Develop your understanding: Open the Isotopes screen, then explore to develop your own ideas about “isotopes”


1. Which element does the image below represent?
Please harry please

The answer is D. When an electron falls into the valence band to fill a hole, it gives up energy in the form of light.

The diode in an LED bulb is a semiconductor device that allows electricity to flow in one direction only. It is made of two pieces of semiconductor material, one positive and one negative, that are joined together.

The diode in the process of electrolysis has two terminals, called the anode and the cathode. The anode is the positive terminal and the cathode is the negative terminal in the electrolysis. The anode is connected to the positive terminal of the power supply and the cathode is connected to the negative terminal of the power supply.

When the power is turned on, the diode allows electricity to flow from the anode to the cathode and lights up the LED bulb.

The light-emitting diode will emit light when an electron jumps from the conduction band to the valence band. This is because when the electron falls into the valence band, it will release energy in the form of light.

Therefore the correct option is d.

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The VSEPR model helps in explain how electric charges affect bonding and molecular shape in covalent compounds as -

The form of many molecules and polyatomic ions can be predicted using the valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) model, which is pronounced "vesper." However, keep in mind that the VSEPR model, like any model, is only a partial description of reality; it doesn't reveal bond lengths or the existence of numerous bonds.

The structures of many compounds and polyatomic ions with a central metal atom can also be predicted by the VSEPR model, as can the structures of practically any molecule or polyatomic ion with a central nonmetal atom. The foundation of the VSEPR theory is the idea that electron pairs in bonds and lone pairs reject one another and would, as a result, adopt a geometry that spreads them as far apart as feasible. The three-dimensional structures of many compounds, which cannot be predicted using the Lewis electron-pair approach, can be predicted using the straightforward VSEPR counting procedure, despite the fact that this theory is oversimplified and does not take into account the subtleties of orbital interactions that influence molecular shapes.

By concentrating only on the number of electron pairs surrounding the central atom and disregarding any other valence electrons present, the VSEPR model can be used to predict the geometry of the majority of polyatomic compounds and ions. This model states that valence electrons in the Lewis structure form groups that can be made up of a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, a lone pair of electrons, or even a single unpaired electron, which is treated as a lone pair in the VSEPR model. Electrostatic repulsion causes electrons to repel one another; hence, the arrangement of electron groups that minimises repulsions is the most stable (lowest energy). The arrangement of groups around the centre atom creates the molecular structure with the lowest energy

The molecule or polyatomic ion is designated by the letters AXmEn in the VSEPR model, where A stands for the centre atom, X for a bonding atom, E for a nonbonding valence electron group (often a lone pair of electrons), and m and n are integers. The designation of each group surrounding the centre atom as a bonding pair (BP) or lone (nonbonding) pair (LP). Both the relative locations of the atoms and the bond angles—also known as bond angles—can be predicted from the BP and LP interactions. We may characterise the molecular geometry—the configuration of the bound atoms in a molecule or polyatomic ion—using this knowledge.

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As per the VSEPR model, the lone pair present in a compound causes bending in the molecular geometry of the covalent compounds.

Molecular geometry can be defined as a three -dimensional arrangement of atoms which constitute the molecule.It includes parameters like bond length,bond angle and torsional angles.

It influences many properties of molecules like reactivity,polarity color,magnetism .The molecular geometry can be determined by various spectroscopic methods and diffraction methods , some of which are infrared,microwave and Raman spectroscopy.

They provide information about geometry by taking into considerations the vibrational and rotational absorbance of a substance.Neutron and electron diffraction techniques provide information about the distance between nuclei and electron density.

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The change in enthalpy for the reaction is ∆H = - 440 kJ

This Enthalpy equals the sum of the system's internal energy with the constant. You must understand that energy forms change, but Enthalpy remains constant. For example, when water freezes into ice, some energy is expended in doing the work, which is referred to as Enthalpy.

Given that:

(1) X2 + 3Y2⟶ 2XY3 Δ1=−340 kJ

(2) X2 + 2Z2⟶ 2XZ2  Δ2=−170 kJ

(3) 2Y2 + Z2⟶ 2Y2Z Δ3=−260 kJ

We have to calculate the change in enthalpy for 4XY3 + 7Z2 → 6Y2Z + 4XZ2

The enthalpy of the reverse reaction is lower than that of the forward one.

