Entropy of water can decrease when it freezes without violating the second law of thermodynamics because there is increase in the entropy of the surroundings.
How can water's entropy decrease when it freezes?The reason that the freezing water does not violate the second law of thermodynamics is because even though the system becomes more ordered and has low entropy, energy that is released to the surroundings makes molecules move faster, which ultimately leads to an entropy increase of the surroundings.
The process of liquid -> solid is exothermic. This implies that heat released in the process causes an increase in the entropy of the surroundings. Therefore, if surroundings are included, then ΔSFreeze+ΔSSurroundings>0, which is in accordance with the second law.
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What is the first element to have a different number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus?.
Hydrogen is the first element to have a different number of proton and neutron in the nucleus
Hydrogen is a chemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1 classified as nonmetal hydrogen is gas at room temprature and hydrogen a gaseous material that is colorless odorless and tasteless and flammable and is the most basic chemical element and a proton with one unit of positive electrical charge and an electron with one unit of negative electrical charge make up the hydrogen atom nucleus
Hydrogen makes up around 0.14 percent of the weight of the earth crust and despite being the most common element in the universe and three times as abundant as helium and the next most frequent element and the water in ocean, ice cap and river as well as lakes and atmosphere all contain significant amount of it and for most common isotope of hydrogen each atom has one proton and in electron and no neutron
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Students created the electromagnet you see here on the left. Mary's group had some bar magnets on the lab bench and brought one close to the electromagnet. Based on the illustration you see here, determine which statement is not correct. ( DO NOT GIVE ME A PATHETIC ANSWER)
Answer:
bro Ur in my school lol
Explanation:
Answer:
Explanation:
There will be no attractive or repulsive force between the two types of magnets. its A i took this quiz and got it correct. ^^
When performing today’s experiment you leave the lid off your setup for the calibration. You remember that you left it off and decide to add it when determining the heat lost by the metal. When performing your calculations, you determine that your heat capacity values are off. Would your values be too high or too low?.
Due of the heat loss, the heat capacity values discovered will be too low.
The values for a substance's heat capacity are the amount of heat needed to increase a substance's unit mass by one degree Celsius is referred to as its heat capacity. The calorimetry method is employed to ascertain a substance's heat capacity. It is assumed that no heat is wasted during the procedure when using the calorimetry method. According to the principle, the amount of heat gained and lost is equal.
Therefore, the heat capacity value will be lower than the actual values if heat is lost from the calorimeter when estimating the heat capacity of a substance.
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the van der waals equation of state (equation 5.3-7) is to be used to estimate the specific molar volume (l/mol) of air at specified values of (k) and (atm). the van der waals constants for air are and . show why the van der waals equation is classified as a cubic equation of state by expressing it in the form
The Van der Waals equation is a cubic in the molar volume. Since this is the first equation of state studied.
The Van der Waals equation is a cubic in the molar volume. Since this is the first equation of state studied in chemistry and physics more complicated than the ideal gas equation, it is noteworthy that the solution of this cubic is rarely if ever addressed.
Van der Waals' equation says that the volume of a real gasoline is the quantity that would be occupied via non-interacting point masses, V ideal fuel, plus the powerful extent of the gasoline molecules themselves.
The precise gasoline equation is equally legitimate for any gasoline, whereas the van der Waals equation carries a couple of constants (a and b) that trade from fuel to gas. the perfect gasoline equation predicts that a plot of PV versus P for a gasoline could be a horizontal line due to the fact PV ought to be a steady.
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How many electrons in an atom can have the following quantum numbers? n = 5, ℓ = 2, mℓ = -2, ms = +½.
The possibility of the presence of maximum number of electrons in an atom with the quantum numbers n = 5, ℓ = 2, mℓ = -2, ms = +½. is 8.
Generally, n is called principal quantum number and it indicates the energy levels or energy shells in an atom.
While m represent the magnetic quantum numbers and it shows the total number of electron which share these quantum numbers.
When n = 5 for an electron, then the value of l can be l = {0; 1 ; 2 ; 3; 4} and the values of magnetic quantum numbers lie between -l and + l.
