The Waterfall and Agile system development approaches are two contrasting methodologies used in software development. The Waterfall model is a traditional, linear approach where each phase of the development process follows a sequential flow, resembling a waterfall. On the other hand, Agile is an iterative and incremental approach that emphasizes adaptability and collaboration. It focuses on delivering working software in short iterations called sprints, usually lasting from one to four weeks.
The Waterfall and Agile system development approaches are two contrasting methodologies used in software development.
The Waterfall model is a traditional, linear approach where each phase of the development process follows a sequential flow, resembling a waterfall. It consists of distinct phases such as requirements gathering, design, development, testing, and deployment. Each phase is completed before moving on to the next, and changes in requirements are not easily accommodated. The strengths of the Waterfall model include its clear structure, well-defined milestones, and documentation. It works well when requirements are stable, and a comprehensive plan can be created upfront. However, its weaknesses include limited flexibility to accommodate changes, lack of customer involvement until later stages, and potential delays in identifying issues until the testing phase.
On the other hand, Agile is an iterative and incremental approach that emphasizes adaptability and collaboration. It focuses on delivering working software in short iterations called sprints, usually lasting from one to four weeks. Agile teams work closely with customers and stakeholders, encourage regular feedback, and prioritize flexibility and continuous improvement. The strengths of Agile include its ability to respond to changing requirements, customer involvement throughout the development process, and early and frequent delivery of working software. However, Agile can be challenging when dealing with complex projects, and it requires active customer participation and a high level of communication and collaboration within the development team.
In comparison, the Waterfall model's strength lies in its structured approach and comprehensive planning, making it suitable for projects with well-defined requirements. However, its weaknesses become apparent when faced with changing requirements or when customer involvement is crucial. Agile, as a more flexible and adaptive approach, addresses these weaknesses and promotes customer satisfaction and collaboration. However, Agile may not be suitable for projects where requirements are unstable or where there is a lack of clear direction.
Overall, the choice between Waterfall and Agile depends on the specific project requirements, the level of customer involvement desired, the nature of the development team, and the project's overall complexity. Many organizations are transitioning to Agile due to its emphasis on flexibility and customer satisfaction, but the Waterfall model still has its place in certain contexts where stability and predictability are valued.
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The need for a fire protection program need not be emphasized further as it has shown many industries have experienced huge losses due to fire. Fire, if left uncontrolled may give rise to an emergency situation which calls for immediate response firstly to save lives and secondly to prevent damages to property or the environment.
Required: Choose any one local company in the Sultanate and comment on their provision of fire safety measures to its staff, organization and community.
One of the Sultanate's local company named Oman Oil Marketing Company (OOMCO), is providing fire safety measures to its staff, organization, and community.
OOMCO is committed to promoting the well-being of all its stakeholders, including employees, clients, partners, suppliers, contractors, shareholders, and the community at large. It has put in place several policies and programs to ensure the safety and security of all its stakeholders, particularly in case of fire emergencies. OOMCO has established a Fire Protection Program in order to protect its employees, organization and the community in the event of a fire.
OOMCO ensures that all its facilities and assets are well-maintained and inspected on a regular basis to identify and mitigate potential fire hazards. OOMCO's Fire Protection Program is designed to prevent, detect, and respond to fire emergencies. OOMCO has installed fire alarms, smoke detectors, and automatic sprinklers in all its facilities to ensure that any fire outbreak is detected early and extinguished quickly.
OOMCO has also provided fire safety training to its employees to prepare them for fire emergencies. The training program covers various topics, including how to use fire extinguishers, how to evacuate the building, and how to administer first aid in case of injury. OOMCO ensures that its employees are well-prepared to handle any fire emergency, thus reducing the risk of injuries and damages.
In conclusion, OOMCO's provision of fire safety measures to its staff, organization and community is exemplary. By implementing a Fire Protection Program and providing fire safety training to its employees, OOMCO has demonstrated its commitment to the safety and security of all its stakeholders. OOMCO's proactive approach to fire safety is a testament to its dedication to being a responsible corporate citizen. Other companies can learn from OOMCO's example and implement similar fire safety measures to protect their employees, organization, and the community.
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in queuing problems, arrival rates are always described by the poisson probability distribution. a. true b. false
Answer:
b. False
While the Poisson probability distribution is commonly used to model arrival rates in queuing problems, it is not always the case. There are other probability distributions that can be used to model arrival rates, depending on the specific characteristics and assumptions of the queuing system. For example, if arrivals follow a regular pattern or have certain dependencies, other probability distributions like the exponential or deterministic distribution may be more appropriate. So, it is not accurate to say that arrival rates in queuing problems are always described by the Poisson probability distribution.
Explanation:
Which of the following is not usually influenced by learning curve analysis?
Multiple Choice
o Cost-volume-profit analysis.
o Capital budgeting.
o Development of standard product costs.
o Theory of constraints.
o Make-or-buy decisions.
The Theory of Constraints is not usually influenced by learning curve analysis.
Understanding and forecasting the effects of learning and experience on production costs and efficiency are the main goals of learning curve analysis. It aids in establishing the connection between total production and the time or expense necessary to produce each unit.
The Theory of Constraints is not directly related to learning curve analysis despite the fact that it can be used in a variety of business decision making contexts including cost volume profit analysis, capital budgeting, the development of standard product costs and make or buy decisions.
A management philosophy and methodology known as the Theory of Constraints seeks to locate and remove obstacles or bottlenecks in the production process in order to improve system performance as a whole.
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on+july+4,+cullumber's+restaurant+accepts+a+visa+card+for+a+$800+dinner+bill.+visa+charges+a+4%+service+fee.
To calculate the total amount charged by Visa, including the 4% service fee, for the $800 dinner bill,
we can follow these steps:
1. Calculate the service fee charged by Visa:
Service Fee = 4% of $800
Service Fee = 0.04 * $800
Service Fee = $32
2. Determine the total amount charged by Visa:
Total Amount Charged = Dinner bill + Service Fee
Total Amount Charged = $800 + $32
Total Amount Charged = $832
Therefore, Visa would charge a total of $832, which includes the $800 dinner bill and the 4% service fee, for the transaction at Cullumber's Restaurant on July 4th.
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On July 4, Cullumber's Restaurant accepts a Visa card for a $800 dinner bill. Visa charges a 4% service fee?
Which one of the following defines Dual Competition, a key concept of TouchTech?
