The majority of DNA damage is repaired by removing the harmed bases and then resynthesising the excised area.
Briefing:
However, some DNA lesions can be directly reversed, which may be a more effective method of handling some types of DNA damage that happen frequently.
The three major types of polymerases found in prokaryotes are known as DNA pol I, DNA pol II, and DNA pol III. DNA pol III is now understood to be the enzyme needed for DNA synthesis, whereas DNA pol I and DNA pol II are mainly needed for repair.
In order for the cells to repair the DNA damage, at least five major DNA repair pathways—base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER), mismatch repair (MMR), homologous recombination (HR), and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)—are active at various times during the cell cycle.
To know more about DNA, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/264225
#SPJ4
Dna replication relies on the blank______ of dna strands according to the blank______ rule.
The blank AT/GC rule states that blank complementarity between DNA strands is necessary for DNA replication.
How does the base pair rule in DNA replication function?Chargaff's Rule states that during the replication process, all replication must match complementary purines, pyrimidines, or nitrogenous bases. DNA always couples adenine and thymine together, but cytosine always couples with guanine.
What rules for DNA base pairing are relevant?According to the base pairing rule, guanine always joins with cytosine, whereas adenine always unites with thymine. They keep the two strands of DNA connected, but they are too weak to undergo replication.
To know more about DNA replication visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/27853195
#SPJ4
the binding of a compound to an enzyme is observed to slow down or stop the rate of the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme. increasing the substrate concentration reduces the inhibitory effects of this compound. which of the following could account for this observation? the compound forms a covalent bond with one of the amino acid residues needed for enzyme activity is a competitive inhibitor is a negative allosteric regulator reduces disulfide bonds, causing the enzyme molecules to partially unfold
In the particular case given in the question, the compound is a competitive inhibitor.
Describes enzyme-substrate reactions.Enzymes are biocatalysts. Like other catalysts, it can lower the activation energy and drive the reaction in the desired direction. Because their activity depends on protein folding, they are usually sensitive to the temperature, pH, and salt concentration of the environment in which they work. The substrate enters the active site of the enzyme to form the enzyme-substrate complex. A reaction then takes place, converting the substrate to a product and forming an enzyme-product complex. Now the product is released from the active site of the enzyme.
First, an increase in substrate concentration leads to an increase in the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. This rate increase plateaus when the enzyme molecules become saturated with substrate. The rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions increases with increasing concentrations of the enzyme.
To know more about enzyme substrate reaction visit:
https://brainly.com/question/1315029
#SPJ4
Plasmids often have antibiotic resistance genes. How do scientists take advantage of the antibiotic resistance genes in the lab?.
Scientists take the advantage of plasmids having antibiotic resistance gene by using them as a vectors to clone, transfer and manipulate genes and also detecting the growth of such plasmids in selective media.
Plasmids are the extrachromosomal DNA present in bacterial cells. These are circular double stranded DNA molecules that can replicate on their own. Plasmids are known to exist in some archaea and eukaryotes as well. Usually consisting of DNA, some species are known to contain RNA as genetic material as well.
Vectors in laboratories are the agents that are used to transfer the gene of interest into the desired host cell. Vectors can be of two types: cloning vectors and expression vectors.
To know more about vectors, here
brainly.com/question/13865084
#SPJ4
below is a circular outline of a very old mycelium in a forest, as viewed from above, with four points labeled for this question, a-d. which part of the fungus is the location where this mycelium most actively feeding and growing?
Part A of the labeled diagram of the fungus is the location where this mycelium most actively feeding and growing.
What is fungi?Fungi are members of a group of eukaryotes that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, and the more familiar fungi. Hyphae are tubular extensions of multicellular fungi that form filamentous networks (mycelium). Fungal hyphae release digestive enzymes to absorb nutrients from food sources.
Mycelium is a network of fungal filaments or hyphae. Mycelium often grows underground, but may thrive elsewhere, such as in rotting tree trunks. A single spore may grow into a mycelium. From the mycelium, mushroom-like fruiting bodies can sprout.
