The pressure exerted by 0.400 moles of carbon dioxide in a 5.00 Liter container at 25 °C would be 1.9563 atm or 1486.788 mm Hg.
The ideal gas lawAccording to the ideal gas law, the product of the pressure and volume of a gas is a constant.
This can be mathematically expressed as:
pv = nRT
Where:
p = pressure of the gas
v = volume
n = number of moles
R = Rydberg constant (0.08206 L•atm•mol-1K)
T = temperature.
In this case:
p is what we are looking for.
v = 5.00 L
n = 0.400 moles
T = 25 + 273
= 298 K
Now, let's make p the subject of the formula of the equation.
p = nRT/v
= 0.400 x 0.08206 x 298/5
= 1.9563 atm
Recall that: 1 atm = 760 mm Hg
Thus:
1.9563 atm = 1.9563 x 760 mm Hg
= 1486.788 mm Hg
In other words, the pressure exerted by the gas in atm is 1.9563 atm and in mm HG is 1486.788 mm Hg.
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considering both the effect of volume and the effect of intermolecular forces, would the deviation from ideal behavior decrease, stay the same, or increase when more moles of gas are introduced into a rigid container?
When more moles of gas are introduced into a rigid container the deviation from ideal behavior decreases.
According to ideal gas equation,
pV=nRT
n = number of moles of gas
P = pressure of the gas
V = volume of the gas
R = gas constant
T = temperature
Then,
pV/nRT = 1
Therefore, compressibility factor is,
Z = pV/nRT = 1
For an ideal gas Z = 1 and for real gas, Z may be either greater than one or less than one.
From the equation of deviation from ideal gas behavior it is clear that,
n ∝ 1 / Z
Hence, When more moles of gas are introduced into a rigid container the deviation from ideal behavior decreases.
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how does the hybridization model account for the differences between the geometry of atomic orbitals (s and p orbitals) and observed molecular geometries?
Atomic orbitals undergo hybridization, which results in new orbital forms and spatial orientations.
In the localized valence bond theory, a mathematical method known as hybridization is used to construct sets of equivalent orbitals that are correctly orientated to form bonds from atomic orbitals that are similar in energy but not equivalent. Because they are created by combining (hybridizing) two or more atomic orbitals from the same atom, these new combinations are known as hybrid atomic orbitals.
By combining the beryllium 2s orbital with any of the three degenerate 2p orbitals in BeH2, we can create two equivalent orbitals.
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based on the rcp2.6 scenario, what is the predicted atmospheric co2 concentration in 2100, and the global temperature change and sea level change from 2000 to 2100?
The expected CO2 concentration will be around 400 ppm in 2100.
What do you mean by RCP?
RCP's can be defined as the Representative concentration pathway which is usually a climate model to describe the different radiative forcing depending on the CO2 concentrations.
The above case studies states that:
The RCP 2.6 scenario is "rise and fall" scenario in which the radiative forcings will rise up to about 3.1W/m2 by 2050 and then decline to 2.6W/m2 by 2100. The CO2 concentrations are expected to be within 400 ppm in this model. Oceans will warm at a slower pace and most of the sea level rise is expected from melting of ice sheets.
Hence, The expected CO2 concentration will be around 400 ppm in 2100.
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Please help!
If pressure is constant, the combined gas law reduces to _____ law.
If volume is held constant, the combined gas law reduces to _____ law.
If pressure is held constant, the combined gas law would become [tex]v_1/t_1 = v_2/t_2[/tex]
If the volume is held constant, the combined gas law would become [tex]p_1/t_1 = p_2/t_2[/tex]
What is combined gas law?The combined gas law is a law that relates Boyle's law, Charle's law, and Gay-Lussac's law together in a single equation. The equation is expressed below:
[tex]p_1v_1/t_1 = p_2v_2/t_2[/tex]
Where [tex]p_1[/tex] is the initial pressure of gases, [tex]v_1[/tex] is the initial volume of gases, [tex]t_1[/tex] is the initial temperature of gases, [tex]p_2[/tex] is the final pressure, [tex]v_2[/tex] is the final volume, and [tex]t_1[/tex] is the final temperature.