1 point
a. Most Analog offerings are usually used to do one (or two) things.
b. Due to their nature of being both Analog and Digital, TouchTech offerings face the possibility of competing against both Analog and Digital competitors.
c. Products or services can employ TouchTech by either embracing or distancing themselves from the Digital World.
d. TouchTech strategies need to solve problems that the user faces with existing offerings in order for the strategy to be successful
B) Dual competition is a key concept of Touch Tech. The definition of dual competition that best describes it is that Touch Tech offerings face the possibility of competing against both Analog and Digital competitors.
Therefore, the correct answer is b. Dual competition: Dual competition refers to the competition that occurs between analog and digital products when introducing touch technology into an existing product. The term "dual" refers to the nature of Touch Tech offerings, which are both analog and digital, which makes them vulnerable to competition from both traditional analog and digital competitors. To be effective, Touch Tech strategies must solve issues that users face with existing offerings, and they must also choose whether to embrace or distance themselves from the digital world. Therefore, options a, c, and d are incorrect answers because they do not describe the concept of dual competition, which is the most crucial factor of Touch Tech.
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A large international accountancy firm has recently introduced a four-week mandatory course on work practices
and routines specific to the firm. It is held at a luxury hotel on a Caribbean island and the accommodation cost has
to be borne by the employees. This well-intentioned 'on-boarding initiative' has backfired badly. Explain why, using
the concept of asset specificity.
The backfiring of the on-boarding initiative at the large international accountancy firm can be attributed to the concept of asset specificity. Asset specificity refers to the degree to which an asset or resource is specialized or tailored to a particular use or purpose. In this case, the asset specificity can be seen in the mandatory four-week course on work practices and routines specific to the firm.
The luxury hotel accommodation cost that has to be borne by the employees introduces a high level of asset specificity. The employees are required to invest their time and money in attending the course and staying at the specific luxury hotel on a Caribbean island. This creates a situation where the employees are locked into a specific asset, the luxury hotel, for the duration of the course.
The problem arises when the asset specificity becomes inflexible or unfavorable to the employees. Here are a few reasons why the initiative has backfired:
1. Financial burden: Requiring employees to bear the cost of luxury hotel accommodation can create a financial burden, especially for employees who may not have the means to afford such expenses. This can lead to dissatisfaction and demotivation among the employees.
2. Inflexibility and inconvenience: The requirement to stay at a specific luxury hotel on a Caribbean island for four weeks can be highly inflexible and inconvenient for the employees. It restricts their freedom to choose more affordable or convenient accommodation options that better suit their needs.
3. Lack of alignment with employee preferences: The initiative may not align with the preferences and priorities of all employees. Some employees may value different aspects of on-boarding, such as practical training or mentorship, rather than an expensive luxury hotel stay.
4. Exclusionary effect: The requirement to bear the cost of luxury hotel accommodation may exclude certain employees who cannot afford it. This can create a perception of unfairness and inequality within the organization.
In summary, the asset specificity introduced by the luxury hotel accommodation requirement in the on-boarding initiative has backfired because it imposes financial burdens, inflexibility, inconvenience, and may not align with employee preferences. This highlights the importance of considering the specific needs and preferences of employees when designing such initiatives to ensure their effectiveness and avoid unintended negative consequences.
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Which tool of monetary policy is most likely being described by each of the following statements?
a. It's the major way the Bank of Canada enacts monetary policy:
b. This tool is good for emergency situations that require major, large-scale action:
c. This tool goes through the Bank of Canada's role as lender of last resort:
d. This tool is best for everyday monetary policy:
e. A major disadvantage of this tool is that it requires that banks want to borrow from the Bank of Canada:
f. Even if they aren't interested in buying, selling, or borrowing from the Bank of Canada, changes in this tool may inconvenience bank managers:
After analyzing the questions, the answers are: a. Open-market operations, b. Changing the reserve requirement, c. Target for overnight rate, d. Open-market operations, e. Bank rate and f. Changing the reserve requirement.
The Federal Reserve (Fed) conducts open market operations (OMOs) when it buys and sells securities in the open market. The Fed uses open market operations to control the supply of money on reserve in US banks. The Fed buys Treasury securities to expand the money supply and sells them to decrease it.
The Fed can adjust the federal funds rate through OMOs, which effects other short-term, long-term, and foreign currency rates. This can alter the amount of money and credit available in the economy, as well as certain economic indicators including unemployment, output, and the prices of products and services.
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EFF, EAR, if I get a credit card at 12% interest and I charge
347.00 with daily interest, how many months will it take to pay
off.
It will take approximately 1 month to pay off the $347.00 credit card balance at a 12% interest rate with daily compounding.
To calculate the time it will take to pay off a credit card balance of $347.00 at a 12% annual interest rate, we need to consider the concepts of Effective Annual Rate (EAR) and Equivalent Monthly Rate (EMR).
First, let's calculate the daily interest rate by dividing the annual interest rate by 365 (the number of days in a year): 12% / 365 = 0.0003288 (approximately).
Next, we can calculate the Effective Monthly Rate (EMR) by adding 1 to the daily interest rate and raising it to the power of 30 (the average number of days in a month): (1 + 0.0003288)^30 = 1.0100327 (approximately).
Now, let's calculate the Equivalent Monthly Payment (EMP) by dividing the total balance by the EMR: $347.00 / 1.0100327 = $343.75 (approximately).
To determine the number of months it will take to pay off the balance, we divide the total balance by the Equivalent Monthly Payment: $347.00 / $343.75 = 1.01 months (approximately).
It's important to note that this calculation assumes that no additional charges are made to the credit card during the repayment period and that the monthly payment remains constant. If you make additional charges or change the monthly payment, the time to pay off the balance will be different.
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There are various types of variate.
1. ..................................(1) - described by a word or phrase
2. ............................(2) - described by a number
3. ..............(3) - this is an „in-between" case. Observations are not numbers but they can be ordered (e.g. much improved, improved, same, worse, much worse).
There are various types of variate.
Qualitative variate - described by a word or phrase.
Quantitative variate - described by a number.
Ordinal variate - this is an "in-between" case. Observations are not numbers but they can be ordered (e.g. much improved, improved, same, worse, much worse).
Variables that can only be qualitatively or categorically measured are referred to as qualitative variates. It represents traits or qualities that are expressed through language or expressions. The color of a car (red, blue, or green) or the type of fruit are two examples.
