. Distinguish between the short run and the long run as they relate to macroeconomics. Why is the distinction important

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

1. In the short run, wages and other prices are stagnant making the economy to run below or above the normal level. In the long run, wages and prices are fully flexible, and this allows the economy to run at its natural level.

2. This distinction is important because it helps us to see how difficult it could be to sustain the real gross domestic product and employment rates thus making the economy to run at a normal level or achieve its full potentials.  

Explanation:

Stickiness or stagnancy of wages can be seen in the fact that it is most time difficult to fluctuate or change the wages of workers overtime. The prices of most goods are also sticky when they remain unchanged over a given period of time. These conditions exist in the short run, and make the economy to run above or below its full potentials. The real GDP and unemployment levels are negatively affected.

In the long run, flexibility of wages and prices are achieved and this makes the economy to run at its full potentials. The real GDP as well as the employment rate are at their optimum level then.


Related Questions

you invest $25,000 in a Perpetuity fund that pays you $3,000 a year forever what is your rate of return in this investment

Answers

Answer:

12%

Explanation:

Calculation for what is your rate of return in this investment.

Using this formula

Rate of return=Amount paid a year /Amount invested in

Perpetuity fund

Let plug in the formula

Rate of return=$3,000/$25,000

Rate of return=0.12*100

Rate of return=12%

Therefore the Rate of return will be 12%

Suppose it is decided that rent control in New York City will be abolished and that market rents will now prevail. Assume that all rental units are identical and so are offered at the same rent. To address the plight of residents who may be unable to pay the market rent, an income supplement will be paid to all low income households equal to the difference between the old controlled rent and the new market rent. What effect will the elimination of the rent control have on the quantity and quality of rental housing supplied

Answers

Answer:

The effect of the elimination of the rent control on the quantity and quality of rental housing supplied in New York City is:

increased quantity and quality of supplied rental housing.

Explanation:

In line with the laws of demand and supply, the quantity and quality supplied of the rental housing will increase drastically in New York City once rent control is abolished.  The only limiting factors will be the availability of resources, like land, labor, and capital for housing development.  If these resources are abundantly available, coupled with the presence of entrepreneurs, the number of rental housing will skyrocket in a few years to the extent that the housing market in the city will overrun demand.

why does a venue require an F&B minimum​

Answers

A food and beverage minimum is the amount you required to spend on food and beverage to use a space. It rarely includes taxes, fees or gratuities. It also often takes of a room rental fee
-I hope this helps!! Make me brainliest

each unit requires 1.8 yd of fabric to be produced. at the end of each quarter, 20% of the next quarter's production needs for material should be at hand. budgeted purchases of material for the second quarter would be g

Answers

Answer:

1.8 yards

Explanation:

Production requirement  1.8 yards

Ending inventory = 20% of 1.8 yards= 20/100 * 1.8= 0.36 yards

Materials Required= 1.8-0.36= 1.44 yards

If the material on hand is 0.36 yards i.e 20 % of the production requirement.Budgeted purchases for the second quarter would 1.8 yards  because when 0.36 yards is available as the ending inventory. But materials on hand  must have a balance of 0.36 yards for the next quarter so it would not effect the purchases.

To maintain the balance of materials on hand the amount of purchases made is 1.8 yards as 0.36 yards will be kept for the third quarter and 0.36 is already present for the second quarter

1.44 yards for production + 0.36 yards for the ending inventory= 1.8 yards

Divisional income statements do not have to follow generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) because they are internal reports. True False

Answers

Answer:

TRUE

Explanation:

A divisional income statement as the name implies it talks about a summary of the revenue generated in a particular unit within a business enterprise after removing the divisional costs in the same particular unit. Divisional income statements are internal reports so they do not have to follow generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) as the statements generated are done within an organization. The Generally Accepted Accounting Principles are rules, codes of conduct set by a financial regulating body to make business enterprise, corporate accounting do the right thing whenever they are publishing their financial reports and statements.

Your brother announces at Thanksgiving Dinner that he is thinking of becoming a day trader. What questions might you ask him to help him assess the wisdom of that choice?

Answers

1) Has he diversified his portfolio within the 11 sectors?

2) Does he go for capital appreciation stocks or dividend stocks?

3) How much time does he spend studying a company's financials (10K form) and charts?