Hess law: It states that the heat of reaction for any specific reaction is equal to the sum of the heat of each reaction that sums up to the overall reaction.

The required equation 4XY3 + 7Z2 → 6Y2Z + 4XZ2 is obtained by

-2(equation1) + 2(equation 2) + 3 (equation 3)

Reversing equation(1) we get

2(XY3 → X2 + 3Y2) + 2 (X2 + 2Z2  ⟶ 2XZ2 )+ 3 (2Y2 + Z2⟶ 2Y2Z)

4XY3 + 2X2 + 4Z2 + 6Y2 + 3Z2 ⟶ 2X2 + 6Y2 + 4XZ2 + 6Y2Z

Canceling all the standard terms we get

4XY3 + 7Z2 ==> 4XZ2 + 6Y2Z

Hence the required equation is obtained

Thus the change in enthalpy of the required reaction is

2〖(∆H〗_rev) +2〖(∆H〗_2)+ 3〖(∆H〗_3)

∆H = 2〖(∆H〗_rev) +2〖(∆H〗_2)+ 3〖(∆H〗_3)

∆H = 2(340) + 2(-170) +3 (-260) = -350 kJ

∆H = 680 – 340 – 780

∆H = - 440 kJ

Therefore the change in enthalpy for the reaction is ∆H = - 440 kJ

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Answer:

See explanation

Explanation:

3. so the three metals are Cu, Zn, and Fe (i'm assuming based off of the other answers)

A metal (M1) more reactive than the one in solution (M2) will swap places, precipitating M2 out and M1 will dissolve in solution.
So as an example, Zinc is more reactive than Copper, so Zinc metal will displace Copper 2+ in solution, giving Copper metal and Zinc 2+ in solution

The metal ion in solution is Zn2+, which is a pretty reactive metal. We know that a metal has to be more reactive than Zn to turn Zn2+ into Zn. This means that any metal which produces a change when allowed into contact with Zn2+ would have to be very reactive.

The three metal wires are: Cu, Zn, and Fe

Cu is not more reactive than Zn, so no reaction will occur between Cu and Zn2+.

Fe is not more reactive than Zn, so no reaction between Fe and Zn2+

Zn is well... as reactive as Zn, so there will also be no reaction (because there is no incentive for change, no change happens)

Thus, number 3 will have an answer of "No reactions were observed, and no spontaneous chemical equations can be written" (Though zinc does react with water very slowly. Also, if the ZnCl2 was contaminated with acid, the Zinc wire may have formed some bubbles )

For number 4, it is the same logic. But it is also a little more complicated.
The metal in solution is Fe3+. The wires are Zn, Fe, and Cu
The annoying (or cool, depending on how you look at it) thing about Fe3+ is that it can be reduced to either Fe2+(aqueous), or all the way to Fe(solid).
depending on how much reactant is added and what exactly that other reactant is.

From this point on, instead of saying "Because Zn is more reactive than Fe..." I'll say "Because Zn turning into Zn2+ is more favourable than Fe turning into Fe3+" or something of the sort. Hopefully It doesn't become too confusing. Please ask questions in the comments

Zn turning into Zn2+ is much more favorable than Fe turning into Fe3+, so the Zn will react with Fe3+, turning it into Fe and giving Zn2+ (Charges are not balanced)

So Zn(s) + Fe{3+}(aq) -> Zn{2+}(aq) + Fe(s)

and balance it to get

3Zn(s) + 2Fe{3+}(aq) -> 3Zn{2+}(aq) + 2Fe(s)

Fe may seem like it would not react with Fe3+ since they both are iron. However Fe2+ exists, and since Fe2+ turning into Fe3+ is unfavourable (meaning that Fe3+ is a stronger oxidant) and Fe turning into Fe2+ is favourable, the following reaction happens:

Fe(s) + 2 Fe{3+}(aq) -> 3Fe{2+}(aq)

In this reaction, each iron metal atom gives two iron 3+ ions one electron, loosing 2 electrons itself in the process and turning into Fe2+. The two iron 3+ ions given one electron also turn into Fe2+ ions, resulting in 3 Fe2+ ions total

Copper is fairly unreactive, and while FeCl3 is technically reactive enough to react with copper, forming FeCl2 and CuCl, the CuCl layer prevents underneath copper from reacting further.

