While researching the cultural differences Dr. Venesky is conducting a Phonemes study.
According to rigorous definitions, the phoneme is defined without taking into account higher-level linguistic structures, with the exception of noting changes in its immediate phonetic context that influence allophonic variants. The phoneme, a characteristic category of sounds that all native speakers of a language or dialect perceive as roughly the same, is the key idea in phonology. The smallest unit of meaning-containing sound is called a phoneme. Phonemes are used by readers to differentiate between words. For instance, there is only one sound, or phoneme, between "hat" and "cat" at the beginning of the words.
To learn more about phonemes refer here:
https://brainly.com/question/13397345
#SPJ4
What is Nicaragua famous for?
Nicaragua has lots of lakes and volcanoes. This is the reason why Nicaragua is famous. It is tourist spot.
Republic of Nicaragua is the largest country in Central America. It is one of the colony of Spain in the 1520s. Nicaragua gained its independence in 1821. Nicaragua is a presidential representative 'democratic' republic. But it won't be wrong to call Nicaragua's political system is dominated by one family. President Daniel Ortega is head of state, head of government and commander-in-chief of the armed forces and his wife is the Vice-President.
Nicaragua is famous for its volcanoes like San Cristóbal, Cerro Negro, Masaya, Mombacho, Maderas,etc and lakes likes Cocibolca, Xolotlán, Apanás, etc. The two largest fresh water lakes in Central America, Lake Managua and Lake Nicaragua, are located there only.
To know more about Nicaragua refer to-
brainly.com/question/26078017#
#SPJ4
How does public speaking anxiety manifests for you? Physiologically (i.e., in your body) and psychologically(i.e., thoughts)? Provide at least 4 sympt
Shaking, sweating, dry mouth, rapid heartbeat are the four symptoms of public speaking anxiety.
An individual’s fear or anxiety associated with any anticipated communication with another person or persons is called communication apprehension.
Our bodily reactions to communication anxiety are frequently not well suited to the type of threat we confront, thus making the extra energy our bodies produce that makes it more difficult for us to be good public speakers.
The physiological adjustments that the body makes at crucial times are intended to increase the amount of energy that is available and help muscles work more effectively.
In order to increase the amount of oxygen that reaches the muscles, circulation and breathing speed up.
To know more about public speaking, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/26428393
#SPJ4
Compare the covenant God made with Abraham to the new covenant. Read 1 Corinthians 11:23-26, Hebrews 6:13-18, and Hebrews 9:11-18 to help you with your answer. SaveStylesFormat Instructions
Both covenant are sealed by God alone, nothing depended on Abraham; similarly, Jesus seals the new covenant in His own blood, but nothing depended on humans sacrificing anything.
The covenant of God is a powerful and everlasting agreement that is referenced throughout the Bible. This covenant promises that God will be with us in every situation, and will never leave us nor forsake us. The covenant of God is a guarantee that He will keep His promises and will bless those who seek Him with a life of joy and peace.
This promise is a sign of God's faithfulness, and He has extended it to all who put their trust in Him. The covenant of God is a timeless reminder of His love and mercy, and it stands as a reminder that He is always with us.
To know more about covenant, click here.
https://brainly.com/question/20989064
#SPJ4
Your friend recommends that you visualize as you read. What is she talking about? She means you should take lots of breaks when you read. She thinks you should try to see the story in your mind as you read it. You're good at sounding out words—even words you have not seen before. She wants you to tell her what happened in the first few chapters.
Explanation:
She wants you to try to see the story in your mind as you read it
The six-pointed Star of Life emblem identifies vehicles that meet which of the following criteria? O Are staffed by a minimum of one certified advanced EMT (AEMT) O Meet federal specifications as licensed or certified ambulances O Are operated federally certified ambulance operators O Are equipped with supplies to manage a mass-casualty situation
The six-pointed Star of Life emblem identifies the vehicles that meet federal specifications as licensed or certified ambulances.
What do the term 'six points on the Star of Life' mean?Emergency services related to medicine are now universally associated with the "Star of Life." This sign serves as a way of identification on ambulances, emergency medical gear, patches, or clothing used by EMS clinicians. Detection, reporting, response, on-scene care, care in transit, and transfer to definitive care are the six phases of an EMS response that are represented by the six bars of the Star of Life.
