Answer: A reading frame shift mutation involves the insertion or deletion of a certain number of nucleotides that is not divisible by three, because the cell reads a gene in groups of three bases (a codon). This type of mutation can change the reading frame causing a different translation from the original, because it will code for different amino acids.
Explanation:
DNA is the double-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides which are the functional unit of nucleic acids and are composed of a base (which can be Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil replacing Thymine in RNA), a phosphate group and a sugar which can be ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA. The reading frame is one of the possible ways in which a sequence of DNA or RNA nucleotides can be divided to form a group of codons that are consecutive and non-overlapping. A codon consists of a set of three nucleotides and each codon codes for an amino acid during translation or protein synthesis. When DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA), this mRNA is read on ribosomes during translation and the three bases of each codon will code for an amino acid.
A single-stranded nucleic acid (RNA) molecule has a phosphate end, called the 5' end (read five prime end) and a hydroxyl end, called the 3' end. These ends define the 5'-3' direction. There are three possible reading frames in which a nucleotide sequence can be read in the 5'-3' direction. Each of these reading frames could start at a different nucleotide of the same codon. In a double-stranded nucleic acid (DNA), there are also three additional reading frames corresponding to the complementary strand, but in an antiparallel direction. Since the two strands of a double-stranded nucleic acid are antiparallel, the 5'-3' direction of the second strand corresponds to the 3'-5' direction of the first strand.
Generally, there is at most, a single biologically relevant reading frame for a given section of a nucleic acid, and that reading begins when a start codon indicating the initiation of protein synthesis is found in the messenger RNA. And the process stops when a stop codon is reached.
An insertion is a type of mutation that involves the addition of genetic material. It can be small and involve a single DNA base pair, or large and involve a fragment of a chromosome. A deletion is a type of genetic mutation in which genetic material is lost, from a single DNA nucleotide pair to an entire chromosome fragment. A reading frame shift mutation involves the insertion or deletion of a certain number of nucleotides that is not divisible by three, because the cell reads a gene in groups of three bases, as it was explained before. This type of mutation can change the reading frame causing a different translation from the original.
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Each trait a person has, such as eye or hair color, is ultimately the result of a single allele in DNA.
True
False
Answer:fałsz
Explanation:
Answer:
False
Explanation:
I just took the test
Scientists have discovered a new marine bacterial species called Vibrio nuigii. They have isolated ten strains of this bacterium and determined their whole genome sequences. Only one of the strains (which the scientists named Vir1) is virulent and causes disease in oysters. Describe three ways in which the scientists could use their knowledge of the bacterial genome sequences to identify the genes responsible for virulence.
Answer:
1-by transfecting small interfering RNAs against target genes of interest
2-by using comparative genomics strategies in order to infer functional relationships among target genes of interest and homologous genes responsible for virulence in other bacteria (e.g., antibiotic resistance genes)
3- by inducing mutations through site-directed mutagenesis in order to study gene function (i.e., by examining the effects of knockout mutations)
Explanation:
Whole-genome sequencing (WGS), also known as complete genome sequencing, refers to Next Generation Sequencing technologies that allow the obtention of the entire genetic sequence of an organism/cell, which can be used as a reference genome to understand gene function, evolutionary relationships, etc. The information provided by WGS technologies allows making many different types of genetic analyses in order to understand gene function. First, the nucleotide reference sequence can be used to design complementary small interfering RNAs that trigger degradation of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) by the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, thereby inhibiting gene function (in this case, inhibiting genes associated with virulence in the bacterial strain). Second, a reference genome is required to perform bioinformatic data analyses in order to identify homologous genes associated with virulence in evolutionarily related bacteria, allowing identify, for example, antibiotic resistance genes or sequence polymorphisms (e.g., single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) associated with gene function. Third, the information provided by a reference genome can also be used to trigger site-directed mutagenesis (for example, by using the highly precise CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology) in order to knock out specific genes of interest and thus analyze if the bacterial strain is still infectious.
Is this the right answer?
Answer:
Yes!
Explanation:
The sperm does ferbilaise the egg. So its Mendel and Gene
Which paint should be used on the absorber plate if it is designed to absorb the greatest possible amount of insolation? *
Light penetrates the clear water of the open ocean more deeply than it does lake
water. Phytoplankton is found deeper in the open ocean than in freshwater lakes.