If pressure is held constant, it means [tex]p_1 = p_2[/tex], the equation becomes:
[tex]v_1/t_1 = v_2/t_2[/tex]
If the volume is held constant, it means [tex]v_1 = v_2[/tex], the equation becomes"
[tex]p_1/t_1 = p_2/t_2[/tex]
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a sample of he gas at 3.0 l and 5.6 atm was combined with a sample of ne gas at 4.5 l and 3.6 atm in a single flask of volume 9.0 l at constant temperature. what is the total pressure in the flask assuming that the initial pressure was 0 atm?
P = 3.67 atm is the total pressure in the flask assuming that the initial pressure was 0 atm .
What is Ideal gas law ?
The ideal gas law (also called the perfect gas law), the relationship between the pressure P, volume V, and temperature T of a gas in the boundary region between low pressure and high temperature. Gas molecules move almost independently. each other .
PV = nRT, where n is the number of moles of gas and R is the universal (or perfect) gas constant, 8.31446261815324 joules/kelvin/mol (the universal gas constant is defined as Avogadro's number NA multiplied by Boltzmann's constant k) . ) In the International System of Units, energy is measured in joules, volume in cubic meters (m3), force in newtons (N), and pressure in pascals (Pa). where 1 Pa = 1 N/m2. A force of 1 Newton moving a distance of 1 meter does 1 Joule of work. Therefore, the product of both PV and nRT has the dimension of work (energy).
For He: PV = nRT and n = PV/RT
n = (5.6 atm)(3.0 L)/(0.0821 Latm/Kmol)(298K) = 0.687 moles He
For Ne: PV = nRT and n = PV/RT
n = (3.6 atm)(4.5 L)/(0.0821 Latm/Kmol)(298K) = 0.662 moles Ne
Total moles = 0.687 + 0.662 = 1.349 moles
PV = nRT
P = nRT/V
P = (1.349 mol)(0.0821 Latm/Kmol)(298 K)/9.0 L
P = 3.67 atm
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Under what conditions of temperature and pressure would you expect gases to obey the ideal-gas equation?.
Learn ideal gas and temperature.
What is ideal gas?
In this situation, the ideal gas law, a state equation for all gases, holds true: The universal gas constant, 8.31446261815324 joules per kelvin per mole, and the number of moles of the gas, n, are used to calculate the potential energy, or PV, which is equal to nRT.
What is temperature?
The average kinetic energy of all the atoms or molecules in a substance is what we refer to as the substance's temperature. A substance's constituent particles do not all possess the same kinetic energy.
Since the potential energy from intermolecular forces becomes noticeably less when compared to the kinetic energy of the particle and the size of the molecules becomes noticeably less when compared to the empty space between them, a gas behaves like an ideal gas at higher temperatures and lower pressures.
Therefore, at both high and low pressures, gases adhere to the ideal-gas law.
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70 miles per hour in kilometers per minute
Answer:
≈ 112.65 kmh
Explanation:
Formula
for an approximate result, divide the speed value by 37.282
hope this helped :)
Explanation:
1 mile = 1.609344... km
1 hour = 60 minutes
70 mph = 70 × 1.609344 / 60 =
= 1.877568... km/minute
based on the equilibrium constants given above, which of the following gives the correct expression for the equilibrium constant for reaction 3?
The equilibrium constant for reaction 3 is K3 = K2K1.
The equilibrium constant is equal to the forward reaction rate constant divided by the reverse reaction rate constant. A mathematical ratio indicating product concentration divided by reactant concentration. Kp and Kc are the equilibrium constants of an ideal gas mixture.
Kp is the equilibrium constant used to express equilibrium concentrations at atmospheric pressure and Kc is the equilibrium constant used to express equilibrium concentrations in molar terms. The specific rate constant is a constant of proportionality that relates reaction rate to reactant concentration. So here both reactants and products are gases so only one reaction occurs with the same number of reactants and products.
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12. Frequency (v) = 2 x 106 s-1
Find the Wavelength (A)
The wavelength when frequency is 2 x 10^6 s^-1 is 150 m.
What is wavelength?
The wavelength can be defined as the distance between any given point and the same point in the next wave which can be crest to crest or trough to trough. It can be represented by the symbol Lambda. It can be measured in the direction of the wave.
The wavelength can be calculated as,
A = c / v
where A is the wavelength, c is the speed of light and v is the frequency.
A = 3 x 10^8 m s^-1 / 2 x 10^6 s^-1 = 150 m.
Therefore, the wavelength of the wave with frequency 2 x 10^6 s^-1 is 150 m.