Answer:

Phosphorus

Explanation:

From the Bohr model of the given element we can interpret that:

Total number of electron = 15

Total number of proton = 15

Total number of neutron = 16

So, Mass of the element= Total number of proton+ Total number of electron

= 15 + 16

= 31 u

An atom that has 15 electron and mass have mass 31 amu is Phosphorus

Answer: Gallium

Explanation:

The Lewis structures of the compounds have been shown. In each case, the least number of formal charge lies on nitrogen hence it is the central atom.

The term Lewis structures help us to be able to see what a molecule looks like. We know that the Lewis structures show the symbol of the element and then the number of electrons that are in the atoms of the element as dots.

In this case we have shown the Lewis structures of the compounds that are shown. The formal charges of the compounds are also shown in the image that is described here.

Looking at the Lewis structure as it has been shown, we can see that nitrogen always has the least charge density hence we can see that nitrogen would always be the central atom in the compounds as shown.

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A Lewis Structure can be defined as a very simplified representation of the valence shell electrons in a molecule. It explains how the electrons are arranged around individual atoms in a molecule.

Explain different terms mentioned above.

Lewis Structure :It was named  after Gilbert N who mentioned it for the first time in his book The Atom and the Molecule.

The Lewis Structure can be written as follows:

Step 1: Determine total valence electrons.

Step 2: Write the skeleton structure of the molecule

Step 3: Form bond in the skeleton structure using two valence electrons.

Step 4: Fulfil octet rule and segregate non bonding electrons.

Examples : In case of CO2, we can see

two double bonds between the carbon and oxygen atoms. According to octet rule each oxygen atom needs to bond with four different carbon atoms. Carbon has four valence electrons, which make a total of four bonds. So there are four dots around carbon.

Electron geometry :  It can be defined as the arrangement of electron pairs around a central atom. It can be given in such form :

linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, or octahedral

Hybridisation : It can be defined as the intermixing of two atomic orbitals to give rise to new  hybridized orbitals. The hybrid orbitals formed have entirely different energies, shapes, etc.

Polarity : It can be defined as  the distribution of electrical charge over the atoms joined by the bond.

Hence, structure can be determined by knowledge of these factors.

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The solubility constant (Ksp) of lead (II) chloride if it has a molar concentration of 1.6 × 10-²M is 1.64 × 10-⁵.

Solubility is the amount of a substance that will dissolve in a given amount of a solvent, to give a saturated solution, under specified conditions.

PbCl₂(s) ⇌ Pb²⁺(aq) + 2Cl¯(aq)

The Ksp expression of lead chloride is as follows:

Ksp = [Pb²+] [Cl¯]²

There is a 1:1 molar ratio between PbCl₂ and Pb²⁺ but a 1:2 molar ratio between PbCl₂ and Cl.

Ksp = {1.6 × 10-²} {3.2 × 10-²}²

Ksp = 1.64 × 10-⁵

Therefore, 1.64 × 10-⁵ is the solubility constant of the lead (II) chloride.

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Based on the blood alcohol concentration values:

a. 0.003 grams of alcohol in a 15 ml sample of blood is classified as not impaired

b. 0.006 grams of alcohol in a 5 ml sample of blood is classified as impaired

c. 0.01 grams of alcohol in a 12 ml sample of blood is classified as impaired

d. 0.006 grams of alcohol in a 20 ml sample of blood is classified as not impaired

The blood alcohol concentration is the amount of alcohol present in a given volume of blood.

Blood alcohol concentration is used to measure intoxication in individuals.

When blood alcohol concentration increases, impairment increases in individuals.

The benchmark level of impairment or non-impairment is 0.08%.