4) Who is his favorite investor? Warren Buffet for picking great stocks and holding for many many years or someone like  Bill Ackman who is a bit deceptive on his trading tactics (over the summer he said 'Hell is coming' a signal thought by many as "panic sell" whilst he was buying heavily)

5) What is the number he is seeking to retire? There's usually a number ranging from $1M and $200M.

6) Maybe ask him if he is seeking to get licensed as a CMT (reading chart patterns)?

Hope this helps, either way best of luck to him!

FVA Inc.’s net income for the most recent year was $40,825. The tax rate was 24 percent. The firm paid $10,320 in total interest expense and deducted $10,570 in depreciation expense. What was the cash coverage ratio for the year?

Answers

Answer: 7.23 times

Explanation:

Cash coverage ratio = Cash available/ Interest expense

Cash Available = Net Income before tax + Interest expense + Depreciation

= (40,825 / (1 - 24%)) + 10,320 + 10,570

= $74,607.11

Cash coverage ratio = 74,607.11/10,320

= 7.23 times

what type of leadership focuses on alternative methods of conducting organizational change processes.

Answers

Answer: Organizational change leader

Explanation:

The organizational change leader is the big hand for controlling the changes in the organization and management.  This involves the change centric leadership. The leader should not look upon the upward organizational hierarchy to seek help instead must take actions and must implement them on others. Empowering the stakeholders. Managing the team discussions and working ethics and credibility.

aron Company has a process costing system. All materials are introduced when conversion costs reach 50 percent. The following information is available for physical units during March
Work in process, March 1 (60% complete as to conversion costs) 150,000Units started in March 600,000Units transferred to Finishing Department in March 630,000Work in process, March 31 (40% complete as to conversion costs) 120,000Compute the equivalent units for materials costs and for conversion costs using FIFO method

Answers

Answer:

Equivalent units of production for materials

Opening work in process was complete with respect to materials so not EUP there.

Closing work in process was complete as well.

EUP for materials is:

= Units transferred to Finishing Department - opening WIP

= 630,000 - 150,000

= 480,000 units

Equivalent units of production for conversion

= EUP opening work in process + units transferred to finishing department + EUP closing work in process

= (40% * 150,000) + 480,000 + (40% * 120,000)

= 60,000 + 480,000 + 48,000

= 588,000 units

EUP opening work in process already had 60% of conversion cost incurred in previous period so only 40% will be incurred in present period.

QUESTION 4 of 10: In this market research step, data related to the problem are collected and studied:
a) Choose the best solution
b) Analyze data
c) Obtain data
d) Identify the problem
o

Answers

Answer:

b/ because its acurat

Explanation:

Answer:

c … obtain data

Explanation:

thanks me later

How does the project fit within the global microeconomic environment? Support your response with evidence.

Answers

Explanation

Microeconomics is one of the significant center regions inside the scholarly field of financial aspects. While the degree and techniques for microeconomics can be intricate, its general center is moderately direct. Microeconomics inspects the regular activities of the commercial center, zeroing in on the choices made by people – individuals and organizations – as they purchase, sell, contribute and settle on other monetary choices. You don't have to officially consider microeconomics to apply a portion of its standards to your private company.

25 POINTS AND BRAINLIEST!! PLS HELP

What items should be included in signatures on business e-mail?


threads

e-mail address

name and title

company name

inspirational messages

phone and fax numbers

mailing address

Answers

Hey there!

The following should be the answers:

e-mail address

name and title

company name

phone and fax numbers

mailing address

Hope it helps and have an amazing day!!!

Answer:

yeah they right on OW

Explanation:

Artificial intelligence (A.I.) is a powerful tool for aiding human decision making. This activity is important because managers need to understand the tremendous capabilities, but also the serious dangers, inherent in using A.I. The goal of this exercise is to challenge your knowledge of the applications and downsides of A.I.

Read the descriptions of various aspects of artificial intelligence. Choose whether each item is an application of A.I. or a downside of A.l.

a. Hospitals use A-I. to monitor patients and predict the risk Of death two days earlier than ever before possible.
b. A.I. sensors can alert drivers to potential hazards and accidents.
c. It is difficult to program machine learning systems to act in ways that are desired and predictable.
d. The potential to aid in human decision making
e. Al. is devoid of common sense.
f. There is the potential for Al. to be put to malicious use.
g. Machines guided by A.I. are faster and more powerful than humans when building and evaluating models and simulations to make predictions.