When m1 = 1 then l can be {1 ; 2 ; 3; 4} and similarly, the spin quantum number can have values between m(s) = { +1/2, -1/2}
To put it simply, electrons with opposite spin share only one orbital and thus there will be total 8 electrons.
n = 5, l = 1, m1 = 1 and ms = ± 1/2
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Compare and contrast metallic and ionic bonds, including the element groups they are made of, the behavior of electrons, and their typical properties.
The metallic bonds and the ionic bonds do involve charged species while the covalent bonds do not involve charged species.
What are metallic bonds?The term bond has to do with the interactions that holds two atoms together. There are different kinds of bonds that we have in chemistry and these include;
Ionic bondMetallic bondCovalent bondThe ionic bond involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another usually from a metal to a non metal. This results in the formation of ions. In the metallic bond, there is a sea of electrons that lies over metallic ions. In the case of the metallic bonds and the ionic bonds, there are charged species that are present in the system.
For the covalent bonds, there is a sharing of electrons in the bond and then many of the compounds that have the covalent bonds are fond to be nonpolar.
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which isoelectronic series is correctly arranged in order of increasing radius? question 12 options: a) ca2 < ar < k < cl- b) ca2 < k < ar < cl- c) ca2 < k < cl- < ar d) k < ca2 < ar < cl- e) cl- < ar < k < ca2
b) Ca2 < K < Ar < Cl-
In Isoelectric series ions group contains the same number of electrons.
Here, the ionic radius of Ca2 is 100pm, K is 138pm, Ar is 181pm and Cl- is 184pm.
In option a, Ar has higher ionic radius than k which is incorrect. In option c, cl- higher ionic radius than Ar which is incorrect too. In option d, K has higher ionic radius than Ca2 which results in incorrect. In option e, Cl- has the highest ionic radius among all, which results in incorrect too.
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BRAINLY to whoever can answer this simply
Based on your knowledge of chemistry, explain what the reactants and the products of the chemical reaction are.
Thank you :)
Answer: Reactants are starting materials and are written on the left-hand side of the equation. Products are the end result of the reaction and are written on the right-hand side of the equation.
Explanation:
Hope this helps!! And you're welcome!
The pH reading of a sample of each substance is given. Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration of the substance. (a) Vinegar: pH = 3.0 (b) Milk: pH= 6.5
The hydrogen ion concentration of the substance in Vinegar is 1.098 and in case of milk it is 1.871
pH is a measure of how acidic or basic water is. The pH scale actually ranges from 0 - 14, with 7 being neutral. pHs that are less than 7 indicate that it is acidic in nature , whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates that it is basic in nature. pH is really a measure of the relative amount of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions present in the water.
The formula to find pH is as follows;
pH = -log[tex][H]^{+}[/tex], In the above given question we need to find out the hydrogen ion concentration so we can rearrange the formula as;
[tex][H]^{+}[/tex] = Antilog pH
In case of Vinegar [tex][H]^{+}[/tex] = Antilog of 3 ⇒ 1.098
In case of Milk [tex][H]^{+}[/tex] = Antilog of 6.5 ⇒ 1.871
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of the following oxides, is the most acidic. question 5 options: a) co2 b) al2o3 c) na2o d) cao e) li2o
Among the following oxides Al2O3 is the most acidic.
An acidic oxide is an oxide that when combined with water gives acid. A basic oxide is an oxide that when combined with water gives off a base. Consider when a substance reacts chemically, both as a base or acid is termed as amphoteric oxide. Neutral Oxide is one that neither has an acidic characteristic nor a basic one.
Acidic oxides are generally those that are electron deficient species or generally those that have the high oxidation number. Considering this Na2O, Li2O, CaO are metallic oxide of s block. These metallic oxides powerful bases, while Al2O3 is metallic oxide of p block which has comparatively more acidic character. Hence, it is the most acidic oxide among all. CO2 is also a strong acid but it is weaker than Al2O3.