The Star of Life may be used as follows: 1.) As a means of identification for medical supplies and equipment intended for installation and usage in the emergency medical care vehicle, the ambulance. States and federal entities participating in emergency medical services are permitted to permit this use.
To learn more about emergency services, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/17257100
#SPJ4
Egalitarian societies depend on sharing which of the following in order to ensure group success? a. children b. resources c. weaponry d. sexual partners.
Egalitarian societies depend on sharing resources in order to ensure group success. Hence option (b) is the answer.
What is meant by an egalitarian society?Regardless of gender, ethnicity, religion, or age, everyone is treated equally in an egalitarian society. In a society that is egalitarian, there is no class structure, yet there is fairly equal access to wealth and income. The different issues that need to be addressed in order to create an egalitarian society include communism, legal equality, gender equality, political equality, racial equality, etc.
Every person living in society must be treated equally and given the same opportunity, rights, freedom, and other privileges. Egalitarian cultures offer people the chance to increase their social influence and reap the benefits of high status, easier access to resources, and mates through success in prosocial endeavors.
To learn more about egalitarian society, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/1033390
#SPJ4
The federal government requires states to offer Medicaid benefits to children whose family income is under __________ percent of the poverty level.
The federal government requires the states in order to offer Medicaid benefits to children whose family income is seen to be under 133 percent of the poverty level.
There are most states like Washington, D.C. which tend to have the same income limit of $2,523 per month which is for a single person for most types of Medicaid services. So, the Medicaid program is said to be jointly funded by the federal government and states.
However, the federal government tends to require the states in order to offer Medicaid benefits. Thus, categorically, the needy people in the Medicaid program usually do not have high incomes.
Hence, here the federal government tends to pay states for a specified percentage of the program expenditures.
To learn more about Medicaid here:
https://brainly.com/question/7583573
#SPJ4
What is a word meaning to the point?
A relevant and appropriate to what is happening or being discussed is the meaning of to the point.
What is relevance?According to the principle of relevance, two topics should be connected in a way that makes it advantageous to consider the second issue when considering the first. Relevance has been studied by several fields, including cognitive sciences, logic, library and information science, among others. Different theories of knowledge have different implications for what is thought to be pertinent, and these fundamental ideas have implications for all other domains as well. In formal reasoning, relevance has shown to be a crucial yet challenging term. It is important because, in order to find a solution to any issue, it is required to first identify the pertinent elements from which the answer can be constructed. It is difficult or impossible for conventional logical frameworks to effectively encapsulate the concept of relevance, which makes it elusive.
To learn about relevant, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/28282615
#SPJ4
What is Enlightenment according to Kant What does he mean by the phrase dare to know?
Immanuel Kant believed that enlightenment is the capacity of a person to reason, to analyze, and to comprehend events without the aid of another person.
What is enlightenment?Francis Bacon, John Locke, and other intellectuals' contributions to the Scientific Revolution before the Enlightenment. René Descartes' 1637 publication of his Discourse on Method, which included the well-known line "Cogito, ergo sum," is frequently credited with sparking the Enlightenment. The fundamental tenets of the Enlightenment were individual liberty and religious tolerance as opposed to an absolute monarchy and the unchangeable doctrines of the Church. The ideas of utility and sociability also played a key influence in the dissemination of information for the benefit of society at large. An increasing awareness of the relationship between the intellect and popular media of the time helped define the Enlightenment.
To learn about enlightenment, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/20606481
#SPJ4
assessment is the process of gathering information to learn what participants know and are able to do, in order to determine their progress toward achievement of goals and objectives (T/F)
The statement that assessment is the process of gathering information to learn what participants know and are able to do to progress towards goals is true.
Assessment helps in understanding the information and also work in a planned manner so that achieving a goal becomes easy and distinct. Assessment helps in regular training and teaching and also helps the organization to frame their training tools such that they aim at improving the functioning and efficacy of the employee. Systematic collection of information helps in effective training decisions. The stages in assessment are identification of problem, determining the approach, designing the project, , building the community and managing and evaluating the data.
Learn more about assessment at:
brainly.com/question/13214565
#SPJ4
Idealizing a romantic partner at the beginning of a new relationship is a common example of the __________ bias.