Answers

Answer:

a. APPLICATION

If the risk of death can be predicted ahead of time, actions can be taken to mitigate that risk.

b. APPLICATION

If A.I. sensors can alert drivers to potential accidents, the drivers can take action to avoid said accidents which means that A.I can reduce the number of accidents occurring.

c. DOWNSIDE

The difficulty in getting A.I. to act in a certain way is a downside because the A.I. can give undesirable and irrelevant responses.

d. APPLICATION

If A.I. can aid humans in decision making so that decisions are better then this is an application.

e. DOWNSIDE

Common sense is very important in certain scenarios and is A.I. is devoid of this then it will take longer to perform in scenarios where common sense was needed.

f. DOWNSIDE

A potential for A.I. to be used in nefarious and malicious ways is most definitely a downside.

g. APPLICATION.

If A.I. can make better and more effective simulations than humans, this is an application that will save costs in a lot of industries.

If you hope to be a college instructor in a subject, you need to plan to complete what level of education?
A.
Graduate school.
B.
Bachelor’s degree.
C.
Associate’s degree.
D.
Vocational school.

Answers

Hey if you hope to be a college instructor in a subject you need to plan to complete B. BACHELORS DEGREE
i hope it helps!


What is a continuous discussion to bring out innovative ideas from employees?

Answers

Answer:

Experiment to

generate ideas

Companies must let employees know they are open for innovation. Some companies do this by creating a designated space where employees can be creative. Most office spaces, which are normally a sea of cubicles, have little room physically and emotionally where creativity and innovation can flourish.

Give staff time

to work on ideas

Innovation needs time, and more often than not, employees feel they have none to spare. As a result, a growing number of companies are giving employees time away from the daily grind to work on projects of their own choosing. Some companies hold innovation days; others have hackathon sessions while others again give staff a set amount of time to work on projects that excite them, developing and testing new ideas                  

Invest in idea generation

Implement some of the ideas employees come up with. Ideas have to be implemented or they’re not worth anything. To truly innovate, companies need to ensure a culture that supports new ideas and new ways of doing business efforts, but also execute those ideas.

Explanation:

Answer:

Brainstorming

Explanation:

It's on the notes for Plato

United Airlines and Continental Airlines decided to merge, in part because the companies had little overlap in their domestic routes and hubs. This is an example of

Answers

Answer: Synergy

Explanation:

Synergy simply refers to an interaction or a cooperation that exists between two or more organizations, in order to have a greater combined effort which is vital for the achievement of organization goals.

When there is a combined effort of the organizations, the achievement of success would be possible. Therefore, United Airlines and Continental Airlines merging because the companies had little overlap in their domestic routes and hubs is an example of synergy.

A proposed new project has projected sales of $123,000, costs of $57,000, and depreciation of $12,600. The tax rate is 35 percent. Calculate operating cash flow using the four different approaches. (Do not round intermediate calculations.)

Answers

Answer:Approach 1 ⇒ EBIT + Depreciation - Taxes approach

EBIT = Sales - Costs - Depreciation

= 123,000 - 57,000 - 12,600

= $53,400

EBIT = EBT as no interest in question.

Tax = EBIT * Tax rate

= 53,400 * 35%

= $18,690

Operating cashflow = 53,400 + 12,600 - 18,690

= $47,310

Approach 2 ⇒ Top-down Approach

= Sales - cost - tax

= 123,000 - 57,000 - 18,690

= $47,310

Approach 3 ⇒ Tax-Shield

= (Sales - Cost) * (1 - Tax rate) + (Depreciation * Tax rate)

= (123,000 - 57,000) * (1 - 35%) + (12,600 * 35%)

= $47,310

Approach 4 ⇒ Bottom-up

=  (Sales – Cost – Depreciation) * (1 - Tax rate) + Depreciation

= (123,000 - 57,000 - 12,600) * ( 1 - 35%) + 12,600

= $47,310

A sudden stop will be easier to navigate if the country borrows internationally in foreign currencies and lend locally in its domestic currency.

a. True
b. False

Answers

Answer: False

Explanation:

A sudden stop refers to the sudden decline in net capital inflows in the economy from outside. This is a significant method by which the economy can have access to foreign exchange.