A quantitative variate is one that contains numerical or quantitative data that can be counted or measured. It typically uses numbers to express quantities, amounts, or measurements. Age, weight, height or income are some examples.
Ordinal variate: Between qualitative and quantitative variables, this type of variate is used. The observations can be ranked or ordered based on their relative position even though they are not numerical. There is a natural hierarchy or order to the categories. Survey responses with the choices strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree are examples.
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DeConinck Soup Co. found that its canned nacho cheese sauce was too spicy for Americans in the East and not spicy enough for those in the West and Southwest. Today, DeConinck's plants in Texas and California produce a spicier nacho cheese sauce than what is produced in the other plants. DeConinck's is using __________ segmentation.
Answer:
D: Geographic segmentation
Explanation:
Geographic segmentation is defined as the marketing strategy that primarily aims to target the distinct choice preferences of the customers across a specific region or area. DeConinck Co. is employing this strategy to understand the consumer needs and cater to the different types of demands of their customers residing across the region by producing and marketing products accordingly.
Answer:
applebees is the qorst restruant even tho ive never been there so i cant have an opinion
Explanation:
Which of the following statements is correct regarding accrued revenues and unearned revenues, before adjusting entries have been made?
A. Accrued revenues have not been earned and unearned revenues have been earned.
B. Accrued revenues have been paid and unearned revenues have not.
C. Accrued revenues have not been recorded and unearned revenues have been recorded.
D. Accrued revenues have been recorded and unearned revenues have been recorded.
The correct statement is that accrued revenues have not been recorded and unearned revenues have been recorded. The correct option is C.
Accrued revenues have not yet been recorded in the company's books prior to the creation of adjusting entries. Revenues that have been earned but not yet received or recorded are referred to as accrued revenues. To reflect the amount earned during the accounting period, these revenues are recognized and recorded through adjusting entries.
Unearned revenues on the other hand, was recorded prior to adjusting entries. Unearned revenues, also referred to as deferred revenues, are sums collected up front from clients for goods or services that haven't yet been delivered. Due to the company's obligation to provide the goods or services in the future, these revenues are initially recorded as liabilities. The correct option is C.
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Based on the case study ("Showdown at Cracker Barrel"), please answer the following questions:
1. What is your assessment of Cracker Barrel’s performance over time?
2. Do you agree with Biglari’s critique of the company’s performance?
3. Do you agree with Biglari’s choice of peer companies?
4. Imagine the new CEO hires you as her advisor. What suggestions would you have to improve the performance of the company?
Case Overview: In September 2011, activist investor Sardar Biglari initiated a proxy contest seeking election to the board of restaurant company Cracker Barrel. Although Cracker and Barrel was highly successful from 2002 through 2007, the company had subpar performance during the recession and the years following. Biglari, who owned 10% of Cracker and Barrel, was disappointed with the performance and argued for better financial reporting and demanded strategic changes. Cracker and Barrel fought back. Proxy advisory services, ISS and GL, were split. This case explores issues around hedge fund activism. In particular how activist hedge funds identify targets for activism and how they develop an investment thesis.
What is your assessment of Cracker Barrel’s performance over time?Cracker Barrel’s performance was highly successful from 2002 to 2007, according to the case study. However, following the recession and the years that followed, the company’s performance fell short of expectations.
Do you agree with Biglari’s critique of the company’s performance?Yes, I agree with Biglari’s critique of Cracker Barrel's performance. Sardar Biglari, who owned 10% of Cracker Barrel, was dissatisfied with the company’s performance and proposed better financial reporting and strategic changes. Do you agree with Biglari’s choice of peer companies The investor’s choice of peer companies in the restaurant industry was questionable, according to some people.
Biglari, according to some observers, did not compare Cracker Barrel to similar businesses, and the businesses he suggested were not comparable in terms of business model and size. Imagine the new CEO hires you as her advisor. What suggestions would you have to improve the performance of the company Here are some recommendations for Cracker Barrel, which the new CEO could consider to improve the performance of the company:Improving customer experience: Cracker Barrel must concentrate on enhancing customer experience. It must upgrade its restaurants, expand its menu, and invest in customer service to win back lost clients. Marketing and Promotions: Cracker Barrel must develop more effective marketing and promotion strategies that are appropriate for different demographics to enhance brand recognition and attract new clients.
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Bond A has a coupon rate of 10.18 percent, a yield-to-maturity of 13.73 percent, and a face value of $1,000.00; matures in 8 years; and pays coupons annually with the next coupon expected in 1 year. What
is (X + Y + Z) if X is the present value of any coupon payments expected to be made in 3 years from today, Y is the present value of any coupon payments expected to be made in 6 years from today, and 2 Is
the present value of any coupon payments expected to be made in 9 years from today?
O An amount equal to or greater than $132.24 but less than $150.42
O An amount equal to or greater than $87.18 but less than $132.24
O An amount equal to or greater than $150.42 but less than $178.09
O An amount equal to or greater than $178.09 but less than $229.04
O An amount less than $87.18 or a rate greater than $229.04
The correct answer is not provided among the options given
To calculate the present value of the coupon payments, we need to use the formula for the present value of an annuity:
PV = C * (1 - (1 + r)^(-n)) / r,
where PV is the present value, C is the coupon payment, r is the yield-to-maturity rate, and n is the number of years.
For X, the coupon payment expected to be made in 3 years:
C = $1,000 * 10.18% = $101.80,
r = 13.73%,
n = 3.
Using the formula, we can calculate X:
X = $101.80 * (1 - (1 + 13.73%)^(-3)) / 13.73% = $101.80 * (1 - 0.71738) / 0.1373 = $101.80 * 0.28262 / 0.1373 = $209.64.
For Y, the coupon payment expected to be made in 6 years:
C = $101.80,
r = 13.73%,
n = 6.
Using the formula, we can calculate Y:
Y = $101.80 * (1 - (1 + 13.73%)^(-6)) / 13.73% = $101.80 * (1 - 0.49712) / 0.1373 = $101.80 * 0.50288 / 0.1373 = $373.04.
For Z, the coupon payment expected to be made in 9 years:
C = $101.80,
r = 13.73%,
n = 9.
Using the formula, we can calculate Z:
Z = $101.80 * (1 - (1 + 13.73%)^(-9)) / 13.73% = $101.80 * (1 - 0.29345) / 0.1373 = $101.80 * 0.70655 / 0.1373 = $522.97.