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A lustrous cube is measured by a student using a ruler:
w=2.05±0.05 cm
1=2.10 ± 0.05 cm
h=2.15±0.05 cm
The mass found using a digital lab scale:
m= 22.304±0.001 g
Is it possible that the cube is made from aluminum (d>aluminum=2.70 g/cm³) assuming that no human errors have been made?
Please help
Yes, it is possible that the cube is made out of aluminum.
It is known to us that the density of aluminum is 2.7 g/cm³. The weight of the cube is 22.304 g and the dimensions of the cube are 2.05 cm x 2.10 cm x 2.15 cm. The volume of the cube is computed by,
Volume of cube = a³
a³ = (2.1)³
= 4.428 cm³.
If you divide the weight of the cube by the volume of the cube, we get
Density = 22.304/4.428
= 5.04 g/cm³.
This is close to the density of aluminum, so it is possible that the cube is made out of aluminum. If the student had made errors in their measurements, it is possible that the cube is made out of another material.
But if there were no errors in the making of the cube, there is a high possibility that the cube is made out of aluminum. As aluminum is in fact a lustrous metal and is light in weight.
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what product(s) would you expect from dehydration of the following alcohols with pocl3 in pyridine? indicate the major product in each case.
The product(s) formed from dehydration of the following alcohols with pocl3 in pyridine is 2-Methylpent-2-ene.
The dehydration word is composed of two words, de- means remove and hydration means water. The dehydration reaction is defined as the removal of water molecules from the substrate molecule.
We are told to find the product that would be expected POCl3 in pyridine.
The major product obtained in the above reaction is identified by considering the Saytzeff rule according to which the more substituted alkene is the major product due to its greater stability.
Therefore, on dehydration of 2-Methylpentan-3-ol gives 2-Methylpent-2-ene as the major product and 2-Methylpent-3-ene as the minor product.
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WHo is heisenberg I cant figure it out and my friends say im super unsmart for not knowing this
Which phase describes an oxidizing agent?
1. A substance that gains an electron in a reaction
2. A substance that provides oxygen in a reaction
3. A substance that provides electrons to other substances
4. A substance that reacts with oxygen
4. How much heat is required to raise the
temperature of 250.0 g of mercury by 52°C?
The heat is required to raise the temperature of 250.0 g of mercury by 52 °C is 1820 J.
given that :
mass = 250 g
ΔT = 52 °C
specific heat capacity of mercury = 0.14 J/g °C
the specific heat capacity expression is given as:
Q = mc ΔT
where,
Q = heat
m = mass = 250 g
ΔT = change in temperature = 52 °C
putting the values in the formula, we get :
Q = mc ΔT
Q = 250 × 0.14 × 52
Q = 1820 J
Thus, The heat is required to raise the temperature of 250.0 g of mercury by 52 °C is 1820 J.
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1. What is TRUE about hair samples from a human body?
Hair morphology stays the same as an individual gets older.
O
Every hair taken from the same scalp has matching physical characteristics.
O
Physical properties can be used to most accurately individualize hair.
Hair samples can be different even when taken from the same person.
Hair samples can be different even when taken from the same person
is true about the human body.
What is Hair samples?
A collection of hair strands known as a hair sample is most frequently taken from a person's head. Hair from the past year is typically present in hair samples. Despite the fact that hair growth varies, 5 inches of hair are typically added in 12 months.
What is physical properties of hair?
Elasticity, stiffness, cross-sectional area, form, density, and static charge are some of these characteristics. These attributes, along with hair's resistance to water and stretching, all affect how it looks on a daily basis.
Hence Hair samples can be different is a correct answer.
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Which area of science is considered the central science?
Answer:
Chemistry
Explanation:
Chemistry is often called the central science because of its role in connecting the physical sciences, which include chemistry, with the life sciences and applied sciences such as medicine and engineering. The nature of this relationship is one of the main topics in the philosophy of chemistry and in scientometrics.
which of the following atom has the smallest atomic radius? (hint: first locate the positions of these elements in the periodic table) oxygen (o) sulfur (s) selenium (se) tellurium (te) polonium (po)
Of the following atoms (oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium), oxygen has the smallest atomic radius. In the periodic table, the trend atomic radius is increases down the group.