What does this observation best indicate?
A Phytoplankton provides nutrients to consumers in the ecosystem.
B Phytoplankton reduces the light available to organisms at lower depths.
C Phytoplankton populations are limited by their ability to photosynthesize.
D Phytoplankton population growth is limited by the presence of marine salts.
The given observation best indicates that the phytoplankton provides nutrients to consumers in the ecosystem.
What do you mean by Ecosystem?An ecosystem may be defined as a place or an area where organisms of different species are present together and interact with one another for their need.
Phytoplanktons belong to lower trophic levels in the aquatic ecosystem. The organisms of higher trophic levels depend on it for the need of energy.
Therefore, the given observation best indicates that the phytoplankton provides nutrients to consumers in the ecosystem.
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When O2 binds to heme in hemoglobin, the ion is drawn into the plane of the porphyrin causing a conformational change that is transmitted to adjacent subunits enhancing the for additional O2 binding. Group of answer choices Fe2 ; affinity Mg2 ; folding Mg2 ; planarity Fe3 ; affinity
Answer: Fe2 ; affinity
Explanation:
Hemoglobin is the specialised protein which are present in red blood cells which gives it the ability to carry oxygen to the tissues and return carbondioxide from the tissues to the lungs.
The hemoglobin is made up of
--> a heme group: this consists of a ferrous iron ( Fe2) and a surrounding porphyrin ring.
--> globin.
As the haemoglobin molecule loads and unloads oxygen (O2) the individual globin chains in the hemoglobin molecule move on each other. When oxygen is unloaded the beta chains are pulled apart, permitting entry of the metabolite 2,3-diphosphoglycerate resulting in a lower affinity of the molecule for oxygen and higher affinity for carbondioxide.
Also, when the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the blood is high, the beta chains move close together, O2 binds to heme in hemoglobin, the ion Fe2 is drawn into the plane of the porphyrin causing a conformational change that is transmitted to adjacent subunits enhancing the AFFINITY for additional O2 binding.
para realizar un Proyecto debemos primero buscar la necesidad. ¿Por qué?
Answer:
necesitamos conocer cuales son los motivos que impulsan la fabricación/obtención del producto y/o servicio
Explanation:
Un proyecto se considera un esfuerzo temporario asociado a un conjunto de actividades las cuales son planificadas de antemano a fin de producir un determinado producto y/o servicio. Por ejemplo, en el área de biología molecular y biotecnología, un proyecto podría consistir en la planificación de las actividades necesarias para sintetizar una hormona en particular (insulina) utilizando plantas como biorreactores. Las etapas o fases por las cuales debe transitar cualquier proyecto de índole tecnológico son: 1-planteamiento de un problema: cual es la necesidad que impulsa el desarrollo del bien y/o servicio; 2-búsqueda de información relacionada al proyecto: en el ejemplo citado, cual es la especie de planta más factible de ser utilizada como biorreactor para producir insulina, cuales son los materiales requeridos para llevar a cabo este proceso, etc; 3-diseño y planificación del proyecto: cuales son los plazos estipulados para la puesta a punto del proyecto, cómo obtener los recursos necesario para llevar a cabo estas actividades, evaluación de los riesgos a los que se enfrenta el producto/servicio, etc; 4-construcción del proyecto: consiste en llevar a cabo las actividades delimitadas en el paso anterior, y 5-evaluación y divulgación: consiste en la obtención final del producto y/o servicio, como así también de las medidas de publicidad (divulgación) que tienen como objetivo crear un nicho de mercado para el producto/servicio.
Which of the following best describes what scientists consider when they study ecology? A. the interactions of organisms with their environment B. the interactions of organisms with weather and climate C. the interactions of organisms to reproduce and produce offspring D. the interactions of organisms with one another and the environment
Answer: A
Explanation:
I’m smart duhh
Answer: A
Explanation: It is resonable
he conversion process where nitrogen gas combines with hydrogen to form ammonium ions, which is accomplished through the intense energy of lightening, or when air in the top layer of soil comes into contact with certain bacteria, is known as
Answer: The conversation process where nitrogen gas combines with hydrogen to form ammonium ions is known as THE ACTION OF THUNDERSTORMS while when air in the top layer of soil comes into contact with certain bacteria, nitrogen in the air is converted by NITROGEN- FIXING MICROORGANISMS.