Therefore, X + Y + Z = $209.64 + $373.04 + $522.97 = $1,105.65.
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Where do you think an organization should draw the line if at all when reviewing a prospect's social media accounts?
In recent years, social media has become a prevalent aspect of people's lives. As a result, several organizations use social media to screen potential hires. Organizations should draw a line when reviewing a prospect's social media accounts.
There are various ways that an organization should draw the line if at all when reviewing a prospect's social media accounts. They are;
1. Legality: An organization should not review information on an individual's social media account that could result in illegal discrimination. Information about race, religion, gender, or age should not be used as a basis for employment decisions.
2. Professionalism: An organization should focus on the professional conduct of a prospect on their social media accounts. Therefore, an organization should review posts and behavior that may reflect negatively on the organization or demonstrate a lack of professionalism.
3. Relevance: The organization should consider the relevance of the information it gathers from the social media accounts. If the information gathered is not relevant to the prospect's employment, it should be ignored.
4. Privacy: The organization should be cautious about the personal information they request or gather from the prospect's social media accounts. An organization must not violate the privacy of the prospect.
5. Third-party information: An organization should not accept information from third-party sources about the prospect's social media account. An organization should only use information that is readily available to the public.
6. Protection: An organization should protect itself from claims of unfair hiring practices or discrimination by documenting the process and reasons for making employment decisions.
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Aaron's shoe repair business operates in a perfectly competitive market. The demand for shoe repairs equals Q = 20 - 2P. Aaron faces no fixed costs, but a repair costs Aaron $5 per repair. What price does Aaron charge? What quantity does he serve?
Aaron charges a price of $5 per shoe repair and serves a quantity of 10 shoe repairs.
In a perfectly competitive market, Aaron's shoe repair business is a price taker, meaning it takes the market price as given. Therefore, Aaron will set the price equal to the marginal cost to maximize his profit.
In this case:
Demand function: Q = 20 - 2P
Repair cost per repair: $5
To determine the price that Aaron charges, we equate the marginal cost (MC) to the price (P):
MC = P
Since the repair cost per repair is constant at $5, the marginal cost is also $5. Therefore, Aaron will charge a price of $5.
Next, we substitute the price into the demand function to find the quantity that Aaron serves:
Q = 20 - 2P
Q = 20 - 2(5)
Q = 20 - 10
Q = 10
Therefore, Aaron will serve a quantity of 10 shoe repairs.
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Suppose the bank whose $100 billion of assets have an average duration of four years and whose $90 billion of liabilities have an average duration of six years. Conduct a duration analysis for the bank, and show what will happen to the net worth of the bank if interest rates rise by 2 percentage points. What actions could you take to reduce the bank’s interest rate risk? Do you take to reduce the bank’s interest rate risk?
The given information is as follows: Assets of the bank = $100 billion Average duration of assets = 4 years Liabilities of the bank = $90 billion Average duration of liabilities = 6 years The duration gap for the bank can be calculated as follows: Duration Gap = (Duration of Assets) – (Duration of Liabilities)= 4 – 6= -2 years;
The minus sign indicates that the bank has a negative duration gap. Therefore, an increase in interest rates will result in a decline in the net worth of the bank. The bank will suffer a loss due to a rise in interest rates. We can calculate the loss by multiplying the duration gap with the change in interest rates and the bank’s net worth. Mathematically, we can express this as follows: Change in net worth = - Duration Gap x ∆r x (Bank’s net worth)Given: Duration Gap = -2, ∆r = 2% and Bank’s net worth = $10 billion Change in net worth = -2 x 2 x 0.1 = -0.4 billion = -$400 million ;
The bank will suffer a loss of $400 million due to an increase of 2% in interest rates. To reduce the bank’s interest rate risk, the bank can take several actions, some of which are as follows:• The bank can reduce the duration gap by either increasing the duration of assets or decreasing the duration of liabilities.• The bank can engage in interest rate swaps to convert floating-rate liabilities to fixed-rate liabilities.• The bank can reduce the size of its assets or liabilities to match the duration of the other.
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In 2016, trivago’s field of business could be described as hotel-related online marketing and distribution. The firm provided a two-sided, online meta-search platform that connected travelers seeking hotel accommodations with more than 200 booking sites and 1.3 million hotels. With 1.4 billion visits and 487 million qualified referrals1 in 2016, trivago was the largest hotel meta-search platform in the world. What differentiated trivago’s business model from that of online travel agents (OTAs) was its value proposition as an independent information provider. trivago did not sell hotel rooms. Instead, it organized large amounts of hotel-related information from multiple sources to offer the optimal basis for making a booking decision. Thus, trivago helped users convert their initial interest into a clear, specific booking intention, thereby fulfilling their personal needs.
The following points are to guide a review and discussion of some important concepts.
• Describe trivago’s corporate-level strategy and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the company’s matrix organizational structure. Does the organizational design effectively support the needs of trivago’s corporate-level strategy?
• How does the management innovation activity at trivago facilitate achievement of the company’s corporate objectives? What recommendations would you make to improve either the design or implementation of the company’s management innovation efforts?
• Using a balanced scorecard framework, outline the financial and strategic organizational controls used by trivago to drive management behavior and firm performance. Are the corporate criteria balanced? Are they yielding desired outcomes for the company?
Corporate-level strategy of Trivago Trivago has been a significant player in the field of online hotel search and booking industry, connecting travelers seeking hotel accommodations with more than 200 booking sites and 1.3 million hotels.
With 1.4 billion visits and 487 million qualified referrals in 2016, trivago was the largest hotel meta-search platform in the world. The corporate-level strategy of Trivago is to expand its presence in different markets across the globe and strengthen its core product offerings. It aims to continue growth through innovation, partnerships, acquisitions, and new technologies. The company plans to introduce new and innovative technologies that can improve the user experience of the platform, and strengthen its position in the market.
Advantages and disadvantages of the matrix organizational structureThe matrix organizational structure is a complex system that combines two or more structures to form a new organizational design. Trivago's matrix organizational structure has its own set of advantages and disadvantages
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What technique applies multiple factors to assess project feasibility? Project objectives statement. Adjacency diagram. Statement of requirements. Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Timely (SMART) goals.
The technique that applies multiple factors to assess project feasibility is the Statement of Requirements (SoR).It is important to use the SoR technique to assess project feasibility because it lays out the goals and objectives of the project, as well as the specific requirements necessary to achieve these objectives.
