equilibrium profit is 1.05.

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To calculate the net present value (NPV) of the contract, we need to determine the incremental free cash flows for each year of the project. Let's break down the information given and calculate the free cash flows for each year:

Year 0:

Sales: $0

Cost of Goods Sold: $0

Gross Profit: $0

Annual Cost: $0

Depreciation: $0

EBIT: $0

Tax: $0

Incremental Earnings: $0

Depreciation: $0

Incremental Working Capital: $10,000 (increase in inventory)

Opportunity Cost: $0

Capital Investment: $49,000 (selling price of existing equipment) + $27,000 (value of new equipment)

Incremental Free Cash Flow: -$86,000 (Capital Investment - Incremental Working Capital)

Year 1:

Sales: $201,000

Cost of Goods Sold: $104,000

Gross Profit: $97,000

Annual Cost: $81,000 (production manager's salary)

Depreciation: $5,400 (year 1 depreciation of new equipment)

EBIT: $10,600 (Gross Profit - Annual Cost - Depreciation)

Tax: $2,226 (21% of EBIT)

Incremental Earnings: $8,374 (EBIT - Tax)

Depreciation: $5,400

Incremental Working Capital: $0 (no change)

Opportunity Cost: $42,000 (assistant's salary)

Capital Investment: $0 (no additional investment)

Incremental Free Cash Flow: $8,374 - $42,000 = -$33,626 (Incremental Earnings - Opportunity Cost)

Year 2:

Sales: $201,000

Cost of Goods Sold: $104,000

Gross Profit: $97,000

Annual Cost: $81,000

Depreciation: $8,640 (year 2 depreciation of new equipment)

EBIT: $7,360

Tax: $1,545.6

Incremental Earnings: $5,814.4

Depreciation: $8,640

Incremental Working Capital: $0

Opportunity Cost: $42,000

Capital Investment: $0

Incremental Free Cash Flow: $5,814.4 - $42,000 = -$36,185.6

We can continue this calculation for years 3 through 6 by following the same process, considering the sales, costs, depreciation, earnings, working capital, opportunity cost, and capital investment for each year.

Once we have the free cash flows for all the years, we can calculate the NPV by discounting the cash flows using the discount rate of 14.3%. The NPV is the sum of the present values of all the cash flows.

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The country with investment highly sensitive to the interest rate will be hit harder in the short run by monetary contraction due to the recent global inflationary pressure. This argument is supported by the Keynesian cross, money market, and the IS-LM model.

Let us first define what each of these models is and how they work. The Keynesian cross is a graphical tool that illustrates the relationship between aggregate income and spending in an economy. The money market is a model that shows the relationship between the supply and demand for money in an economy. The IS-LM model is a macroeconomic model that shows the relationship between interest rates and real output in the short run.Let us begin with the Keynesian cross model. Suppose there are two economies: A and B. Economy A has investment that is highly sensitive to interest rates, while economy B has investment that is less sensitive to interest rates. In response to global inflationary pressures, both countries' central banks want to tighten the money supply.

In the short run, a monetary contraction will reduce aggregate demand in both countries. However, the impact on aggregate demand will be more significant in economy A than in economy B because investment in economy A is more sensitive to interest rates.Now, let us move on to the money market model. A monetary contraction means that the central bank reduces the supply of money in the economy. This leads to an increase in the interest rate, which reduces investment and consumption spending. In economy A, the increase in the interest rate will have a more significant impact on investment spending than in economy B.

Therefore, the money market model also suggests that the impact of a monetary contraction will be more significant in economy A.Finally, let us consider the IS-LM model. In this model, the equilibrium level of output is determined by the intersection of the IS and LM curves. The IS curve shows the relationship between output and interest rates, while the LM curve shows the relationship between money supply and interest rates. When there is a monetary contraction, the LM curve shifts to the left, leading to an increase in the interest rate and a decrease in output. Since investment is more sensitive to interest rates in economy A than in economy B, the impact of a monetary contraction will be more significant in economy A. This suggests that the IS-LM model also supports the argument that economy A will be hit harder by the monetary contraction.