Idealizing a romantic partner at the beginning of a new relationship is a common example of the positivity bias. Communication is at the heart of forming our interpersonal relationship.
It investigates whether the fall in marital satisfaction among newlyweds is accelerated or slowed down by unrealistically envisioning a romantic partner as the picture of one's ideal relationship. A long-term study connected fluctuations in satisfaction during the first three years of marriage to unrealistic idealization at the time of marriage. Overall satisfaction significantly decreased, which is consistent with other findings. The ability to regard a less-than-ideal spouse as a reflection of one's values, however, predicted a certain degree of resistance to the corrosive effects of time: People who initially valued their partner strongly did not experience drops in happiness. In analyses that separately took into account the likelihood that better adjusted persons would be in better relationships and the positivity of partner judgments, the benefits of idealization were still present.
Learn more about marital here:
https://brainly.com/question/7451231
#SPJ4
myers-briggs type diversity includes differences in the psychological characteristics of employees, including personalities, beliefs, values, and attitudes.
Deep level diversity includes differences in the psychological characteristics of employees, including personalities, beliefs, values, and attitudes.
Diversity refers to the represents a wide range of experiences, such as gender, sex, socioeconomic background, upbringing, physical abilities, religion, philosophy, education, sexual orientation, ethnicity, neurodiversity, and life experience. There are three levels of diversity defined in the workplace, surface level diversity, deep-level diversity, and hidden diversity.
Surface-level diversity refers to characteristics that are readily visible including age, race, sex, gender diversity, visible disabilities, and body size. Deep-level diversity refers to non-observing characteristics of diversity which are traits that are not visible. These include attitudes, values, and religious beliefs. It is in contrast to easily observable, surface-level demographic traits such as gender and ethnicity. Hidden diversity refers traits that are concealed or revealed at the individual’s discretion, including sexual orientation, invisible disabilities, health status, etc.
Note: The question is incomplete. The complete question probably is: ____ diversity includes differences in the psychological characteristics of employees, including personalities, beliefs, values, and attitudes.
Learn more about Deep level diversity:
https://brainly.com/question/15351184
#SPJ4
Which describes best a social scientist reports the findings at the conclusion of a study of rural schools in North Dakota.
The correct option (b) case study.
A case study is a thorough examination of a specific case (or cases) in a real-world context. Case studies in medicine, for example, may focus on a specific patient or ailment; case studies in business may cover a specific firm's strategy or a broader market; and case studies in politics can range from a specific event over time (e.g., a specific political campaign) to a massive undertaking (e.g., a world war).
A case study can generally highlight almost any individual, group, organization, event, belief system, or action. A case study does not have to be one observation (N=1), but it can include several observations (one or multiple individuals and entities across multiple time periods, all within the same case study). Numerous research projects are being conducted.
Learn more about case study to visit this link
https://brainly.com/question/24259426
#SPJ4
Full Question: Choose the term that matches the following scenario: A social scientist reports the findings at the conclusion of a study of rural schools in North Dakota.
→ validity
→ case study
→ stratified random sample
→ research bias
Lawrence Kohlberg theory of moral reasoning consists of __________ levels of moral development and __________ stages. brainly
Lawrence Kohlberg theory of moral reasoning consists of three levels that are Pre-Conventional, Conventional and Post-Conventional levels of moral development happens in six stages.
The six stages of moral development Lawrence Kohlberg theory are1 Obedience and punishment, 2. Self-interest, 3: Interpersonal accord and conformity, 4: Authority and maintaining social order, 5: Social contract, 6: Universal ethical principles.
Kohlberg's theory focused on the process of thinking that occurs when one decides whether behaviour is right or wrong. This theory was emphasised on how one decides to respond in a moral dilemma.
Learn more about Lawrence Kohlberg click on the link here:
https://brainly.com/question/9413267
#SPJ4
What are the key arguments that Thomas Jefferson makes for the colonies separation from Great Britain?
Instead of being forced to follow Great Britain's laws against their own economic and political self-interest, Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence argued that the colonists should be able to govern themselves.
What were the Declaration of Independence's three main arguments according to Thomas Jefferson?The Declaration of Independence contains the following three key ideas: Everyone has the inherent right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Men are equal by nature. People have a responsibility to uphold these rights for both themselves and other people.