This makes it easier to evaluate whether a project is feasible, given the available resources, time constraints, and other factors that may impact its success.The SoR is typically created early in the project planning process, often before other project planning tools like the Adjacency Diagram or the Project Objectives Statement are developed. It is a critical component of project feasibility analysis, as it provides a detailed understanding of the requirements necessary to achieve the project's goals and objectives.A well-crafted SoR should include SMART goals, which are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Timely. This framework helps ensure that the project's goals and objectives are clearly defined and measurable, which is essential for evaluating feasibility.To create an effective SoR, project teams should work together to define the project's objectives, identify the requirements necessary to achieve these objectives, and evaluate these requirements against the available resources and constraints. This process can be time-consuming and complex, but it is essential to ensure that the project is feasible and that it meets the needs of all stakeholders.For such more question on feasibility
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1.Triple bottom line refers to production, marketing and
innovation performance.
True
False
The view that companies have a moral obligation to do more for
society than maximize shareholder value is ge
The correct answer is False.The triple bottom line does not refer to production, marketing, and innovation performance.
Instead, it is a framework that emphasizes the consideration of three dimensions: social, environmental, and financial impacts. The triple bottom line concept suggests that companies should measure their success not solely based on financial profits (the traditional bottom line), but also by considering their social and environmental performance. It encourages businesses to take into account their impact on people (social), planet (environment), and profits (financial) when making decisions and assessing their overall performance. The triple bottom line approach recognizes the importance of sustainability and responsible business practices.
In conclusion, the triple bottom line does not pertain to production, marketing, and innovation performance. Rather, it is a framework that advocates for businesses to consider their social, environmental, and financial impacts as measures of success. By incorporating these three dimensions, companies can strive for sustainable practices that benefit society, the environment, and their own financial performance.
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What specific challenges face the art form of Musical Theatre when financial issues come intoplay?
a.Why is musical theatre a risky business in terms of finances? What are some of thechallenges that may happen if something bad happens financially for Musical Theatre?
Financial challenges in musical theatre make it a risky business, leading to potential issues such as high production costs, low ticket sales, limited funding, and the inability to recoup investments.
Musical theatre faces specific challenges when financial issues come into play, making it a risky business in terms of finances. One of the main challenges is the high production costs associated with creating a musical.
The expenses include hiring talented performers, musicians, and technical staff, designing intricate sets and costumes, securing rehearsal spaces, and marketing the production. These costs can be substantial and pose a significant financial risk, especially if the production fails to attract enough audiences to cover the expenses.
Another challenge is the dependence on ticket sales for revenue generation. The success of a musical relies heavily on ticket sales, and if a production fails to generate sufficient audience interest, it may result in low ticket sales and financial losses.
Factors such as competition from other productions, changing audience preferences, and economic downturns can all impact ticket sales, making it a volatile aspect of the business.
Musical theatre also faces challenges in securing adequate funding. Securing investment or obtaining grants and sponsorships can be competitive, and without sufficient financial backing, the production quality and marketing efforts may suffer, further impacting ticket sales and revenue generation.
If something financially unfavorable happens in musical theatre, it can lead to various challenges. These may include the inability to recoup investments, resulting in financial losses for investors and stakeholders.
It could also lead to difficulties in paying the production team, performers, and staff, potentially affecting the sustainability of the production and the overall morale of the team.
In summary, the financial challenges in musical theatre, such as high production costs, low ticket sales, limited funding sources, and the inability to recoup investments, contribute to its risky nature and the potential consequences that can arise when financial issues come into play.
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Assessment Methods for the Job of Human Resources Director
to balancing their cost, reliability/validity evidence, applicant reactions, projected utility,and potential disparate impact.
Nairduwel, Inoalot, and Imslo (NII) is a law firm specializing in business law. Among other areas, it deals in equal employment opportunity law, business litiga-tion, and workplace torts. The firm has more than 50 partners and approximately 120 employees. It does business in three states and has law offices in two major metropolitan areas. The firm has no federal contracts.NII plans to expand into two additional states, opening offices in two major metropolitan areas. One of the primary challenges accompanying this ambitious expansion plan is how to staff the new offices. Accordingly, the firm wishes to hire an HR director to oversee employee recruitment, selection, training, performance appraisal, and compensation activities accompanying the business expansion, as well as supervise the HR activities in the existing NII offices. The newly created job description for the HR director is listed in the accompanying exhibit.The firm wishes to design and then use a selection system for assessing candidates that will achieve two objectives: (1) create a valid and useful system that will do a good job of matching candidate KSAOs to job requirements, and (2) be in compliance with all relevant federal and state employment laws.The firm is considering numerous se lection techniques for possible use. For each method listed below, decide whether you would or would not use it in the se lection process and state why.
1. A job knowledge test specifically designed for HR professionals that focuses on a candidate’s general knowledge of HR management
2. A medical examination and drug test at the beginning of the selection process
in order to determine whether candidates can cope with the high level of stress
and frequent travel requirements of the job and to ensure they are drug- free
3. An overt integrity test
4. An online management simulation
5. A structured behavioral interview that would be specially designed for use in
filling only this job
6. An emotional intelligence situational judgment test
7. A general cognitive ability test
8. A vocational interest inventory
9. A personality test
10. A set of interview questions that the firm typically uses for filling any position:
a. Tell me about a problem you solved on a previous job.
b. Do you have any physical impairments that would make it difficult for you
to travel on business.
c. Have you ever been tested for AIDS?
d. Are you currently unemployed, and if so, why?
e. This position requires fresh ideas and energy. Do you think you have those qualities?
f. What is your definition of success?
g. What kind of sports do you like?
h. How well do you work under pressure? Give me some examples.
If you could choose up to three substantive assessments for this position, which
three assessments would you choose and why? Describe in detail issues pertaining
1. Job knowledge test specifically designed for HR professionals: I would use this assessment method in the selection process. As an HR director, having a strong knowledge of HR management is essential for effectively overseeing employee recruitment, selection, training, performance
appraisal, and compensation activities. A job knowledge test can evaluate candidates' understanding of HR principles and their ability to apply them in practical situations. It provides reliable and valid evidence of their competence in the field, ensuring that the selected candidate possesses the necessary KSAOs to meet job requirements.