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the arrangement of atoms in several biologically important molecules is given here. complete the lewis structures of these molecules by adding multiple bonds and lone pairs. do not add any more atoms. (a) amino acid serine (c) urea (c) uracil (b) pyruvic acid
When figuring out whether to place a double or triple bond you should always look at the number of valence electrons present as well as the number of bonds a central atom is likely to form. Another good way to know whether to use double or single bonds is to calculate the formal charge on each atom in the molecule.
What is Lewis structure of molecules?
Lewis structures, often referred to as Lewis dot formulas, Lewis dot structures, electron dot structures, or Lewis electron dot structures (LEDS), are diagrams that depict the interactions of atoms inside molecules as well as any lone pairs of electrons that may be present. Any molecule with a covalent link, as well as coordination compounds, can have a Lewis structure. Gilbert N. Lewis, who first described it in his 1916 article The Atom and the Molecule, gave the Lewis structure its name. Lewis structures add lines between atoms to represent shared pairs in a chemical bond, extending the idea of the electron dot diagram.
Hence, when figuring out whether to place a double or triple bond you should always look at the number of valence electrons present as well as the number of bonds a central atom is likely to form. Another good way to know whether to use double or single bonds is to calculate the formal charge on each atom in the molecule.
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The bond formed between two nonmetals, which are usually very similar in their tendency to lose or gain electrons, is the _____ bond. This bond involves the _____ of one or more electron pairs between the two atoms.
The bond formed between two nonmetals, which are usually very similar in their tendency to lose or gain electrons, is the covalent bond. This bond involves the sharing of one or more electron pairs between the two atoms.
What is covalent bond?
A covalent bond is formed when two atoms exchange one or more pairs of electrons. The two atomic nuclei are concurrently drawing these electrons to them. When the difference between the electronegativities of two atoms is too tiny for an electron transfer to take place to create ions, a covalent bond is formed.
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chemical analysis of a natural organic compound important in the synthesis of cholesterol, steroids, and vitamin d in the human body is found to be 87.73% c and 12.27% h by mass. mass spectrometry data give its molecular mass of the compound as 410 u. based on the general relation (molecular formula)
If mass spectrometry data give its molecular mass of the compound as 410 u, then the empirical formula units in the molecular formula will be 10.
% mass of C in vitamin D present in the human body = 87.73 %
% mass of H in vitamin D present in the human body = 12.27 %
Molecular mass of the compound = 410 u
Empirical formula units in the molecular formula = ?
Calculate the empirical units of C and H
empirical units = percentage / atomic weight
empirical units of C = 87.73 / 12
empirical units of C = 7.3
empirical units of H = 12.27 / 1
empirical units of C = 12.27
Divide the formula units by the least value and multiply by 3
empirical formula units of C = 7.3 / 7.3 × 3
empirical formula units of C = 3
empirical formula units of H = 12.27 / 7.3 × 3
empirical formula units of H = 5
So empirical formula units = C₃H₅
Calculate the empirical formula mass
emperical formula mass = 3 × 12 + 5 × 1
emperical formula mass = 41
Calculate the empirical formula units
empirical formula units = molecular mass / empirical mass
empirical formula units = 410 / 41
empirical formula units = 10
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Which of the following give the correct assignment of oxidation numbers? Select all that apply.
-The oxidation number for Mn in KMnO4 is +2.
-The oxidation number for hydrogen in CuH is +1.
-The oxidation number for chlorine in the ion ClO3- = +5.
-The oxidation number for iron in FeO is +2.
-The oxidation number for aluminum in Al2O3= +2.
Result is Chlorine has an oxidation number of +5 in the ion ClO3-.
What exactly does oxidation mean?A chemical process that occurs when an object comes in contact with carbon or another oxidizer. Rust and an apple's brown color are examples of oxidation.
Why is it known as "oxidation"?Antoine Lavoisier coined the term "oxidation" in order to describe a substance's reaction with oxygen. Much later, it was understood that the substance loses electrons when it is oxidized, and the term was expanded to cover other processes in which electron are lost, whether or not oxygen was present.
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consider two separate samples of uf6 (g) and he (g), both at 1.00 atm and containing same number of moles. if the temperature of the uf6 (g) sample is 60.0 oc, at what temperature (oc) will the he (g) sample have the same root mean square velocity as uf6 (g)?
Using the formula v=3RTM, the RMS velocity of the a gas may be calculated as R=8.314J.