What justifications did Thomas Jefferson present?Jefferson was certain that every American should have the ability to prevent the government from limiting their civil freedoms, and he held this belief throughout his life. All people should hold certain freedoms sacrosanct, including those that pertain to speech, assembly, petitioning, and religion.
Learn more about Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence: https://brainly.com/question/11391752
#SPJ4
what two places were known for having decentralized/ feudal governments in period 3
Centralized empires like the Arab Caliphates and the Song Dynasty built on the successful models of the past, while decentralized areas (Western Europe and Japan) developed political organization to more effectively deal with their unique issues.
By organization, what do you mean?An entity, such as a business, institution, or association, that is made up of one or more people and has a specific function is known as an organization or organization (Commonwealth English; see spelling variations).
What are organizations and examples of them?An organization is a formal gathering of people, such as a corporation, a nonprofit, a club, or a political party. Most of these specialized institutions are run by nonprofit groups.
To know more about Organization visit:
https://brainly.com/question/17164427
#SPJ4
Rachelle's car would not start. To find the problem she decided to go alphabetically through the repair checklist of all possible reasons the car will not start. Rashelle's strategy best demonstrates
Rachelle's car would not start. To find the problem she decided to go alphabetically through the repair checklist of all possible reasons the car will not start. Rashelle's strategy best demonstrates an algorithm strategy.
An algorithm strategy is one that adheres to a set of rules in order to solve an issue, and in this case Ashelle is doing so in order to look for challenges that she is unfamiliar with. As a result, she will follow an alphabetical repair checklist after looking for the symptoms to address the issue.
The process of doing laundry, the way we solve a long division problem, the ingredients for making a cake, and the operation of a search engine are all instances of algorithms.
To know more about an An algorithm strategy: https://brainly.com/question/26913198
#SPJ4
What are the three social contract theory?
Answer:
The three social contract theories are laws, judges to adjudicate laws, and the executive power necessary to enforce these laws.
Explanation:
Hope it helps:)
Large-scale production — accompanied by massive technological change, expanding
international communication networks, and pro-growth government policies — fueled the development
of a "Gilded Age" marked by an emphasis on consumption, marketing, and business consolidation.
A. Following the Civil War, government subsidies for transportation and communication
systems opened new markets in North America, while technological innovations and redesigned
financial and management structures such as monopolies sought to maximize the exploitation of natural
resources and a growing labor force.
B. Businesses and foreign policymakers increasingly looked outside U.S. borders in an
effort to gain greater influence and control over markets and natural resources in the Pacific, Asia, and
Latin America.
C. Business leaders consolidated corporations into trusts and holding companies and
defended their resulting status and privilege through theories such as Social Darwinism.
D. As cities grew substantially in both size and in number, some segments of American
society enjoyed lives of extravagant "conspicuous consumption," while many others lived in relative
poverty.
Option (a), Following the Civil War, government aid for communications and transportation infrastructure created new markets in North America, while monopolies and technological advancements like them attempted to maximize the exploitation of the continent's resources and its expanding labor force.
What function did the Gilded Age serve in history?Gilded Age (1878-1889) The growth of industry and a flood of immigration were prominent during this period in American history. As western resources like gold and silver, as well as lumber, soared, the need for more efficient transportation also increased.
What was backed by the government during the Gilded Age?Voter turnout was at an all-time high during the Gilded Age, despite scandal and corruption dominating politics. The Republican Party supported protectionist tariffs and hard money measures to aid business and industry. The Democratic Party, which was against the tariff, soon adopted the free silver program.
In the Gilded Age, how did people travel?Railroads significantly changed American society, politics, and the economy throughout the Gilded Age. They were the actual beating heart of the emerging industrialized economy because they made it possible for products to be transported quickly from coast to coast.
Learn more about Gilded Age (1878-1889): https://brainly.com/question/14420851
#SPJ4
Read the facts about the lost city of Atlantis.
The Greek philosopher Plato told a story in the fourth century BCE about a great sea kingdom called Atlantis.
According to legend, Atlantis was a wealthy and powerful country that traded extensively and was swallowed up by the sea.
In the nineteenth century CE, a civilization called the Minoans was discovered to have lived on the island of Crete.