Atomic radius is one of the periodic properties defined in the periodic table. Atomic radius is the distance to the nucleus that accounts for 95% of the electron load of the density. It can be defined as a function of internuclear distance. This distance varies, depending on whether the atoms are connected by chemical bonds or simply touching without forming a bond.
Atomic radius is a periodic property that increases with period (top to bottom) and decreases with group (left to right). Additional electron shells are added because the atomic radius increases with the number of planes occupied.
The elements when arranged from smallest to largest atomic radius is given as;
Oxygen < Sulfur < Selenium < Tellurium < Polonium
therefore the smallest atomic radius is oxygen.
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Why does the developing chamber need to be prepared before adding the tlc plate?.
The developing chamber needs to be prepared before adding the tlc plate in order to ensure that the plate is placed in the correct position and to prevent contamination.
What is TLC?
Non-volatile mixtures can be separated using the chromatography technique known as thin-layer chromatography (TLC). A sheet of an inert substrate, such as glass, plastic, as well as aluminium foil, is used for thin-layer chromatography. This substrate is coated with a thin layer of an adsorbent material, typically silica gel, aluminium oxide (alumina), as well as cellulose. The stationary phase refers to this adsorbent layer. A solvent as well as solvent mixture (referred to as the mobile phase) has been drawn up the plate by capillary action after the sample has been placed on the plate. Separation is accomplished because various analytes ascend this same TLC plate at various rates.
The developing chamber should be ready before the TLC plates are added, allowing the chamber time to become saturated with the developing solvent and producing quicker, more consistent results.
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the energy from radiation can be used to cause the rupture of chemical bonds. a minimum energy of 495 kj/mol is required to break the oxygen-oxygen bond in o 2. what is the longest wavelength of radiation that possesses the necessary energy to break the bond?
The energy of a photon is quantized, as demonstrated by Planck's formula, which is given by the equation E = h v, where h is the Planck constant, with a value of 6.626 x 10^34 Js, and is the photon's frequency.
The energy of photons is quantized because E = N h v gives the energy of N number of photons.
What is Planck's constant used for?
At the atomic scale, the behavior of particles and waves is described by Planck's constant. One of the factors that led to the development of quantum mechanics is Planck's constant.
Answer is,
One mole of O₂ contains 6.022× 10²³ molecules, hence, the energy required per molecule(per bond) is
E = [tex]\frac{E per mole}{6.022 X 10^(23) molecules/mole}\\[/tex]
substituting, for E per mole as 495 x 10^23,
E =8.219 x 10^-19 J
The longest wavelength of radiation for breaking the bond.
E = [tex]\frac{hc}{lambda}[/tex]
Substituting, h = 6.626 x 10^-34 Js
c =3 x 10^8 ms
E =8.219 x 10^-19 J
wavelength = 241.85 nm
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freshwater is either , , , and other. most surface water exists in . is our second largest source of freshwater. explain what makes an aquifer similar to a sponge: most aquifers are found within rock, which has space between its particles allowing water to flow through.
An aquifer is an underground layer of rock saturated with water. Water from rain, meltwater, lakes, streams, and wetlands seeps into the soil and collects in rock crevices, much like water collects in a sponge.
Aquifers are saturated rock bodies in which water can readily move. Aquifers should include rock types such as sandstone, conglomerate, crushed limestone, loose sand and gravel, and be both permeable and porous. Fractured volcanic rocks such as columnar basalt are also good aquifers.
Many aquifers are like reservoirs, storing useful water for humans and aquatic ecosystems. Groundwater can naturally exit the aquifer as springs. When the water table of the aquifer reaches the surface, groundwater is released into rivers and lakes as surface water.
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which of the following does not influence the speed of a chemical reaction? a) concentration of reactants b) nature of reactants c) temperature d) presence of a catalyst e) none of these
All of the options mentioned above influence the speed of a chemical reaction. Only the molecularity of the reaction doesn't influence the rate of the reaction.
What is a Chemical reaction?