2. Medical examination and drug test: I would not use this assessment method at the beginning of the selection process. While it is important to ensure candidates can cope with the high level of stress and travel requirements of the job, conducting a medical examination and drug test may raise concerns regarding potential disparate impact and violate employment laws. These tests should be reserved for situations where they are directly related to the job's essential functions and requirements.
3. Overt integrity test: I would not use this assessment method. Overt integrity tests tend to measure attitudes and opinions rather than actual behaviors. They may raise concerns about invading privacy and have potential disparate impact. Alternative methods, such as reference checks and background investigations, can be more reliable and legally defensible in assessing integrity.
4. Online management simulation: I would use this assessment method. A management simulation can provide a realistic and controlled environment to evaluate candidates' decision-making skills, problem-solving abilities, and leadership qualities. It offers a reliable and valid assessment of their competencies in managing various HR-related situations and can predict their performance in similar real-world scenarios.
5. Structured behavioral interview: I would use this assessment method. A structured behavioral interview, specifically designed for this job, can effectively assess candidates' past experiences, behaviors, and competencies relevant to the HR director role. It provides valuable insight into their ability to handle specific situations and demonstrates their fit for the job requirements. By using a standardized set of questions, reliability and validity can be enhanced.
6. Emotional intelligence situational judgment test: I would use this assessment method. Emotional intelligence is crucial for HR professionals, as they need to navigate complex interpersonal dynamics. A situational judgment test that assesses candidates' emotional intelligence can provide valuable information about their ability to understand and manage emotions, communicate effectively, and build relationships. It offers a reliable and valid measure of their potential to succeed in the HR director role.
Among the three chosen assessments, the job knowledge test, online management simulation, and structured behavioral interview provide a comprehensive evaluation of candidates' knowledge, skills, and abilities relevant to the HR director position. These assessments demonstrate reliability and validity evidence, align with the job requirements, and have the potential to minimize disparate impact concerns.
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In every day we use modern usually means up to date with recent developments , economic modernity ,politicians' revolutions, changes in the form of business organizations and ownerships and socialization modernity in the beginning of twentieth century are affected on accounting theory, which means that accounting has grown in response to social and institutional developments, briefly explain the above sentences?
The concept of modernity in economics, politics, changes in business ownership and organization, and socialization influenced the accounting theory of the early 20th century, resulting in the growth of accounting in response to social and institutional developments.
Modernization in accounting theory refers to the development of accounting practices in response to changes in social and institutional frameworks, such as changes in economic, political, and social settings, and technological advancements that affect accounting information systems.Modern accounting is considered a product of modern industrial societies. Accounting can be seen as a product of the interaction between the accounting profession and the broader social and institutional environment in which it operates.
The evolution of accounting theory was heavily influenced by social and institutional factors. The growth of accounting theory has been attributed to the need to adapt accounting practices to changing social and economic settings, including technological advancements, changing business structures, and shifts in political and economic systems.Modern accounting practices, such as double-entry bookkeeping and financial statement preparation, were developed to meet the changing needs of businesses and to address new demands for financial transparency and accountability.
Accounting theory has grown in response to the changing social and institutional frameworks in which it operates, and it continues to evolve as new challenges arise in the business and regulatory environments.
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joseph bought 100 shares of stock at a price of $24 a share. he used his 70% margin account to make the purchase. joseph sold his stock after a year for $20 a share. ignoring margin interest and trading costs, what is joseph's return on investor's equity for this investment?
He sold the stock for $2000 ($20 x 100 shares) and paid back the loan.
His return on investor's equity is -24% ($400 loss / $2400 invested).
How to solveJoseph invested $2400 ($24 x 100 shares) and borrowed $960 ($2400 x 70%).
He sold the stock for $2000 ($20 x 100 shares) and paid back the loan.
His return on investor's equity is -24% ($400 loss / $2400 invested).
The investor's equity refers to the monetary value that the investor has contributed to a company, excluding any borrowed funds or debts used for investment purposes. Joseph put in $2400 and took a loan of $960, resulting in his owner's share of $1440.
The growth or decline of an investor's investment over a specific period of time can be gauged by the return on equity invested. Joseph experienced a negative return of 24% on his investment as it resulted in a loss of $400.
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A late penalty of 10% will apply to new answers. Intro A stock just paid an annual dividend of $2.1. The dividend is expected to grow by 9% per year for the next 4 years. The growth rate of dividends will then fall steadily by 1.5% per year from 9% in year 4 to 3% in year 8 and stay at that level forever The required rate of return is 12%.
Part 1 What is the expected dividend in 8 years?
Part 2 What is the value of the stock in 8 years?
Part 3 What is the value of the stock now?
Part 1: To find the expected dividend in 8 years, we need to calculate the dividend at year 4 and then apply the decreasing growth rate until year 8.
Dividend at year 4:
Dividend at year 4 = Initial dividend * (1 + Growth rate)^4
Dividend at year 4 = $2.1 * (1 + 0.09)^4
Dividend growth rate from year 4 to year 8:
Growth rate from year 4 to year 8 = Initial growth rate - (Decrease in growth rate per year * Number of years)
Growth rate from year 4 to year 8 = 0.09 - (0.015 * 4)
Dividend at year 8:
Dividend at year 8 = Dividend at year 4 * (1 + Growth rate from year 4 to year 8)^4
Dividend at year 8 = [Dividend at year 4] * (1 + [Growth rate from year 4 to year 8])^4
Calculate the values using the given information and round to two decimal places.
Part 2: To find the value of the stock in 8 years, we can use the Gordon growth model. The formula is:
Value of Stock = Dividend in year 8 / (Required rate of return - Growth rate in year 8)
Calculate the value using the dividends obtained in Part 1 and round to two decimal places.
Part 3: To find the value of the stock now, we need to discount the future value of the stock (value in year 8) back to the present using the required rate of return. The formula is:
Value of Stock now = Value of Stock in year 8 / (1 + Required rate of return)^8
Calculate the value using the value obtained in Part 2 and round to two decimal places.
Please provide the initial dividend amount in order to proceed with the calculations.
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Wong Company owns specialized equipment that was purchased in an acquisition of Liu Company. The equipment has a book value of $1,500,000. To perform an impairment test, according to IFRS, Wong must estimate the fair value of the equipment and has developed the following annual cash flow estimates related to the equipment based on internal information for the next 5 years. The equipment is assumed to have no residual value after the 5 years. Assume that the cash flows occur at the end of each year and the appropriate discount rate is 6%.