Scientific evidence suggests that the Minoan culture was destroyed by a tsunami.
How did the discovery of the Minoan culture most likely impact historical conclusions about Atlantis?
It proved that other historical writings of Plato were also true.
It confirmed Plato’s story and proved that Atlantis was on Crete.
It provided scientific evidence that the civilization of Atlantis may actually have existed.
It changed nothing because there is no solid evidence linking the Minoans to Atlantis.
The discovery of the Minoan culture most likely impact historical conclusions about Atlantis is It changed nothing because there is no solid evidence linking the Minoans to Atlantis.
What transpired to the Minoan culture?The Minoan civilization was impacted by one of the largest volcanic explosions in European history around 1,500 B.C. Thera's volcanic explosion devastated the Akrotiri Minoan colony, which marked the start of the Minoan civilization's demise.
Because there is no conclusive evidence connecting the Minoans to Atlantis, the discovery of their culture is unlikely to have affected historical perceptions of it.
Therefore, option D is correct.
Learn more about Minoan culture at:
https://brainly.com/question/17429037
#SPJ1
The front office, housekeeping, security and communications all fall under what department?
A. Rooms division
B. Night auditor
C. Concierge
D. Comptroller division
The front office, housekeeping, security, and communications all fall under the Rooms division department.
The rooms division of a hotel includes a variety of departments, including reservations, front desk, housekeeping, concierge, guest services, and security. This department attends to the needs of the guests, from their first contact and reservations to check-out. The Rooms Department is very important in the promotion plans of the hotel.
It affects the overall profit and requires an appropriate strategy for the successful operation of the hotel. Therefore, the manager must have the necessary skills to overcome the current problems in the hotel and be flexible in problem-solving.
To know more about the front office:
https://brainly.com/question/3971863
#SPJ4
How were tribal and religious differences kept in check in Iraq for decades following World War I?
Since the end of World War I, Iraq has managed to keep its ethnic and religious divisions under control. They are violently restrained.
What about World War I?The Great War, usually referred to as World War I, was one of the deadliest international battles in history and lasted from July 28, 1914, to November 11, 1918. Most of Europe and its colonial empires, the Russian Empire, the United States, the Ottoman Empire and the Japanese Empire were the main combatants, with fighting occurring in Africa, the Pacific, the Middle East, Europe and some of Asia.5 million civilians perished as a result of military action, famine, and disease, while an estimated 9 million soldiers and 23 million additional people were injured in war. Millions more people lost their lives to genocides that took place within the Ottoman Empire and the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was made worse by the movement of soldiers during the war.To know more about World War I, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/1449762
#SPJ1
How is the Oxford University study different from past studies on the effects of video games?
In contrast to earlier studies on the effects of video games, the Oxford University study utilized device data provided by game developers. As a result, choice C is accurate.
Instead than relying on self-reported estimations, as was the case in the vast majority of other studies on the impact of video games on wellbeing, the Oxford team was able to track real gameplay. It was discovered that gaming can have a good impact on academic results. Students who split their time equally between video games and academics nevertheless did well. According to the researchers, many students adopted a "work hard, play hard" mentality and rewarded themselves with gaming time in exchange for their study efforts.
To know more about effects of video games: https://brainly.com/question/5144258
#SPJ4
How is the Oxford University study different from past studies on the effects of video games?
A
It included measurements of game playing time as well as gamers' experiences.
B
It used different mental health and mood metrics than previous studies.
C
It included device data provided by game companies.
D
It used popular video games rather than those built for the study.
Unless otherwise posted, the maximum speed limit is ______mph on a two-lane undivided highways and for vehicles towing trailers.rnrn
The maximum speed restriction is 55 mph on a two-lane undivided highway and for vehicles towing trailers, unless otherwise stated.
You must drive in the right lane or a lane designated especially for slower vehicles when towing trailers or car, operating a bus, or operating a truck with three or more axles. If there are four or more lanes in your direction but no lanes are indicated, you may only use the two lanes that are closest to the right border of the road.
When passing or being passed by you, pedestrians, bikers, or other cars nearby may suffer sudden powerful gusts. Pass only at a safe distance, slow down, and pass safely (3 feet or more for bicyclists).