To know more about fungi visit:
https://brainly.com/question/1261179
#SPJ4
Sadie buys 6 postcards and 4 souvenir magnets for $ 16.90. Cruz buys 3 postcards and 3
magnets for $ 10.80. Which system of linear equations can be used to solve for the cost
of each postcard, p, and each magnet, m?
A) 6p + 4m = 16.9. C. 6p + 4m = 16.9
3p + 4m = 10.8. 3p + 3m = 10.8
B) 6p = 16.9 + 4m. D. 6p = 16.9 + 4m
3p + 3m = 10.8 3p = 10.8 + 3m
Which amino acid chain will be formed by the codons shown below?
Answer:
I will tell you when i know
Explanation:
Eukaryotic chromosomes tend to be much larger than prokaryotic chromosomes. In order to package these large chromosomes into the nucleus, which family of proteins are used by the cell?(1 point).
In order to package these large chromosomes into the nucleus Histone proteins is used by the cell .
Eukaryotic chromosomes are places inside the nucleus, whereas prokaryotic chromosomes are inside the nucleoid. Eukaryotic cells looks larger than prokaryotic cells because eukaryotic cells have a nuclear membrane and membrane bound organelles.
Eukaryotic cells are bigger in size than that of prokaryotic cells because of the compartment structure. Eukaryotic cells contain different membrane-bound structures termed as organelles, that carries out different functions within the cell.
To learn more about Eukaryotic chromosomes , here
brainly.com/question/1136611
#SPJ4
The fact that genetic codon is universal indicates that all living organisms are.
The fact that genetic codon is universal indicates that all living organisms are : evolutionarily related.
What do you mean by genetic codons is universal?The genetic code is universal because all known living organisms use the same genetic code. This clearly shows that all organisms share a common evolutionary history and genetic code is unambiguous.
Genetic code consists of sequence of bases in DNA or RNA. Groups of three bases form codons where each codon stands for one amino acid.
The universal triple-nucleotide genetic code that allows DNA-encoded mRNA to be translated into amino acid sequences of proteins using tRNA and many modification factors, that is essentially common to all living organisms on Earth.
To know more about genetic codon, refer
https://brainly.com/question/15799250
#SPJ4
When mutated cells ignore checkpoints, they reproduce uncontrollably, forming tumors. During which stage of the cell cycle does the cell divide into two cells?(1 point).
During the cell cycle's M stage (mitosis), a divides into two identical new cells.
What is tumors ?When aberrant cells congregate, a solid material of tissue called a tumor is created. Tumors can affect the bone, epidermis, tissue, organs, and glands. Whenever cells in the organ divide and enlarge excessively, tumors frequently form. The body typically controls how quickly cells grow and divide. New cells either take the place of older ones or perform new roles. To make way for healthy cells, damaged or extra cells die. New cells replace those that are lost as a result of aging or damage. This methodical procedure occasionally goes wrong, allowing damaged or abnormal cells to proliferate while they shouldn't. These cells have the ability to develop into tumours, which are tissue lumps. Malignant tumors could or might not exist (benign).
What are the types of tumors and its causes ?Various tumor types Cancerous: Tumors that are malignant or cancerous have the potential to spread to adjacent tissue, glands, and other bodily components. Benign tumors are also not malignant, rarely pose a life-threatening threat, and Precancerous: If left untreated, these benign tumors may develop into malignant ones. Tumor causes include: Benzene and other hazardous substances, overindulging in booze Environmental poisons include things like toxic mushrooms and a type of fungus called aflatoxins that can develop on peanuts. Radiation exposure, viruses, obesity, genetic issues, and too much sun exposure.
To know more about Tumors visit:
https://brainly.com/question/14366025
#SPJ4
what combination do big agricultural farms want to produce alot of crops without having to manually remove weeds? what combination do big agricultural farms want to produce alot of crops without having to manually remove weeds? weeds that are resistant to glyphosphate and crops that are not resistant.
Big agricultural farms want to produce a lot of crops without having to manually remove weeds by using the combination of "weeds that are resistant to glyphosphate and crops that are not resistant."