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B2B Company is considering the purchase of equipment that would allow the company to add a new product to its product line. The equipment would cost $750,000 and is expected to have a useful life of 8 years and no salvage value. The company expects to sell 30,000 units of the new product each year. The sales price per unit will be $30 with a variable cost of $20 per unit.  

The fixed costs associated with the product will be $120,000 per year. The company's required rate of return is 12%.

a. Compute the payback period.

b. Compute the equal cash flows associated with the equipment.

c. Compute the accounting rate of return.

a. Compute the payback period.

Payback period is the length of time it takes to recover the initial investment outlay.

It is an important concept for businesses in determining the feasibility of a potential investment, and it can be calculated using the following formula:

Payback Period = Initial Investment / Annual Cash Flows

The initial investment is $750,000 and the annual cash flows for the first 6 years (since payback is achieved in the 6th year) are:

Year 1: 30,000($30 - $20) - $120,000 = $60,000

Year 2: 30,000($30 - $20) - $120,000 = $60,000

Year 3: 30,000($30 - $20) - $120,000 = $60,000

Year 4: 30,000($30 - $20) - $120,000 = $60,000

Year 5: 30,000($30 - $20) - $120,000 = $60,000

Year 6: 30,000($30 - $20) - $120,000 = $60,000

Payback Period = $750,000 / $60,000

Payback Period = 12.5 years

Since the payback period is longer than the expected useful life of the equipment, it is not recommended for the company to invest in this project.

b. Compute the equal cash flows associated with the equipment.

Equal cash flows are a hypothetical constant cash flow stream that has the same present value as the actual cash flow stream of the investment.

It is calculated using the formula:

Equal Cash Flows = Initial Investment / Present Value Factor

The present value factor for an 8-year investment with a required rate of return of 12% is 4.037

Equal Cash Flows = $750,000 / 4.037

Equal Cash Flows = $185,675.49

Therefore, if the company wants to receive the same present value as the actual cash flows stream, the equal cash flows stream should be $185,675.49 per year.

c. Compute the accounting rate of return.

Accounting rate of return is a profitability ratio that measures the average net income earned by an investment over its average book value.

It is calculated using the formula:

ARR = Average Annual Net Income / Average Book Value

Average Annual Net Income = (Total Annual Revenue - Total Annual Expenses) / Number of Years

Average Annual Net Income = ($900,000 - $570,000) / 8

Average Annual Net Income = $41,250

Average Book Value = (Initial Investment + Salvage Value) / 2

Average Book Value = ($750,000 + $0) / 2

Average Book Value = $375,000ARR

Average Book Value = $41,250 / $375,000

Average Book Value = 0.11 or 11%

The accounting rate of return for the investment is 11%.

It is higher than the required rate of return of 12%.

Therefore, the investment is recommended.

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Payback period and net present value are two capital budgeting techniques that use time value of money for selecting long-term investments.

Payback period is a capital budgeting technique that refers to the time taken by the company to recover the cost of investments from the cash flows generated by the investment. It is calculated by dividing the initial investment by the annual cash inflow generated by the investment. This technique is simple and straightforward and is useful when the investments have a short payback period. However, it does not take into account the time value of money.Net present value is a capital budgeting technique that uses time value of money by discounting the future cash inflows generated by the investment to its present value.

The present value of cash inflows is then compared to the initial investment. If the net present value of an investment is positive, the project is accepted, and if it is negative, the project is rejected. It takes into account the time value of money and provides a more accurate assessment of long-term investments. Thus, it is a widely used capital budgeting technique.

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The statement "When a lease payment is made by the debt service fund, an expenditure is debited in the debt service general journal and Lease Obligations Payable is debited in the governmental activities general journal" is a true statement.

The debt service fund is used by governments to account for and report resources that are legally restricted, pledged, or otherwise designated to be used to pay interest and principal on debt. This fund is responsible for servicing long-term debt and leases used to finance the government's capital projects.

Lease payments made by the debt service fund are recorded in the debt service fund's general journal as an expenditure. Lease obligations payable, on the other hand, are recorded in the governmental activities journal as debits.

This is due to the fact that lease obligations are general long-term debt obligations of the government rather than debt obligations of the debt service fund. Therefore, the governmental activities journal is the appropriate place to record lease obligations payable.

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