To learn more about towing trailers, please refer:
https://brainly.com/question/28385787
#SPJ4
when both the inside rearview mirror and the outside rearview mirrors are adjutsed properly, the right blind spot and the smaller blind spot to the left will
while driving a car when both the inside rearview mirror and the outside rearview mirrors are adjutsed properly, the right blind spot and the smaller blind spot to the left will still be there.
Driving safely requires ignoring distractions and keeping one's attention on the road. Drivers who practice defensive driving employ methods for avoiding collisions while concentrating on driving properly. Even a discount for defensive driving can be available to you. a defensive driving technique Keep an eye out for other drivers and prepare for the unexpected. Always be ready to dodge anything insane that other drivers might do. There are low-speed zones set up on some roads. These include places with a lot of foot activity, such school zones and streets with plenty of close-by crossings. Driving faster than the posted speed limit puts you and other people in danger.
Learn more about driving here:
https://brainly.com/question/2619161
#SPJ4
________ relationships are characterized by frequent interactions that form between coworkers, friends, and spouses. Group of answer choices Balanced Strong-tie Weak-tie Moderate-tie Lateral-tie
Answer:
Strong tie
Explanation:
In the organization, a strong tie is needed to maintain the flow of information. It creates a strong information network between the coworkers of the company. This is why the strong tie is characterized by frequent interactions that are formed between coworkers, friends, and spouses.
Hope this helps
Men as husbands and fathers are expected to provide food and shelter for their families. This is an example of a(n)
Men as husbands and fathers are expected to provide food and shelter for their families.This is an example of gender role.While certain aspects of these gendered norms may be universal across countries, others may differ depending on the culture
A gender role, often referred to as a sex role, is a social position that includes a variety of attitudes and actions that are typically regarded as proper, appropriate, or desired for an individual depending on that person's sex. Generally speaking, gender roles are based on ideas of what it means to be male and female, however there are outliers and variances. While certain aspects of these gendered norms may be universal across countries, others may differ depending on the culture. Additionally, a person's ethnicity or race has an impact on how gender roles (and imagined gender roles) are regarded. The attire a person chooses to wear, the career they pick, the personal connections they engage, and how they behave in those relationships are all frequently influenced by gender roles.
To learn more about gender role here:
https://brainly.com/question/12225393
#SPJ4
What was a weakness of the national government under the Articles of Confederation?
Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress lacked the authority to regulate commerce, making it unable to protect or standardize trade between foreign nations and the various states.
In plain English, what is confederation?A confederation is an agreement between a number of people or countries that allows for the self-governance of each member while cooperating towards shared goals. The South during the American Civil War was arguably the most well-known confederation.
What does federation government entail?An alliance of sovereign states constitutes the confederal system of government. The independent states grant authority to the federal government. The representatives of each state, whose representatives gather to discuss the needs of the group, hold the power.
To know more about Confederation visit:
https://brainly.com/question/11649223
#SPJ4
Homer, Lisa, and Moe are asked to remember pairs of words. Homer tries to accomplish this task by rehearsing the words over and over again. Lisa decides to create a narrative combining the words. Finally, Moe decides to imagine the objects interacting in some way. Who is likely to have the WORST memory for the words?
a.Homer
b.They will remember them equally well.
c.Moe
d.Lisa
Option C is the correct answer here that is Moe likely to have the WORST memory for the words as he decides to imagine the objects interacting in some way.
What is the trick to memorize?Repetition helps embed new statistics into your mind. Repeat it greater later, either aloud or directly, to assist it stick in your mind. Focus on a few of the person's unique features that will help you keep in mind them.
Is memorization a skill?The Cambridge dictionary defines it as “the act or technique of getting to know some thing so that you will bear in mind it exactly.” And, in actual life, memorizing represents an essential life skill. As we get older, so do our brains.
Learn more about memorization here:
https://brainly.com/question/9134427#SPJ4Why is military communication important?
The importance of communication is at a higher degree in the military, because there have been instances to stay updated with the latest movements from time to time.
Communication has become an integral part of the military operations ever since the inception of different suitable modes of communication have evolved. Moreover, communication in the military is important for the primary reason that has already been mentioned in the above part of the answer. Furthermore, the communication also maintains the human connectivity intact.
Learn more about communication here:
https://brainly.com/question/22558440
#SPJ4