What is agriculture?Agriculture, sometimes known as farming, is the cultivation of plants and cattle. Agriculture was an important step in the growth of sedentary human civilization, since it produced food surpluses that allowed people to live in cities. Agriculture has been around for thousands of years. Agriculture is classified into four types: shifting cultivation, subsistence farming, pastoralism, and intensive farming. Agriculture is the practice of cultivating soil, growing crops, and rearing livestock. It entails preparing plant and animal items for human use and distributing them to marketplaces.
To know more about agriculture,
https://brainly.com/question/11158509
#SPJ4
A student studying the phosphate runoff into the Chattahoochee River basin near Atlanta, Georgia, developed the following model to show the impact of the mandatory restrictions that were put in place during 1995 to limit the runoff.
Which factors most likely contributed to the trends in phosphate runoff before the restrictions were implemented? Select two options.
Responses:
Increases in new of plant growth in the wetlands around the river
Weathering events happening on surrounding mountains
The application of fertilizer resulting in agricultural runoff
An increase in the number of animals eating plants
Uplifting of rock masses from recent earthquakes
The factors which most likely contributed to the trends in phosphate runoff before the restrictions were implemented is as a result of the following below:
Weathering events happening on surrounding mountainsApplication of fertilizer resulting in agricultural runoff.What is Fertilizer?This is referred to as a substance which contain chemical elements and is applied to the soil for the increase in growth and productivity. it is commonly used in agriculture to provide the required nutrients to the plants.
Fertilizer contain elements such as nitrogen, phosphate etc which seeps into the soil during weathering process which involve water and when there is an agricultural runoff which is therefore the reason why option B and C were chosen as the correct choice.
Read more about Fertilizer here https://brainly.com/question/24544067
#SPJ1
Iron toxicity is a serious cause of poisoning in children. It may be fatal because of an ulcerogenic effect, resulting in which of the following?
A. Infection
B. Hemorrhage
C. Infarction
D. Kidney failure
Iron toxicity is a serious cause of poisoning in children. It may be fatal because of an ulcerogenic effect, resulting in infection.
Any element in a multivitamin supplement could be harmful in large doses, but iron and calcium pose the biggest threat. Large or hazardous amounts of calcium, vitamin D, as well as vitamin A, provide additional dangers.
Another of the simplest ways to raise hemoglobin levels includes using beetroot. And including folic acid, potassium, as well as fibre, it also has a significant amount of iron. Every day, consume beet juice to maintain a healthy blood count.
Therefore, the correct answer will be (c).
To know more about Iron toxicity
https://brainly.com/question/14717363
#SPJ4
When does the feeding period begin for your livestock project as it is stated in the livestock program ethics policy?.
The feeding period begin for your livestock project as it is stated in the livestock program ethics policy should be immediately following county level state validation.
What is Ethics?This is referred to as moral principles or rules that is used to depict what is acceptable or not in an organization or establishment. For example in most companies , a couple isn't allowed to work there as they believe it could reduce productivity.
There is livestock program ethics policy for people who are involved in agriculture and the feeding period for the project should be immediately following county level state validation.
This is done so as to ensure that there is no issue in terms of individual fairs and livestock which is therefore the reason why it was chosen as the most appropriate choice.
Read more about Ethics here https://brainly.com/question/13383200
#SPJ1
According to the pressure-flow hypothesis, which direction are sucrose and water flowing in the phloem when roots are sources and leaves are sinks?.
According to the pressure-flow hypothesis, sucrose and water flow up the stem in the phloem when roots are sources and leaves are sinks.
According to the Pressure-Flow Hypothesis, water containing food molecules passes through the phloem under pressure. The differential in water concentration between the solution in the phloem and the comparatively pure water in the neighboring xylem ducts causes the pressure.
the contents of the phloem experience a drop in osmotic pressure.
The comparatively clean water that is still in the phloem eventually escapes through osmosis or is drawn back into the neighboring xylem vessels by transpiration-pull. Thus, the phloem contents are forced up and down through the sieve elements by the pressure gradient between "source" (leaves) and "sink" (shoots and roots).
To know more about transport in phloem, refer to the following link:
https://brainly.com/question/20371460
#SPJ4
A life cycle in which the only multicellular form is haploid is most typical of __________.