How to explain temperatureTemperature is a unit used to represent hotness or coolness on any of a number of scales, including Fahrenheit & Celsius. Temperature shows the direction of the spontaneous movement of heat energy, i.e., from a hotter body to a cooler object (one at a lower temperature).
What is the temperature unit?Based on the International Unit of Measure, K, represented by the symbol K, is the Si derived unit of heat. However, the Celsius and Centigrade scale is used to determine temperature throughout the majority of the world.
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in this process, the systems undergo which of the following changes? in this process, the systems undergo which of the following changes? phase changes only temperature changes only both phase and temperature changes neither phase nor temperature changes
In this process, the systems undergo phase and temperature changes.
Hence , option C is correct.
How does this happens?
In this process, ice is melted to water thus, it's phase changes.
After mixing ice temperature of the tea goes down. Thus, temperature of the system also changes.
Therefore, in the process both phase and temperature change.
Phase Change = There are three types of phases solid, liquid, or gas. Melting, freezing, evaporating, condensing, sublimation, and deposition are the six ways a substance can transition between these three phases.
Temperature Change = Temperature change on the other hand can be defined as sudden increase or decrease in the temperature.
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what do you think are there different colors emitted?
Answer: If you are talking about waves, then that is because only one color gets reflected as all the others gets absorbed.
Explanation:
TL:DR
Light absorb sum other reflect.
Explain the reason for the sequence of addition of the ether solution employed at the beginning of the formation of the Grignard reagent in the experimental procedure above.
It helps Bromination of the Grignard reagent because it helps solvate and stabilize the reagent as it forms.
The very simple reason is that in ether, there is no acidic Hydrogen present on which the Grignard reagent RMgX can attack and get itself converted to R−H .
This reaction is treasured for its capacity to form carbon-carbon bonds. The Grignard reagents are formed from the response of an alkyl halide with magnesium metal in anhydrous ether. The carbon atom of the Grignard reagent can characteristic as both a sturdy base and a strong nucleophile.
Grignard reagents are used synthetically to form new carbon–carbon bonds. A Grignard reagent has a very polar carbon–magnesium bond wherein the carbon atom has a partial bad fee and the metallic a partial wonderful rate.
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A 6.5-L sample of hydrogen sulfide is treated with a catalyst to promote the reaction shown below.
2H₂S(g) + O₂(g) → 2H₂O(g) + 2S(s)
If the H₂S reacts completely at 2.0 atm and 290 K, how much water vapor, in grams, is produced?
36.72 g water vapor, in grams, is produced when H₂S reacts completely at 2.0 atm and 290 K,
2H₂S(g) + O₂(g) → 2H₂O(g) + 2S(s)
volume=6.5 l
pressure= 2.0 atm
Temp=290 K
Gas constant, R= 0.0821 atm•L/mol•K T
Molar mass 2H₂S= 68
n= moles
PV=nRT
n=PV/RT
n= 2.0 atm ×6.5 l÷ 0.0821×290 K
n=13/23.78
n=0.54
n= given mass/molar mass
given mass=n × molar mass
given mass=36.72
Water that is gaseous rather than liquid is known as water vapour. Evaporation or sublimation are two processes that can be used to create it. Unlike clouds, fog, or mist, which are only suspended drops of liquid water in the atmosphere, water vapour is a gas and cannot be seen.
In the atmosphere, water vapor frequently exists below the boiling point. Boiling water causes the water to evaporate significantly more quickly and produce steam. Since water is boiling, steam frequently contains water droplets. This is known as wet steam because both water droplets and water vapor are present (also called wet vapor).
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A chemistry teacher mixes two clear substances together and notices a solid forming at the bottom of the beaker. Is the teacher demonstrating a physical or chemical change?.
Learn about the physical and chemical changes.
What is chemical change?
One material changing into another, creating new materials with unique properties, or creating one or more new substances are all examples of chemical changes. As a result, it occurs when two substances combine to form a new substance.
What is physical change?
When a physical change occurs, the material affected by the change retains its structural integrity both before and after the change. Types of physical changes include those in texture, shape, temperature, and the state of the matter. A substance's texture can change without also changing how it feels.
Therefore, the demonstration is chemical change.
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What substance did the plant most likely absorb from the water for the process that produces the oxygen gas? How do you know?
The plant most likely absorb from the water for the process that produces the oxygen gas is Carbon Dioxide .
What is photosynthesis ?
Photosynthesis is defined as the processes that bring about the manufacturing of food by green plants.