Explanation:
About 79% of air is composed of gaseous nitrogen. However, only a few microorganism can make use of this nitrogen. The important sources of nitrogen for plants and most living organisms are the inorganic nitrogenous compounds in soil. In nature, nitrogen is constantly being removed from the soil and returned to it through the NITROGEN CYCLE
Conversation of gaseous Nitrogen into nitrogenous substances such as ammonium and amino-compouds are carried out by:
--> The action of thunderstorms, and
--> NITROGEN- fixing microorganisms.
During thunderstorms, Nitrogen reacts with oxygen to form nitric oxide. The nitric oxide is oxidizes to Nitrogen peroxide which dissolves in rainwater to form nitric and nitrous acid. When these acids enter the soil, they combine with mineral salts to form nitrates. The nitrates then, dissolve in soil water and are absorbed by the plants. These nitrates are converted into plant proteins and become part of the plant body.
Some microorganisms such as the Nitrogen fixing microorganisms are able to absorb nitrogen from the atmosphere and change it into amino-compouds and proteins. Examples of such microorganisms include:
--> the free living bacteria: these include the azotobacter and clostridium
--> the symbiotic bacteria: the rhizobium which is found in the root nodules of leguminous plants
Where does most ocean pollution come from
Answer:
most ocean pollution comes from plastic waste and garbage flood
Answer:
Ocean pollution is caused by the introduction of toxic materials and harmful pollutants such as agricultural and industrial waste, chemicals, oil spills, and plastic litter into the ocean waters.
Various strains of bacteria are able to transfer genes to eukaryotic hosts. This process of horizontal gene transfer often results in the formation of enzymes in the host organism that assist in metabolic pathways. What is the most likely explanation for why bacterial genes are able to successfully transfer genes that produce enzymes in eukaryotic cells?
Answer:
Due to conjugation.
Explanation:
Bacterial genes are able to successfully transfer genes that produce enzymes in eukaryotic cells because of conjugation process. Conjugation is a process by which one bacterium transfers its genetic material or genes to another bacterium or cell through direct contact with it. During conjugation, the bacterial cells serves as the donor of the genetic material, and the eukaryotic cell serves as the recipient that receives the genes.
Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer. Words may be used more than once.
1. Excess numbers of these cells cause leukocytosis
2. These formed elements number 4,800 to 10,800 cells/mm3 of blood
3. Granulocytes and agranulocytes are classified as types of these cells
4. Excess of these cells cause polycythemia
5. Type of cell produced in response to erythropoietin
6. Cell fragments that form from the rupture of a megakaryocyte
7. Immature form of this cell is called a reticulocyte
8. Type of cell that is shaped like a biconcave disc
9. Type of cell that averages 5 million cells/mm3 of blood
10. Type of cell fragment involved in hemostasis
Answer:
The correct answer is -
1. Leukocyte is the cell that is present in excessive numbers of these cells cause leukocytosis
2. Leukocyte are normally formed elements number in the range of 4,800 to 10,800 cells/mm3 of blood
3. Granulocytes and agranulocytes are classified as types of Leukocyte cells that plays role in immunity
4. Erythrocyte cause polycythemia if present in excess
5. Erythrocyte is a type of cell produced in response to erythropoietin
6. Platelets are responsible for forming from the rupture of a megakaryocyte
7. reticulocyte Immature form of Erythrocyte
8. Erythrocyte is shaped like a biconcave disc
9. Erythrocyte averages 5 million cells/mm3 of blood
10. Platelet involved in hemostasis
For a majority of humans, one part of the ___ cortex is larger on the ___side of the brain than on the oppposite side.
You wouldn't be able to shower without this element!
Answer:
h²o or water
Explanation:
it says I need to have 25 or more characters so this is just my fill in
Hyperglycemia (elevated blood sugar levels), such as would happen in diabetics, can damage the glomeruli.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Hyperglycemia which means high Glucose level in the blood as a result of lack of insulin can damage the glomeruli. This interfere with the function of the glomeruli. Normally glomeruli fiters blood and remove nutrients to form urine but hyperglycemia will affect it's negatively and will make protein to leak from the blood into the urine. This can also lead to glomeruli called glomerulosclerosis.