A life cycle in which the only multicellular form is haploid is most typical of Fungi.
Many fungi have life structure in which the multicellular body of the organism is haploid. The process of sexual reproduction, specialized haploid cells from a diploid zygote.
life cycle of fungi are considered to have many stages .They have four-stage life cycle spore, germ, hypha, mature mycelium. Plants mostly have multicellular haploid and multicellular diploid stages of life cycle . Fertilization is responsible for multicellular diploid sporophyte, that produces haploid spores via meiosis.
To learn more about Fungi , here
brainly.com/question/1261179
#SPJ4
research has led scientist to conclude that fevers help the human body fight infection by elevating body temperatures and causing parts of the immune system to work better . Which statement does this conclusion BEST support ?
A. Fevers disrupt homeostasis
b. Fevers should immediately be treated with medication .
C. Fevers are a necessary part of maintaining homeostasis .
D. Fevers are rarely caused by bacterial infections .
Medication is to be taken as soon as possible for fevers.
The right response is B.
Does having a fever have any advantages?What advantages does having a fever have? No sickness causes a fever. It is an indication that your body is struggling to fight off a disease or infection. Fever activates the body's defenses, causing white blood cells and other "fighter" cells to be sent to battle and eradicate the infection's root cause.
Is a fever beneficial to the immune system?Your immune system can fight infections in two ways with the aid of a fever. The body's internal temperature affects how quickly cells function, particularly those that fight disease. They can react to encroaching pathogens more quickly. Additionally, bacterial and viral growth is hampered by greater body temperatures.
To know more about immune system visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/19843453
#SPJ1
How could too many nutrients impact the natural balance in an estuary?
if an estuary has too many nutrients, too much algae will grow, creating algae blooms. These algae blooms block sunlight and can suffocate fish and plant life by using up valuable oxygen from the water.
plants use several methods to attract animals to their reproductive structures. how does the plant benefit from pollinators carrying away pollen after their visit? answer pollen contains the plant sperm nucleus for reproduction. if pollen accumulates on the plant, it can eventually cause the plant to die. fungal plant invaders force the plant to produce pollen to distribute their spores. bacteria tend to infest the plant parts known as pollen, and the plant is trying to remove them. pollen contains the toxic by-products of photosynthesis. i don't know yet
Animals are drawn to the reproductive organs of plants using a variety of strategies. The vegetable sperm nucleus needed for reproduction is found in pollen.
What part of the body does reproduction involve?For sexual reproduction, the gonads, or sexual organs, are necessary. Male testicles are frequently confused for the gonads. However, gonads are present in both sexes. The testicles in females are the ovaries, which create female gametes.(eggs). Male gametes are produced by male gonads (sperm).
What kinds of reproduction are there?Asexual and sexual generation are the two different types of reproduction. Sexual reproduction better fosters genetic diversity through novel allele combinations during meiosis and fertilization, despite the fact that asexual reproduction is quicker and more energy-efficient.
To know more about reproductive structures visit:
https://brainly.com/question/9110728
#SPJ4
Restriction enzymes cleave double-stranded dna at the sites that show a particular type of symmetry; these sequences read the same on both strands and are called palindromes. Which of the sequences is not a palindrome?.
The sequence which is not a palindrome will be 5'-CCTCAGG-3' that is option C is correct.
Restriction enzyme may be defined as the enzyme that are used for the recognition of specific kinds of genetic sequence within the DNA. Most of the restriction enzyme are palindromic in nature that is they have a specific sequence of the nitrogenous bases that read same on both the strands. For example, ATTGCAAT is palindromic in nature. There are two types of nitrogenous bases within the DNA which are Pyrimidine and Purine bases namely. The pyrimidine bases include CTU that is Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil and purine bases include AG that is Adenine and Guanine.
Learn more about Restriction enzyme at:
brainly.com/question/1127662
#SPJ4
Complete Question:
Restriction enzymes cleave double-stranded DNA at the sites that show a particular type of symmetry: These sequences read the same on both strands and are called palindromes. Which of the following sequences is NOT a palindrome?