Food is complex energy-rich organic matter which living organisms feed on to obtain nutrients, substances necessary for life. Green plants which are known as autotrophs has the ability to produce their own food through the process of photosynthesis.
The main features of photosynthesis include:
It takes place in the chloroplasts of plants, in the presence of sunlight.
The energy needed for the process is gotten from sunlight which is absorbed by chlorophyll found in the chloroplasts.
The raw materials used are low-energy containing inorganic compounds, example: carbon dioxide and water.
The final products are high-energy containing sugars. oxygen is given off as a waste product.
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8. Classify Identify each of the balanced equations below as synthesis, decomposition, or replacement. 2 Al + Fe₂O3 → 2 Fe + Al₂O3 2 Ag+S → Ag₂S CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
Al + Fe₂O3 → 2 Fe + Al₂O3 is a replacement balanced equations.
2 Ag+S → Ag₂S - synthesis equation
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2- decomposition equation
balance equation for the reactants and products are necessary to balance chemical equations.
Because a chemical equation must adhere to the principles of mass conservation and constant ratios, the same amount of atoms of each element must be present on two of the reactant and product sides of the equation.
The reactants and products of a chemical reaction are symbolically expressed in chemical equations using the appropriate chemical formulae. The portion of the chemical equation that is on the reactant side is to the left of the sign "," and to the right of the arrow symbol, respectively.
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The specific heat of silver is 0.240 J/g°C, its heat of fusion is
88 J/g, and its heat of vaporization is 2332 J/g.
How much heat does it take to raise the temperature of a 16.8 g block of silver from 600.°C to its melting point,
961.8°C, and fully melt the sample at this temperature?
199,257.6 J of heat energy is required to raise the temperature of a 16.8 g block of silver from 600.°C to its melting point,961.8°C, and fully melt the sample at this temperature.
The heat required to raise the temperature of a 16.8 g block of silver from 600°C to its melting point, 961.8°C, can be calculated using the equation:
Q₁ = mcΔT
where Q is the heat required (in joules), m is the mass of the silver (in grams), c is the specific heat of silver (in joules per gram per degree Celsius), and ΔT is the change in temperature (in degrees Celsius).
The heat required would be:
Q₁ = (16.8 g)(0.240 J/g°C)(961.8°C - 600°C)
Q₁ = 158,608 J
The heat required to fully melt the sample at this temperature can be calculated using the equation:
Q₂ = mΔHf
where Q is the heat required (in joules), m is the mass of the silver (in grams), and ΔHf is the heat of fusion of silver (in joules per gram). The heat required would be:
Q₂ = (16.8 g)(88 J/g)
Q₂ = 1,472 J
To determine the heat energy with vaporization,
Q₃ = mΔHv
Q₃ = 16.8x2332
Q₃ = 39.1776 J
Therefore, the total heat required to raise the temperature of a 16.8 g block of silver from 600°C to its melting point, 961.8°C, and fully melt the sample at this temperature would be:
Qtotal = Q₁ + Q₂ + Q₃
Qtotal = 158,608 J + 1,472 J + 39.1776
Qtotal = 199,257.6 J
Therefore, the heat energy required is 199,257.6J
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Temperature is a measure of the _______ energy of the molecules within a substance.
Answer:
average kinetic energy
Explanation:
I WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST PLEASE HELP CHEMISTRY
Use what you know about electronegativity to predict the relative strength of the bond between CaO (Calcium Oxide) and NiO (Nickel II Oxide).
A reducing agent ( gains / loses ) electrons while an oxidizing agent ( gains / loses ) electrons
In an endothermic reaction the total bond energy in the reactants is (greater / less than)
the bond energy of the products so energy is (released / absorbed ) by the reaction
Balance the following decomposition reaction:
5__ Al2O3 → _5_Al + _3_O2
Answer: make it paragraph form lol
Explanation: i really want 30 points
solid phosphorus and chlorinegas react to form solid phosphorus pentachloride. suppose you have of and of in a reactor. suppose as much as possible of the reacts. how much will be left? round your answer to the nearest .
Learn mole concept to find the answer.
What is mole?
The mole, denoted by the symbol "mol," is the volume of a system that contains the same number of atoms in 0.012 kilograms of carbon-12 as there are elementary particles.
What is solid phosphorus pentachloride?