If the country therefore borrows internationally in foreign currencies whilst lending in domestic currency, the sudden stop will be difficult to navigate because it will impair the country's ability to pay off the international creditors it has because it will not have enough of the required foreign currency to pay them.

Todd Johnson had the following items of income and losses during the tax year:

Wages $40,000
Non-business bad debt $1,000
Gann on commodities held 16 months $2,000
Loss on stock held 2 years $(800)
Flood damage on personal residence owned 5 years $4500
Gain on stock held 13 months $5,000

The Flood damage occurred due to a federally declared disaster. What is Todd's taxable capital gain for the tax year?

a. $500
b. $700
c. $5,200
d. $6,200

Answers

Answer:

b. $700

Explanation:

Todd's capital gains = -$1,000 (bad debt) - $2,000 (gain on commodities held for 2 years) - $800 (loss on stock held for 2 years) - $4,500 (flood damage) + $5,000 (gain on stocks held for 13 months) = $700

Capital losses due to federally declared natural disasters can offset capital gains.

Answer:

Todd Johnson

Todd's taxable capital gain for the tax year is:

d. $6,200

Explanation:

a) Data and Calculations:

Gain on commodities held 16 months $2,000

Loss on stock held 2 years                    $(800)

Gain on stock held 13 months             $5,000

Net Capital Gains (Long-term)             $6,200

b) A capital gain or loss exists on property such as a home, car, and investment property, like stocks and bonds when is sold. Short-term capital gain or loss is differentiated from long-term capital gain or loss.  Usually, long-term capital gain or loss is calculated for assets held more than a year before disposal, while short-term gain or loss is calculated separately for assets sold within a year of being held.

Which process is used to produce very high volume products where little product variety is​ required? A. job shop B. batch production C. project D. mass assembly

Answers

Answer:

D. mass assembly

Explanation:

Mass assembly is a process used to produce very high volume products where little product variety is​ required.

This ultimately implies that, mass assembly is a manufacturing technique used by various industries or companies to produce standardized products (goods) in large quantities through the use of automated machineries or assembly lines from start to finish.

Hence, mass assembly avails business owners the ability or opportunity to manufacture their products in large quantities so as to enable them meet the needs or requirements of their customers for a long period of time.

3/7 x (-1/2) • MARKING BRAINLIEST TO THE ANSWER WITH AN EXPLANATION ON HOW U GOT THE ANSWER!

Answers

Answer : The answer of the given expression is [tex]\frac{-3}{14}[/tex]

Explanation :

The given expression is: [tex]\frac{3}{7}\times \frac{-1}{2}[/tex]

As we know that,

When we are multiplying a fraction by a fraction then multiply numerators and multiply denominators like this:

[tex]\frac{X}{Y}\times \frac{A}{B}=\frac{X\times A}{Y\times B}[/tex]

So, the answer of the given expression will be:

[tex]\frac{3}{7}\times \frac{-1}{2}[/tex]

By multiplying numerators and multiply denominators, we get:

[tex]\Rightarrow \frac{3\times (-1)}{7\times 2}[/tex]

[tex]\Rightarrow \frac{-3}{14}[/tex]

Therefore, the answer of the given expression is [tex]\frac{-3}{14}[/tex]

5 million in total liabilities 4 million dollars in the balance sheet net worth Calculate the debt to worth ratio

Answers

Answer:

1.25

Explanation:

The net worth ratio uses data from the balance sheet to compare the level of a company's debt against its total net worth.

The formula for calculating the debt to net worth ratio is as below.

Debt to networth ratio = Total debts/ Total net worth.

Liabilities are the debts of a business.

in this case, = 5,000,000 / 4,000,000

Debt to net worth ration= 5/4

=1.25

The Transportation and Logistics career cluster serves

government and national security.
the military and the secret service.
airplane passengers and grocery stores.
lawmakers and electricity providers.

Edit: I think the answer's A

Answers

Answer:

airplane passengers and grocery stores.

Explanation:

The Transportation, Distribution, and Logistics cluster is made up of drivers and other workers who work behind the scenes to ensure efficient transportation at all times. The other workers include pilots, locomotive drivers, mechanics, transport planners, parking lot attendants, civil engineers, and many others.

Workers in the transport and logistics cluster serve passengers using the air, rail, water, and road transport network. They provide courier services to retail stores, homes, and offices. Work in this cluster revolves around providing transport services.