A)5′-AGATCT-3′
B)5′-CCTGCAGG-3′
C)5′-CCTCAGG-3′
D)5′-CGGCCG-3′
E)5′-GGTACC-3′
I lied lol... I'll add more points for these 2 :)
Answer:
1st Picture B, The air cools until it reaches the dewpoint.
2nd picture is, B. The air temperature is closer to the dewpoint, making cloud formation more likely.
Explanation: Hope this helps!
In cross section, the __________ matter of the spinal cord looks like a butterfly or the letter h.
In cross section, the gray matter of the spinal cord looks like a butterfly or the letter H.
Gray matter is the outermost layer of the brain and spinal cord that comprises of unmyelinated neurons and some other cells of the nervous system. The function of gray matter is in processing information. It also enables individuals to control movement, memory, and emotions.
Spinal cord is the backbone of the vertebrate organisms. In humans, it is composed of 5 types of bones that extend from the base of the brain to the hip region. The 5 types of bones are cervical spine (C1-C7), thoracic spine (T1-T12), lumbar spine (L1-L5), sacral spine (S1-S5), and a tail bone, that make up a total of 33 bones.
To know more about gray matter, here
brainly.com/question/4513444
#SPJ4
dimerization of transmembrane receptors can facilitate: group of answer choices none of these tyrosine kinase recruitment all of these cross-phosphorylation signal transduction
When a boom thing binds to the extracellular area of a RTK, its dimerization is brought on with different adjoining RTKs. Dimerization results in a fast activation of the protein's cytoplasmic kinase domain.
What is the function of dimerization in kinase linked receptors?Dimerization of the EGF receptor has been described as a mechanism for activation of the kinase activity and signal transduction through the EGF receptor.
What is dimerization of a receptor?Dimerization stimulates receptor PTK activity. Monomeric receptor PTKs exhibit weak basal activity (Inactive). Ligand-induced receptor dimerization increases the local concentration of the kinase domain leading to more efficient transphosphorylation of tyrosine residues in the mobile activation loop.
To know more about dimerization visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/17152685
#SPJ4
Which of the following substances has been banned as an ergogenic ald by a national athletic association in the United States? Check all that apply Check Al That Apply A. Anabolic steroids B. Growth hormone C. Branched-chain amino acids D. Creatine E. Beetroot juice
Anabolic steroids substances has been banned as an ergogenic ald by a national athletic association in the United States.
What are anabolic steroids?
Anabolic steroids are class C medications that require a prescription and can only be distributed by pharmacists.
Having anabolic steroids for personal use is acceptable. As long as it's done in person, they can also be imported or exported. Therefore, they cannot be sent over the mail or delivered by a courier or freight company.
If you're suspected of distributing or selling anabolic steroids, it's against the law to possess, import, or export them. They can also be given to friends. The punishment is an infinite fine or potentially a 14-year prison term.
Therefore, Anabolic steroids substances has been banned as an ergogenic ald by a national athletic association in the United States.
To learn more about steroids, refer to the link:
https://brainly.com/question/13517647
#SPJ1
If you remove red and white blood cells from blood, watery fluid of the blood that is left is called.
If you remove red and white blood cells from blood, watery fluid of the blood that is left is called plasma.
The liquid portion, called plasma, is made up of water, salts, and proteins. More than half of blood is plasma. The solid part of blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells (RBCs) deliver oxygen from the lungs to tissues and organs.
This process is called plasmapheresis. A method of removing plasma from the body by taking blood, separating it into plasma and cells, and returning the cells to the bloodstream. In particular, it is done to remove antibodies in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
Plasma is the pale yellow liquid that remains after red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets have been removed from the blood.
Learn more about red blood cells from:
https://brainly.com/question/17890844
#SPJ4
can be poured:
gas
liquid
solid
is compressible:
gas
liquid
solid
has a fixed volume:
gas
liquid
solid
The properties of matter are as follows:
can be poured: liquids and gasesis compressible: gaseshas a fixed volume: solids and liquidsWhat are the properties of th states of matter?The properties of the state refers to those properties that are used to identify the various states of matter.