Year Cash Flow Estimate
1–3 $240,000
4–5 365,000
Required:
To perform an impairment test for the specialized equipment, Wong Company needs to compare the carrying value of the equipment with its recoverable amount, which is the higher of its fair value less costs to sell or its value in use.
First, let's calculate the present value of the estimated cash flows for each year using the discount rate of 6%.
Year 1: Cash Flow = $240,000 / (1 + 0.06)^1 = $226,415.09
Year 2: Cash Flow = $240,000 / (1 + 0.06)^2 = $213,150.66
Year 3: Cash Flow = $240,000 / (1 + 0.06)^3 = $200,981.42
Year 4: Cash Flow = $365,000 / (1 + 0.06)^4 = $295,541.70
Year 5: Cash Flow = $365,000 / (1 + 0.06)^5 = $278,352.67
Next, let's calculate the present value of the cash flows from Year 4 and Year 5 combined:
Present Value = $295,541.70 + $278,352.67 = $573,894.37
The recoverable amount is the higher of the fair value less costs to sell or the value in use. In this case, we need to compare the recoverable amount with the carrying value of the equipment, which is $1,500,000.
Since we don't have information on the fair value less costs to sell, we can only compare the recoverable amount with the carrying value based on value in use.
Value in Use = Present Value of Year 1-3 Cash Flows + Present Value of Year 4-5 Cash Flows
Value in Use = $226,415.09 + $213,150.66 + $200,981.42 + $573,894.37 = $1,214,441.54
Based on the calculations, the carrying value of $1,500,000 is higher than the estimated recoverable amount of $1,214,441.54.
Therefore, Wong Company may need to recognize an impairment loss for the specialized equipment. The amount of the impairment loss would be the difference between the carrying value and the recoverable amount, which is $1,500,000 - $1,214,441.54 = $285,558.46.
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On September 30, 2014, Stalling Inc. issued 2,000 shares of its publicly traded stock as compensation to its employee, Mr. Harry. On the date of issuance, the stock’s fair market value was $40,000. Under the terms of his 2014 compensation contract, Mr. Harry couldn’t dispose of the stock before October 1, 2018, and if he terminated his employment with Stalling before that date, he had to return the stock to the corporation. On October 1, 2018, Mr. Harry, who still worked for Stalling, sold all 2,000 shares for $57,500.
Assume that Mr. Harry made no election with respect to the restricted stock in 2014. How much compensation income does Mr. Harry recognize in 2018 because the restrictions lapsed? How much gain or loss does he recognize on sale of the stock?
Assume that Mr. Harry filed a timely election in 2014 to accelerate income recognition with respect to the 2,000 shares of restricted stock. How much compensation income does Mr. Harry recognize in 2018 because the restrictions lapsed? How much gain or loss does he recognize on sale of the stock?
In 2018, when the restrictions on the stock lapsed, Mr. Harry would recognize compensation income based on the fair market value of the stock on that date. The gain or loss he recognizes on the sale of the stock depends on whether he made an election to accelerate income recognition in 2014.
1. Without Election: If Mr. Harry did not make an election to accelerate income recognition in 2014, he would recognize compensation income in 2018 equal to the fair market value of the stock when the restrictions lapsed. In this case, the compensation income would be $40,000 since that was the fair market value of the stock on October 1, 2018. When Mr. Harry sells the stock for $57,500, he would recognize a capital gain of $17,500 ($57,500 - $40,000) on the sale.
2. With Election: If Mr. Harry filed a timely election in 2014 to accelerate income recognition, he would recognize compensation income in 2018 based on the fair market value of the stock when it was issued, which is $40,000. However, since he has already recognized this income in 2014, he would not recognize any additional compensation income in 2018. When Mr. Harry sells the stock for $57,500, he would recognize a capital gain of $17,500 ($57,500 - $40,000) on the sale.
In summary, if Mr. Harry did not make an election to accelerate income recognition, he would recognize $40,000 as compensation income in 2018 and a capital gain of $17,500 on the sale of the stock. If he made the election, he would not recognize any additional compensation income in 2018, but would still recognize the same $17,500 capital gain on the sale of the stock.
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Choose a commercial airline and after studying its operation, answer the following questions:
1. What operational improvements need to be currently taken to improve competitiveness?
2. Would it be possible to abolish traditional check-in while maintaining only online check-in? What are the comparative operational differences of a mixed check-in operation to an exclusive online check-in?
3. What are the benefits of online check-in in regard to logistics?
1. The operational improvements need to be currently taken to improve competitiveness are: improvements in technology and customer service. 2. Yes, it would be possible to abolish traditional check-in while maintaining only online check-in. 3. The benefits of online check-in in regard to logistics is efficiency and accuracy.
The commercial airline that I have chosen is Southwest Airlines. Southwest Airlines is known for its low-cost flights that aim to make air travel accessible to as many people as possible. Southwest Airlines is one of the most successful airlines in the world, thanks to its operational excellence and strong customer service. The company has developed a strong reputation for punctuality, reliability, and safety. It has a fleet of Boeing 737s that fly to over 100 destinations across the United States.
1. To improve competitiveness, Southwest Airlines needs to take some operational improvements that are as follows:
Improving technology: Southwest Airlines needs to improve its technology by investing in newer and more advanced aircraft, updating its reservation and ticketing systems, and expanding its online services. This will help the company remain competitive in an industry that is becoming increasingly reliant on technology.Improving customer service: Southwest Airlines is known for its excellent customer service, but it can still improve in some areas. For example, the airline could offer more personalized service to its customers by implementing a customer loyalty program, providing more in-flight entertainment options, and improving its baggage handling procedures.2. Yes, it would be possible to abolish traditional check-in while maintaining only online check-in. The operational differences between a mixed check-in operation and an exclusive online check-in are as follows:
Mixed check-in operation: A mixed check-in operation is when an airline offers both traditional check-in and online check-in options. This type of operation can be beneficial for customers who prefer to check-in in person or have special requirements. However, it can be more time-consuming and labor-intensive for the airline, as it requires additional staff to manage the check-in process.Exclusive online check-in: An exclusive online check-in operation is when an airline offers only online check-in options. This type of operation can be more convenient for customers, as it eliminates the need to wait in long lines at the airport. It can also be more cost-effective for the airline, as it requires fewer staff to manage the check-in process. However, it can be less accessible for customers who do not have access to the internet or who are not comfortable using technology.3. Online check-in offers several benefits in terms of logistics, such as:
Efficiency: Online check-in is more efficient than traditional check-in, as it reduces the amount of time customers spend waiting in line at the airport. This can help the airline manage its resources more effectively and reduce operational costs.Accuracy: Online check-in is more accurate than traditional check-in, as it eliminates the risk of errors that can occur when passengers fill out their own boarding passes. This can help the airline ensure that all passengers are properly checked-in and reduce the risk of delays.Customer satisfaction: Online check-in can improve customer satisfaction by making the check-in process more convenient and reducing the amount of time customers spend waiting in line at the airport. This can help the airline build a positive reputation and attract more customers.Learn more about logistics here: https://brainly.com/question/30389546
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The following information is available for DirectMedia Inc. for 2019:
1. Excess of tax depreciation over book depreciation, $80,000. This $80,000 difference will reverse equally over the next 4 years.