Calculating the blood alcohol concentration for the given situations:

a. 0.003 grams of alcohol in a 15 ml sample of blood

BAC level = 0.003/15 * 100%

BAC level = 0.02%

b. 0.006 grams of alcohol in a 5 ml sample of blood

BAC level = 0.006/5 * 100

BAC level = 0.12%

c. 0.01 grams of alcohol in a 12 ml sample of blood

BAC level = 0.01/12 * 100

BAC level = 0.083%

d. 0.006 grams of alcohol in a 20 ml sample of blood

BAC level = 0.006/20 * 100

BAC level = 0.03%

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The mass equivalent of the individual on the moon would be = 11.67kg.

Mass is defined as the scalar quantity that is used to determine the amount of matter within an object. It is measured in Kilograms or grams.

The mass of gravity is defined as the gravitational pull that occurs with the mass of objects towards the center of the earth.

In earth, the mass of gravity is represented as = 1

In moon the mass of gravity = 1/6

To determine the mass of gravity of the same object in moon would be;

= 1/6 × 70

= 11.67kg

Therefore, in the moon, the mass of 70kg man would be = 11.67kg.

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The statement that correctly defend or dispute his conclusion is option3:

A physical alteration occurs when salt water evaporates. Since the matter has merely changed states but still remains the same substance, any phase shift is a physical change.

Table salt dissolving in water is an example of a physical change because only the condition of the substance has changed. Frequently, physical changes can be undone. The salt will become solid once the water has evaporated.

It's not a given that salt and water's formation of a single phase indicates a chemical reaction. It simply indicates that the two substances mixed evenly.

Therefore, This is supported by the fact that the mixture's components could be easily separated using a straightforward physical technique called evaporation.

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See full question below
Henry mixed salt and water together in a cup until he observed a clear solution. He measured the mass of the solution. Then he placed the cup outside for several sunny days during the summer. After a week, he observed that only solid salt remained in the cup and the mass had decreased. Henry concluded that a physical and chemical change occurred in this investigation.

Which statements correctly defend or dispute his conclusion?

1- He is correct. Dissolving salt in water is a physical change, but evaporating the water is a chemical change. Formation of a solid is evidence that a chemical change occurred.

He is correct. Evaporation is a physical change, but dissolving salt in water is a chemical change. The change in mass is evidence that a chemical change occurred.

2- He is incorrect. Dissolving salt in water and evaporation of the water are both physical changes. The reappearance of salt is evidence that the change was reversible by a physical change, so it could not be a chemical change.

3- He is incorrect. Dissolving salt in water and evaporation of the water are both chemical changes. The reappearance of salt is evidence that the change was reversible by a chemical change, so it could not be a physical change.

Answer:

A

B that is Cr,MN,Fe,Co. is the correct answer

C

D

The image shows the Bohr model of the chlorine atom.

We know that the Bohr model has to do with the model in which the electrons that are in the atoms are arranged in a definite order. The implication of this is that the electrons would be arranged in a certain specific energy level such that an electron can be moved from a lower to a higher energy level as we can see from the image that has been shown in the question that has been asked.

Having said that we have seventeen protons in the atom and the implication is that there are also seventeen electrons in the atom and this is going to correspond to the element chlorine atom which can be shown to be a member of the group seventeen of the periodic table of the elements.

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Answer: Molecular Weight of 4Ca(OH)2 is 296.3707 g/mol

Explanation The molar mass and molecular weight of 4Ca(OH)2 is 296.371.

Answer:

mL of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. 5) Calculate the mass of maleic anhydride needed to be 1.0 mol % relative to 1.0 mL of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate.

Explanation:

The mass of succinic anhydride needed to be 1.0 mole % relative to 1.0 mL of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate is 4.5 x 10⁻⁵ moles.

Mass is defined as the quantity of material that makes up a thing, whereas weight is the force that an object produces. A majority of an atom's mass is contained in its nucleus. For discussions of how atoms interact with one another and consequently for chemistry, biology, and electronics, the surrounding electrons are of course essential. But they only contribute a tiny fraction of the total mass.

The number of moles of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate in 1ml

= 1 / 22410 = 4.46 x 10⁻⁵ moles

The mole percent need to be 1

Let the moles of succinic anhydride be X

Therefore

1 / 100 = X / X + 4.46 x 10⁻⁵

X + 4.46 x 10⁻⁵ = 100 x

99 X = 4.46 x 10⁻⁵

X = 4.46 x 10⁻⁵ / 99

X = 4.5 x 10⁻⁷ moles

The mass of succinic anhydride

= X x molar mass

= 4.5 x 10⁻⁷ x 100

= 4.5 x 10⁻⁵ moles

Thus, the mass of succinic anhydride needed to be 1.0 mole % relative to 1.0 mL of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate is 4.5 x 10⁻⁵ moles.