A chemical reaction is a procedure that causes one group of chemical substances to change chemically into another. Chemical reactions are typically defined as changes that only affect the positions of electrons in the formation and dissolution of chemical bonds between atoms, with really no alteration to the nuclei. These changes are frequently captured by a chemical equation. The study of chemical reactions involving unstable and radioactive elements, where both electronic as well as nuclear changes may take place, is known as nuclear chemistry.
Reactants or reagents are the substance(s) or substances that are initially utilised in a chemical reaction. Chemical reactions typically involve a chemical change and produce one or even more products, which typically differ from the reactants in some ways.
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What is the mass of 5.6 x 10^22 atoms of sulfur?
The mass of sulfur 5.6 × 10²² atoms of sulfur is 2.975 gram
The Avogadro law states that an equal volume of the gases at the same temprature and pressure contain the same number of molecule
1 mole = 6.022×10²³ atm
Then the molar mass of sulfur = 32g/mol
That means 1 mole of sulfur is composed of 32 g weight which contain = 6.022×10²³
If 1 mole of sulfur = 32 g = 6.022×10²³
The mass of sulfur that is contained in 5.6 × 10²² atoms of sulfur is
x = 5.6 × 10²² × 32 g /6.022×10²³
x = 2.975 gram
Therefore we can conclude that the mass of sulfur that would have precisely 5.6 × 10²² atom of sulfur is 2.975 gram
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H2Se(g) + 4 O2F2(g) SeF6(g) + 2 HF(g) + 4 O2(g)
30. Which of the following is true regarding the reaction represented above?
(A) The oxidation number of O does not change.
(B) The oxidation number of H changes from −1 to +1.
(C) The oxidation number of F changes from +1 to −1.
(D) The oxidation number of Se changes from −2 to +6.
(E) It is a disproportionation reaction for F.
H2Se(g) + 402F2(g) ⇒SeF6(g) + 2HF(g) + 4O2(g) is true regarding following points ;
B. the oxidation number of H changes from -1 to +1 we can see as in H2Se changes to 2F.
C. the oxidation number of F changes from -1 to +1 we can see in O2F2 to
4O2.
D. the oxidation number of Se changes from -2 to +6 as we can see in H2Se to SeF6.
oxidation number also called oxidation state, is the total number of electrons that an atom either gains or loses in order to form a chemical bond with another atom.
disproportionation reaction is the type of reaction when the compound is converted into 2 oxidation states one of higher and one of lower oxidation state.
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to a friend's house in 40 minuter. The two
house in 20 mine tes
11. A roller coaster accelerates from 20 m/s to 80 m/s in 2 seconds as it
goes from the top to the bottom of the hill. The mass of the roller coaster
is 1,000 kg. How much force is the roller coaster generating at the bottom ots
of the hill?
A. 30,000 N
B. 80,000 N
C. 12,5 N
D. 20,000 N
The force that the roller coaster is creating under the top of the hill is A) 30000 N.
It is given that the initial velocity is 20m/s and final velocity is 80m/s and the time is 2s.
The force required to accelerate a mass from 20 m/s to 80 m/s in 2 seconds is given by the equation:
F = (m * (v - u)) / t
where m is the mass of the object, v is the final velocity, u is the initial velocity, and t is the time.
Substituting the values given in the question, we get:
F = (1000 kg x (80 m/s - 20 m/s)) / 2 s
F = 1000 x 30
F = 30,000 N
Hence, the correct option is A) which is 30000N. It is the force generated by the roller coaster at the bottom of the hill.
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if you found a chemical substance that has a low concentration ld50 , what do you expect to see in your test animals when exposing them to the chemical? group of answer choices
When expose to the chemicals, species are highly susceptible to the poison.
What is concentration?
A substance's concentration is the amount of solute present in a given amount of solution. Molarity is the number of moles of solute in one liter of solution and is used to express concentrations.
The LD50 can be calculated for any route of administration, including dermal and oral contact or ingestion of chemicals. A species with a high LD50 has a high tolerance to the poison. A low LD50 indicates that the species is extremely vulnerable to the poison.