2. Deferral, for book purposes, of $25,000 of subscription income received in advance. The subscription income will be earned in 2020.
3. Pretax financial income, $160,000. 4. Tax rate for all years, 20%.
(a) Compute taxable income for 2019.
(b) Prepare the journal entry to record income tax expense, deferred income taxes, and income taxes payable for 2019.
(c) Prepare the journal entry to record income tax expense, deferred income taxes, and income taxes payable for 2020, assuming taxable income of $255,000.
1) Taxable income = $80,000 (2) Income Taxes Payable: Cr. $32,000 (Total tax expense for 2019) (3) Income Taxes Payable: Cr. $35,000 (Total tax expense for 2020)
Taxable income for 2019 can be calculated by adjusting the pretax financial income for the given information.
Taxable income = Pretax financial income - Excess tax depreciation + Deferred subscription income
Taxable income = $160,000 - $80,000 + $0 (since the deferred subscription income will be earned in 2020)
Taxable income = $80,000
The journal entry to record income tax expense, deferred income taxes, and income taxes payable for 2019 would be:
Income Tax Expense: Dr. $16,000 (Taxable income of $80,000 x Tax rate of 20%)
Deferred Income Taxes: Dr. $16,000 (The reversal of excess tax depreciation over the next 4 years)
Income Taxes Payable: Cr. $32,000 (Total tax expense for 2019)
The journal entry to record income tax expense, deferred income taxes, and income taxes payable for 2020, assuming taxable income of $255,000 would be:
Income Tax Expense: Dr. $51,000 (Taxable income of $255,000 x Tax rate of 20%)
Deferred Income Taxes: Cr. $16,000 (The remaining reversal of excess tax depreciation over the next 3 years)
Income Taxes Payable: Cr. $35,000 (Total tax expense for 2020)
In both cases, income tax expense is recorded based on the applicable tax rate, deferred income taxes reflect the reversal of temporary differences, and income taxes payable represents the amount of taxes owed for the respective year.
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Summit Systems will pay a dividend of $1.44 this year. If you expect Summit's dividend to grow by 6.9% per year, what is its price per share if the firm's equity cost of capital is 11.7%?
The price per share of Summit Systems is $30.
What is the price per share of Summit Systems?Price per share refers to the cost that one would pay to own one share in the startup.
To calculate the price per share, we will use the Gordon Growth Model which is given by the formula: Price per Share = Dividend / (Cost of Equity - Dividend Growth Rate)
Given:
Dividend = $1.44
Cost of Equity = 11.7% = 0.117
Dividend Growth Rate = 6.9% = 0.069
Plugging values:
Price per Share = $1.44 / (0.117 - 0.069)
Price per Share = $1.44 / 0.048
Price per Share ≈ $30.
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In 1796, Gottfried Christoph Härtel, a German music publisher, calculated the cost of printing music using an engraved plate technology and used these estimated cost functions to make production decisions. Härtel figured that the fixed cost of printing a musical page—the cost of engraving the plates—was 900 pfennings. The marginal cost of each additional copy of the page is 5 pfennings (Scherer 2001).
a. Graph the total cost, average total cost, average variable cost, and marginal cost functions.
b. Is there a cost advantage to having only one music publisher print a given composition? Why?
c. Härtel used his data to do the following type of analysis. Suppose he expects to sell exactly 300 copies of a composition at 15 pfennings per page of the composition. What is the greatest amount the publisher is willing to pay the composer per page of the composition?
The greatest amount the publisher is willing to pay the composer per page of the composition is 10 pfennings.
How to solve for the costsLet's denote the quantity of copies as Q, and the cost in pfennings as C.
Total Cost (TC):
TC = Fixed Cost (FC) + (Marginal Cost (MC) * Q)
TC = 900 + (5 * Q)
Average Total Cost (ATC):
ATC = TC / Q
ATC = (900 + 5Q) / Q
Average Variable Cost (AVC):
AVC = (MC * Q) / Q
AVC = 5
Marginal Cost (MC):
MC = 5
b. Cost advantage of having one music publisher:
Having only one music publisher print a given composition may provide a cost advantage. This is because the fixed cost of engraving the plates is significant (900 pfennings), which would need to be incurred regardless of the number of copies printed. By having a single publisher, this fixed cost can be shared across a larger quantity of copies, reducing the average fixed cost per copy. However, if multiple publishers print the composition, the fixed cost would need to be distributed among fewer copies, potentially leading to higher average fixed costs per copy.
c. Calculation of the maximum amount the publisher is willing to pay the composer:
To calculate the greatest amount the publisher is willing to pay the composer per page of the composition, we need to determine the maximum acceptable variable cost per page.
Given:
Expected quantity of copies (Q) = 300
Price per page (P) = 15 pfennings
Total Revenue (TR) = P * Q = 15 * 300 = 4500 pfennings
Total Variable Cost (TVC) = MC * Q = 5 * 300 = 1500 pfennings
Total Fixed Cost (TFC) = FC = 900 pfennings
Total Cost (TC) = TVC + TFC = 1500 + 900 = 2400 pfennings
Profit (π) = TR - TC = 4500 - 2400 = 2100 pfennings
To maximize profit, the variable cost per page (VC) should be minimized. Since AVC is constant at 5 pfennings, the publisher's maximum acceptable variable cost per page (VC) would be:
VC = P - AVC = 15 - 5 = 10 pfennings
Therefore, the greatest amount the publisher is willing to pay the composer per page of the composition is 10 pfennings.
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