The Transportation and Logistics career cluster serves a wide range of industries and sectors, including airplane passengers and grocery stores. This includes airport operations, airline management, baggage handling etc. Hence, option C is the correct answer.

The transportation and logistics industry serves the needs of airplane passengers by facilitating air travel like Passenger transportation services.

Additionally, the industry supports grocery stores and other retail businesses by transporting goods and products from manufacturers to distribution centers and ultimately to retail locations.

Hence, option C is the correct answer.

Learn more about  airport operations here:

brainly.com/question/33136726

#SPJ6

Paper Clip Company sells office supplies. The following information summarizes the company's operating activities for the year:What are total operating expenses

Answers

Answer:

The answer is "$38000"

Explanation:

Please find the complete question in the attachment file.

                                      Clip of the paper  

                                   Statement of income  

Income Revenues    164000

Less: goods sale cost 93000

Significant Benefit   71000

Expenditure for operation:  

Committee for sales     10000

Shop rental              13500

Shop utilities            9500

Operating costs Gross            33000

Operating revenue                38000      

Costs of products sold calculation:  

Investment (January 1)       27000

Goods Bought                 89000

Total sub                    116000

Reference: Inventory ( December 31 ) 23000  

Goods sold at discount   93000

What did this embargo cost the U.S taxpayers?

Answers

Answer:

explanation below

Explanation:

The Cuban embargo, known as el bloqueo (the blockade), was one that happened due to Cuba’s expropriation of “some $1.8 billion worth of U.S.-owned property. The US put policies in place to restrict the way other countries engage in businesses with Cuba.

As the embargo continued to affect the people of Cuba, it also cost the US far more than expected. Certain reports has it that the US has lost nearly all its international support for the embargo. The cost of the embargo on the economy of the US was around $130 billion over nearly six decades.

Why have nonalcoholic drinks increased in popularity, and what difficulties do bar managers face when serving alcohol

Answers

Answer:

People consumes less of alcohol and more of non alcoholic drinks.

Explanation:

Now-a days people consumes less of alcoholic drinks as non alcoholic beverages or drinks are becoming non popular day by day. People have become more health conscience and wants to remain fit. Now wonder alcohol causes a lot harm to the human health. People now are aware of the side effects of consuming alcohol.

In the recent years the life style of the people have change a lot and they they have become health conscious than before. The consumption of other non alcoholic drinks have become familiar and famous including green tea, fruit juices, goji juice and many more.

The bar managers also face difficulty in serving alcohol to people as people refuse to drink them. They are more health conscience and is aware of the fatal incidents about drunk driving. They prefer other non beverages in the bar. As a result the sale of alcohol has decreased a lot. There are also various awareness programs running against consumption of alcohol.Thus people do not drink alcohol any more and so it is difficult for the bar managers to offer alcohol to their customers.

Lydia receives a $2,000 gift and wants to open a savings account. Which bank interest would be the best for her if the current inflation rate is
3.5%?
O4% interest
O3% interest
O3.9% interest
O4.1% interest

Answers

Answer:

O4.1% interest

Explanation:

Inflation erodes the strength of a currency. If the interest rate on offer is below the inflation rate, saving money in a bank will result in a loss.

To gains from a savings account, the real rate of interest must be positive. The real rate will the nominal interest rate( the quoted rate) - the inflation rate. The higher the nominal rate, the better for the customer.

In this case, 4.1 % will be best for the customer. If the inflation rate is 3.5%, an interest rate of 4.1% will give a real interest rate of 0.6%.

you are considering a project with the cash flows given below. calculate the present value of the future cash flows of the project. discount rate 25%

Answers

Answer:

the present value of the future cash flows is $846.57

Explanation:

The computation of the present value of the future cash flows is shown below:

The Present value of inflows is

= Cash inflows × Present value of discounting factor (rate%,time period)

= $100 ÷ 1.25 + $200 ÷ 1.25^2 + $300 ÷ 1.25^3 + $400 ÷ 1.25^4 + $500 ÷ 1.25^5 + $600 ÷ 1.25^6

= $846.5664

Hence, the present value of the future cash flows is $846.57

Adaptability is the ability and willingness to adapt to changing situations. This activity is important because people who are more adaptable are much better at dealing with organizational changes than people who are less adaptable.

a. True
b. False

Answers

Answer:

a. True

Explanation:

This statement is true, because adaptability is a necessary characteristic of the organizational environment, because in the current context, there is an extremely competitive business environment and whose information flow is intense and changeable, therefore it is a condition for survival that companies adapt to situations internal and external factors inherent to the market in which they operate, such as a country's economy, technological changes, changes in consumer trends, etc.

at the end of 2018, river plate builders had two jobs still in process with a total balance of $132,200. what overhead rate is river plate using

Answers

Answer: d. 80% of direct material cost

Explanation:

Overhead cost = Total costs - Direct material - Direct labor

= 132,200 - 25,000 - 32,000 - 12,500 - 17,100

= $45,600

Direct materials cost = 32,000 + 25,000

= $57,000

Percentage of Direct materials = Overhead/ Direct materials

= 45,600/57,000

= 80%

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Using the information given, find the number of Electrons of the unknown element: 6 PROTONS, 6 NEUTRONS, 12 ATOMIC MASS The concentration of hydrogen peroxide solution can be determined bytitration with acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution. In this reactionhydrogen peroxide is oxidised to oxygen gas. A 5.0 cm sample of hydrogenperoxide solution was added to a volumetric flask and made to 250 cmof the aqueous solution. A 25.0 cm sample of this solution was acidifiedand reacted completely with 24 35 em of 0.0187 mol dm potassiummanganate(VII) solution(ay Write a balanced equation for the reaction between acidified KMnOsolution and H.O.(b) Calculate the concentration of the original H,O, solution in mol dm Please i really need help All of the following processes are the ones that lead directly to the formation of sedimentary rock EXCEPT-deposition of rock fragments.Ofreezing of water in cracks in rock.omelting of rock deep underground.movement of wind that carries earth material. Need help will mark Brainliest a Ford f 150 truck is consider a half ton truck because that is how much it can haul . how many pounds can the truck haul Please help with via math I suck at math so plz help... will give brainiest to the person I think gave the best answer. Is there a bad reason to change a career? provide support for your opinion Hiii :( this is the second question and not making sense to me at all please help Di cuales de las siguientes oraciones o preguntas usan el reflexivo. Contesta S o No.A. Tengo sed.s noB. No se va a duchar?s noC. A qu hora se visten Uds.?s noD. Te ests quitando los calcetines?snoE. No la viste ayer?snoF. Me levant temprano hoy.s noG. Comemos juntos.s noH. Los voy a despertar ahora.s no Qu'est-ce que tu visites le week-end? Attempt 1Question You see Fred, a co-worker, not following safety procedures. What would be the bestthing to do?A) nothing, as his safety is his own responsibilityB) pretend you didn't see him, but consider telling the bossC) talk to him about putting his safety at riskD) follow his example -- maybe the safety procedures are not necessary HelpIn multi-lane traffic, when a vehicle stops you should. A. carefully pass the stopped vehicle.B. stop if a pedestrian is visible.C. come to a complete stop. Will mark brainliest There are 16 cats and 14 dogs in a local animal shelter.Which phrase describes a ratio relationship between the two quantities?A. the number of dogs in the shelter compared to the number of cats in the shelterB. the number of cats in the shelter compared to the number of cats in the shelterC. the number of cats in the shelter compared to the number of dogs in the neighborhoodD. the number of dogs in the shelter compared to the number of rabbits in the shelter If you can answer 10, 11, and 12 for me that would be awesome. (12 multiply choice would be in the comments) ASP I need 5 good fun fact about hades what is the measure of I just need these questions answered, you can take your time. Ill give you 20 points and brainliest if correct! 1. Water (Hydrogen and Oxygen)A. Element B. Compound 2. Coal (Carbon)A. Element B. Compound 3. Carbon Dioxide (Carbon and Oxygen)A. Element B. Compound 4. Oxygen A. Element B. Compound 5. Chalk (Calcium, Carbon and Oxygen)A. Element B. Compound 6. Wax (Carbon and Hydrogen)A. Element B. Compound 7. Table Salt (Sodium and Chloride)A. Element B. Compound 8. Caffeine (Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen) A. Element B. Compound Compare and contrast the Northern Pacific and Great Northern Railroads. Include the main entrepreneurs, funding, and routes. What proved to be a major hardship for settlement in the New England colonies? Trading with neighboring colonies. Exporting raw materials to England. Creating the shipbuilding industry. Developing agriculture during hot summers.