The states of matter and their properties are given below as follows:
Solids - solids have definite volume and shape. They cannot flow and are not easily compressibleLiquids - liquids have no definite, but have definite volume. They can flow and are not easily compressible.Gases - they have no definite volume or sahpe. They can flow and are esily compressible.Learn more about states of matter at: https://brainly.com/question/9402776
#SPJ1
which of the following is the most accurate description of how we process color? * 1 point throughout the visual system, color processing is divided into separate red, green, and blue systems. red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white opponent processes operate throughout the visual system. color processing occurs in two stages: (1) a three-color system in the retina and (2) opponent-process cells en route to the visual cortex. color processing occurs in two stages: (1) an opponent-process system in the retina and (2) a three-color system en route to the visual cortex.
A three-color systems in the retina with opponent-process cells traveling to the visual brain are the two stages of color processing.
Which are the two steps in the processing of colors?The three photopigments that make up the first stage, which is known as the receptor phase (blue, green and red cones). The second level of brain processing is when color opposition takes place. The second stage begins as early as that of the horizontal cell level and takes place at a post-receptoral level.
What is the vision opponent process theory?One colour in a color duo mutes the other, according to the competitor process hypothesis.. For instance, we do observe reddish yellows and yellowish-greens. However, we never see the color shades of reddish-green or yellowish-blue. German physician Ewald Hering first put forth the notion inside the late 1800s.
To know more about Color system in retina visit:
https://brainly.com/question/28945161
#SPJ4
You are studying a drug that blocks translation in bacteria. You want to know more about its mechanism of action. You treat bacteria with the drug and isolate mrnas with their associated proteins from the treated bacteria. In bacteria treated with the drug, you find that small ribosomal subunits are bound to the mrnas, but not the large subunits. In which stage does this drug arrest translation?.
In bacteria treated with the drug, you find that small ribosomal subunits are bound to the mRNAs, but not the large subunits. This drug arrest translation in the termination stage.
The natural compound Blasticidin S, which acts on both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and inhibits both peptidyl-tRNA hydrolysis and to a lesser extent peptide bond formation, is the only known small molecule inhibitor that impacts termination.
However, this medication binds to the ribosomal 50S subunit at a place shared with several other antibiotics and functions primarily as a PTC inhibitor that has been demonstrated to deform the CCA end of the P-site tRNA8. Therefore, interference is its way of action.
For more information on antibiotics kindly visit to
https://brainly.com/question/24937713
#SPJ4
What kind of nutrient should be consumed the night before or several hours before aerobic activity? Why?
No links or files! I will report!
The kind of nutrient that should be consumed the night before or several hours before the aerobic activity is complex carbohydrates.
What are complex carbohydrates?Complex carbohydrates are a special class of carbohydrate molecule that is generated by the union of simple carbohydrates through glycosidic bonds, which include for example starch and serves as long term storage of energy for aerobic exercise.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the complex carbohydrates must be consumed 2 o 3 hours before aerobic activity because this type of nutrient functions as a storage of energy.
Learn more about complex carbohydrates here:
https://brainly.com/question/336775
#SPJ1
If you remove red and white blood cells from blood, watery fluid of the blood that is left is called.
Answer:
Plasma
Explanation:
Plasma is derived when all the blood cells—red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes)—are separated from whole blood.
The greater the temperature difference between two temperature reservoirs, the more ________ can be done.
The greater the temperature difference between two temperature reservoirs, the more the greater the efficiency can be done.
A thermal reservoir, also thermal power reservoir or thermal bath, is a thermodynamic machine with a heat ability so large that the temperature of the reservoir modifications fantastically little while a far greater massive quantity of heat is brought or extracted.
In actual thermodynamic structures, expansive bodies of water which include oceans, lakes or rivers are taken into consideration thermal strength reservoirs because of their huge masses and high warmness capacities. The environment is also considered a thermal power reservoir.
Temperature is one of the thermodynamic houses of fluids that determines the kingdom of hotness or coldness of it. Temperature is measured in both Kelvin or Celsius or Fahrenheit. Kelvin is the most commonplace one that is used because of its independence from the houses of the substance.
Learn more about temperature reservoirs, here:
https://brainly.com/question/14445062
#SPJ4