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The hydrides of group 5a are nh3 , ph3 , ash3 , and sbh3. Arrange them from highest to lowest boiling point.
The hydrides of group 5a are NH₃ , PH₃ , AsH₃ , and SbH₃, the arrangement of these from highest to lowest boiling point is SbH₃ > NH₃ > AsH₃ > PH₃
The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of any liquid equals the pressure of the gas above it. The boiling point depends on the molecules' intermolecular forces and molecular weight. To arrange the given molecules according to the boiling point, we look at the molecular weight and the intermolecular forces. Due to the high molecular weight SbH₃ shows the highest boiling point. N shows 2nd highest boiling point due to high H-bonding, the least boiling is shown by PH₃.
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Calculate the number of molecules of NO2 in 0.25 mol of NO2 . Please show your work to receive credit.
Calculate the number of molecules of NO2 in 0.25 mol of NO2 . Please show your work to receive credit.
The total number of moles are given by n = 0.25 moles and N=6.022×10²³molecules/mole is the Avogadro number. N is equal to 6.0220 × 10²³ molecules/mole. Therefore, there are 1.51 × 10²³ molecules overall 1.05 × 10²³ molecules.
What is mole ?The International System of Units uses the mole symbol as mol as the unit of material quantity. How many elementary entities of a certain substance are present in an item or sample is determined by the quantity of that material. It is specified that the mole contains precisely 6.022 × 10 ²³ elementary entities.
The term was generally first used by German chemist Wilhelm Ostwald. However, the Latin term moles, which meaning "a mass," is where the word mole ultimately originates, not from German. A comparable term to mole is molecule, it is the diminutive and means "a little mass."
Therefore, there are 1.51 × 10²³ molecules overall 1.05 × 10²³ molecules.
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6. The average kinetic energy of water molecules increases
when
1) H₂O(s) changes to H₂O7 at 0°C
2) H₂O changes to H₂O(s) at 0°C
at 10°C changes to H₂O
at 20°C changes to H₂0
H₂O
3)
4) H₂O
at 20°C
at 10°C
The average kinetic energy of water molecules increases when H₂O at 10°C changes to H₂O 20 °C.
The average kinetic energy of the substance increases when it does not undergo a phase change but the temperature will increases. as water molecule when H₂O at 10°C changes to H₂O 20 °C. when it is heated. When the temperature increases the kinetic energy increases. the average kinetic energy is given as :
K = ( 3/2 ) ( R/ Na) T
where,
K = average kinetic energy
R = gas constant
Na = Avogadro's number
T = temperature
Thus, The average kinetic energy of water molecules increases when H₂O at 10°C changes to H₂O 20 °C.
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Stephen is investigating the rate of the reaction between calcium carbonate and
hydrochloric acid. The equation for the reaction is;
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl → 2 + H2O + CO2
He adds 5.0 g of calcium carbonate to an excess of hydrochloric acid and measures the mass of carbon dioxide given off every 10 seconds. The results of his reaction are shown in the table below.
Time
in seconds Mass of CO2 produced in grams
0 0
10 13
20 18
30 22
40 24
50 25
60 26
70 26
80 26
a) Calculate the mean rate of the reaction after 15 seconds
b) After how many seconds has the reaction finished?
a. The mean rate of reaction after 15 seconds is 1.03 g/second.
b. After 60 seconds, the reaction has gone to completion.
What is the rate of a reaction?The rate of reaction is the rate at which product molecules are formed or the rate at which reactant molecules disappear.
The rate of reaction measures the time it takes for 1 mole of reactant to be converted to the product or the time it takes for one mole of product to be formed from reactants.
Mathematically;
Rate of reaction = amount of reactant converted / time taken rate of reaction = amount of product formed / time takenThe rate of the given reaction is determined as follows:
a. mean rate of reaction after 15 seconds = (13 + 18) / (10 + 20)
mean rate of reaction after 15 seconds = 1.03 g/second
B, the reaction goes to completion when the mass of CO₂ produced remains constant or unchanged.
The mass of CO₂ produced remains constant after 60 seconds.
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