A crystalline solid with a pungent smell, phosphorus pentachloride is greenish-yellow in color. Water breaks it down into hydrochloric and phosphoric acid as well as heat. It's possible that this heat will ignite nearby combustible material.
2P(s)+5cl₂(gm)⇒2pcl₅(s)
2 moles of p react with 5 moles of cl₂
9.0 moles p react with moles of cl₂= 5 mol/2mol* 9.0mol
=22.5mol cl₂ (required mol of cl₂)
but we have 2.o mol of cl₂ .
It needs cl₂ is limiting reactant and p is presenting excess
as the reaction proceed according to the amount of limiting reactant
so, 5 mol of cl₂ produce 2 mol of pcl₅
2.0 mol of cl₂ produce mol of pcl₅= 2 mol / 5mol*2.0 mol
=0.8 mol pcl5.
hence largest amount of pcl₅ that would be produced is 0.8
Therefore, 0.8 mol present in the pcl5.
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which of the following statements is correct about the comparative first ionization energies of the atoms in the following set: mg, p, sr, sb g
The following statements is correct about the comparative first ionization energies of the atoms in the following set: Mg, P, Sr , Sb, Ga is that P has largest ionization energy than Sr.
The trend of ionization energy in the periodic table is when we move from left to right in the periodic in the period ionization energy increases. when we move down the group in the periodic table then the ionization energy decreases.
Thus, The following statements is correct about the comparative first ionization energies of the atoms in the following set: Mg, P, Sr , Sb , Ga is that P has largest ionization energy than Sr.
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if you wish to prepare a 1.72 m solution of nano3, to what volume (in liters) would you have to dilute 31.9 ml of 3.45 m nano3?
To prepare a 1.72 m solution of nano3, the volume (in liters) which would you have to dilute 31.9 ml of 3.45 m NaNO3 is 63.9 ml.
This problem can be solved by using the concept of molarity.
What is Molarity?Molarity is defined as the ratio of moles of solute to the volume of solution.
Mathematically,
Molarity = moles of solute / volume of solution
Step 1 : Calculation of molesGiven,
Concentration of NaNO3 = 3.45 m
Volume of NaNO3 = 31.9 ml
As we know that,
Concentration = mole / volume
By substituting all the values, we get
3.45 m = mole / 31.9
Mole = 3.45 × 31.9
Moles of NaNO3 = 110.05 mol
Step 2 : Calculation of VolumeMoles of NaNO3 = 110.05 mol
Molarity of NaNO3 = 1.72 m
By substituting all the values, we get
1.72 m = 110.05 / volume
Volume = 110.05 / 1.72 = 63.9 ml
Thus, we concluded that to prepare a 1.72 m solution of nano3, the volume (in liters) which would you have to dilute 31.9 ml of 3.45 m NaNO3 is 63.9 ml.
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An intravenous replacement solution contains 4. 0 meq/l of ca2+ ions. How many grams of ca2+ are in 3. 0 l of the solution?.
Grams of Ca2+ present in solution is 0.24
What do you mean by replacement solution?
A replacement reaction can be defined as a reaction in which one element.
It can be expressed in the following manner
A+BC→AC+B.
In this reaction, element A is a metal and replaces element B (also a metal) in the compound. For example when iron is added to a copper sulphate solution, it displaces the copper metal.
A double-replacement reaction exchanges the cations or the anions of the two ionic compounds.
2NaCl(aq)+F2(g)→2NaF(s)+Cl2(g).
Moles = 2 milli
= 2/1000*3 = 0.006
Grams of Ca2+ present in solution= 0.006*40 = 0.24
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Fill in the blanks
In locations ______ above sea level such as Denver, Colorado, the atmospheric pressure is ______ because the air is less dense. This means that it takes ______ thermal energy to get a liquid to boil in these locations.
In locations one mile above sea level such as Denver, Colorado, the atmospheric pressure is less than 1 atm because the air is less dense. This means that it takes 95 °C thermal energy to get a liquid to boil in these locations
There are small molecule of air in the atmosphere and these molecules combine and form different layer in the atmosphere which create some kind of pressure and the pressure create by the air molecule layer is known to be the atmospheric pressure which is exerted by everything in the atmosphere and less pressure will decreases the temprature for water boiling point
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Reasons as to why the carbon electrodes require continual replacement
Answer:
Oxygen reacts with the carbon anode to form carbon dioxide. Therefore, the anode gradually oxidizes. They must be replaced frequently, which increases the cost of aluminum production.