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Answer:

4.4 x 10⁻¹⁹ J

Explanation:

To find the energy of the photon, you need to use the following equation:

E = hf

In this equation,

-----> E = energy (J)

-----> h = Planck's Constant (6.626 x 10⁻³⁴ J·s)

-----> f = frequency (Hz)

You can plug the given value and constant into the equation and solve for "E". The final answer should have 2 sig figs like the given value (6.7 x 10¹⁴ = 2 sig figs).

E = hf                                                               <----- Given equation

E = (6.626 x 10⁻³⁴ J·s)(6.7 x 10¹⁴ Hz)              <----- Insert values

E = 4.4 x 10⁻¹⁹ J                                              <----- Multiply

The correct statement about the combustion of glucose with oxygen to form water and carbon dioxide is The entropy of the products is greater than the entropy of the reactants.

A combustion reaction is a reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen gas, releasing energy in the form of light and heat. Combustion reactions must involve O2 as one reactant.

A familiar example of a combustion reaction is a lighted match. When a match is struck along the match box, friction heats the head of the match to a temperature at which the chemicals react and then generate more heat which can escape into the air, and they burn with a flame after reacting with the oxygen.

In the above given question we can see that when combustion reaction of glucose takes place we can see that it produces water and along with that we can also see that carbon dioxide gas is also been released. In the reactant side we can see that there are no gaseous molecules present but we can see that in the product side there are gaseous molecules present, which suggests that randomness of the system is increased.

Hence the entropy of the products would be greater than the reactants.

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The following statements about the combustion of glucose with oxygen to form water and carbon dioxide is the entropy of the product is greater than the entropy of the the reactants.

The  combustion reaction is given as :

C₆H₁₂O₆   +   6O₂    ---->   6CO₂    +   6H₂O

The large molecule that is glucose is converted into the small small molecules water and the carbon dioxide. this is the reason the entropy of the product side is greater than the entropy ( the disorder )of the reactants .

Thus, The following statements about the combustion of glucose with oxygen to form water and carbon dioxide is the entropy of the product is greater than the entropy of the the reactants.

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Liquid water form when a salt solution (like sodium chloride or magnesium sulfate)evaporates so only water can evaporates

Saline solution is also called as salt solution it is the mixture of salt and water and normal saline solution contain 0.9 percent sodium chloride and which is similar to the sodium concentration in blood and tear and the water molecule that evaporate become a gas called water vapor and only the water evaporated and leaving the sodium and chloride ion behind and sodium and chloride ion attract each other and reform salt crystals

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The answer to the task from above about the an atom of element periodic table is given below:

The chlorine atom is one of the halogens in the periodic table.

Right from time immemorial, the indepth knowledge and understanding of how atoms are arranged in the periodic table and react with with each speaks volume of the identities of the properties of elements.

Chlorine is regarded as an halogen simply because they are salt formers when it atoms react with alkali metals.

So therefore, it can be deduced that the periodic table is the heart of chemistry.

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The volume of the lead II iodide required is 649 mL.

We know that the volume can be obtained by the use of the stoichiometry of the reaction. In this case, we have been given the balanced reaction equation as it appears in the question above. We now have to use it and find the volume as the question must have required.

Thus;

Number of moles of the lead II nitrate = 0.660 M * 319/1000 L

= 0.211 moles

Now we have to recall again that the number of moles is obtained as the product of the concentration and the volume of the solution.

Using the stoichiometry of the reaction;

1 mole of the  lead II nitrate reacts with 2 moles of the ammonium iodide

0.211 moles  of the  lead II nitrate reacts with 0.211 moles  * 2 moles/ 1 mole

= 0.422 moles

Now;

Volume of the solution = number of moles/ concentration

= 0.422 moles/0.650 M

= 0.649 L or 649 mL

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The energy used to heat the iron from 25°C to 75°C will be 88J

Given,

m= 4 g

c, i.e, specific heat of Iron is 0.44 J°C⁻¹g⁻¹

The heat energy is given by  formula,

q=mcΔT

where q is the amount of heat and m is the substance's mass.

T represents the temperature change, and c is the material's specific heat capacity. The addition of heat affects various substances in varying degrees. Different materials' temperatures rise by different amounts when a given amount of heat is applied to them.

q =4× 0.44× ΔT

ΔT= T₂₋ T₁

ΔT= 75- 25

= 50°C

q= 4×0.44×50

=88 J

So, the energy used to heat the iron will be 88J.

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O2 would need to react in 3.1 L of volume.

2NO(g) + O2(g) ==> Equation that is balanced: 2NO2(g)

We can observe that 2 moles of NO react with 1 mole of O2 using this equation. We can also state that 2 liters of NO and 1 liter of O2 react under conditions of constant pressure and temperature. The amount of O2 required to react with 4.8 L of NO can then be calculated as follows:

6.2 L NO multiplied by 1 L O2 divided by 2 L NO results in a need for 3.1 L of O2.

values for the reaction 2NO + O2 = 2NO2 in terms of kinetics and rate constants. It is generally known that this reaction is a third-order homogeneous reaction.

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The number moles of Cl atoms in a 75.0 mL sample of CCl₄ is 3.12 mol.

The data is given is as follows :

volume = 75.0 mL

density = 1.6 g/cm³ = 1.6 g/mL

Density = mass / volume

mass = density × volume

         = 1.6 × 75

         = 120 g

moles of CCl₄ = mass / molar mass

                       = 120 / 153.82

                       = 0.780 mol

1 mole of CCl₄ = 4 mole of Cl

moles of Cl = 4 × 0.780

                    = 3.12 mol

Thus, The number moles of Cl atoms in a 75.0 mL sample of CCl₄ is 3.12 mol.

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Answer:

the last one (if we consider the typo ? as 2)

Explanation:

p orbital can hold 6 electrons

1st orbit only has 's' orbital

2nd orbit only has 's' & 'p' orbital, no 'd' orbital

A container of iron (III) carbonate contains 4.15 x 10^26 carbon atoms.  this sample of iron(III) carbonate weigh is 2.0 × 10⁵ g

iron(III) carbonate , number of atoms = 4.15 × 10²⁶ atoms

Avogadro's number = 6.022 × 10²³

moles of iron(III) carbonate = number of atoms / Avogadro's number

                                            =  4.15 × 10²⁶ /  6.022 × 10²³

                                            = 6.89 × 10² mol

mass of  iron(III) carbonate = moles × molar mass

                                            = 6.89 × 10² × 291.7

                                            = 2.0 × 10⁵ g

Thus, A container of iron (III) carbonate contains 4.15 x 10^26 carbon atoms.  this sample of iron(III) carbonate weigh is 2.0 × 10⁵ g

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When iron ( Fe ) reacts with copper sulphate ( CuSO₄) , it forms ferrous sulphate ( FeSO₄ ) and copper ( Cu ) .

Iron copper sulphate.

The lead nitrate [Pb(NO₃)₂] reacts with potassium iodide (Kl) causing exchange of ions between the reactants leading to the formation of potassium nitrate (KNO₃) and a yellow precipitate of lead iodide (PbI₂).

Magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid according to the equation

Mg + 2 HCl --> MgCl₂  + H₂

Magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid according to the equation This demonstration can be used to illustrate the characteristic reaction of metals with acid, a single replacement reaction, or to demonstrate the generation of hydrogen gas.

H₂O

Water splitting is the process in which water decomposes into hydrogen and oxygen.

Mg + O₂ → MgO.

Magnesium reacts with Oxygen to form Magnesium oxide.

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Answer:

See explanation, some might be graded as wrong if it's an automatic grading system but most

Explanation:

1. lose
2. valence
3. noble (Atoms don't actually always do this, but since the word gas is after the blank, it is the only option)

4. 4
5. have
6. 10

5 and 6 are a little ambiguous and could have many answers  

Answer:

1) atomic number

2) element symbol

3) element name

4) atomic mass

5) electron configuration