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A ransom note is left at the scene of a kidnapping. Investigators ask a forensic linguist to look at it. What possible information might the linguist be looking for on the note?
Phrases that are used only in one area of the country
The chemical makeup of the ink used
The color of the ink that was used and where it came from
How much money the suspect is asking for
Answer:
The color of the ink that was used and where it came from
Explanation:
i took the test and im like 87% sure this is right
!!20 POINTS!!
Human use a (an) ____________ circulatory system to remove waste.
A. Open
B. Closed
C. Capillariy
D. Continuous
Answer:
its continuous
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When a substance shifts from one state of matter to another without changing its molecular composition, it undergoes a chemical change.
True
False
Answer:
false
Explanation:
because I have don't get be few job days people and of will am to a on in the next time we come in for our meeting tomorrow morning to get some the information on how we will be working with our current client on our own so I don't am the a to make do I get have job that I am not going the the process best I I'm you me the chain
Answer:
no it's false.
since chemical change require change in chemical composition of a substance
and mostly a new substance is formed during a chemical change .
and here no such thing is observed so it's not a chemical change
True or False; Carbohydrates and Proteins are organic and they contain CHO.
Who is your favorite singer and song.....
mine is Selena Gomez, Justin Bieber , Arianna Grande...
btw I am Indian
Identify how the physical barriers of the immune system protect the body against pathogens. Check all that apply.your nose produces oil to keep pathogens from entering the body through your noseskin contains tightly packed cellsskin is tough, flexible, and waterproofyou cough when a pathogen enters your mouthyou sneeze when a pathogen enters your nose
Answer:
Skin contains tightly packed cells.Skin is tough, flexible, and waterproof.You cough when a pathogen enters your mouth.You sneeze when a pathogen enters your nose.Explanation:
The physical barriers of the immune system prevent infections since they stop or expel any pathogen that enters the body. The skin with its cells tightly packed and characteristics, the endothelia, and mucous membrane, like the one in our nose, are physical barriers. They stop antigens from infecting our body since they can remove them by sneezing, coughing, or shedding.
Answer:
skin contains tightly packed cells
skin is tough, flexible, and waterproof
you cough when a pathogen enters your mouth
you sneeze when a pathogen enters your nose
Explanation:
what is not a function of the respiratory system?
A.
Inhaling and exhaling
B.
Removing carbon dioxide
C.
Providing lungs with nutrients
D.
Intaking oxygen
b
Explanation:
I don't know the explanation
holaaaa Soy nueva en brainly, no mentira solo cambie de usuario
Answer:
¡Hola! ¡Cómo estás! ¿Te gusta el dibujo de mi gato? XD
Explanation:
Que bien. Y brainliest porfavor?! :D
Crabs have paddle-like appendages to help them swim called
———————————————
Answer:
The correct answer is - Swimmerets.
Explanation:
Swimmerets are small paddle-like appendages that are modified pairs of legs near the rare. or attached to the abdomen. These paddle-like appendages are help crabs to swim and also helps in carrying and aerating eggs.
These are present in lobster, and shrimps as well as swimming crabs. These are the modification of the legs of the crabs in order to better swimming and brooding of the eggs.
The diagram shows the human alimentary canal. In which parts does peristalsis take place? plss be sure abt it
Answer:
i think answer is 3 and 4
Explanation:
peristalsis is located at esophagus and in our digestive system
The parts where peristalsis will take place are ; ( C ) parts 3 and 4
Peristalsis is a series of muscle contraction occurring in the digestive system of Humans also these series of muscle contraction can be seen in tubes connecting the human kidney and bladder as well.
From the diagram parts 3 ( esophagus )and 4 ( intestines ) are part of the human digestive system and peristalsis is very evident in these regions in the human body.
Hence we can conclude that The parts where peristalsis will take place are 3 and 4
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g In transcription, the 3'-hydroxyl group of the growing RNA strand: Group of answer choices NONE OF THESE binds to the 5' ribose. attacks the outermost phosphorous group of the incoming nucleotide. ALL OF THESE attacks the 5' hydrogen of the incoming nucleotide. interacts with a positively charged metal ion in the active site.
Answer:
attacks the outermost phosphorous group of the incoming nucleotide.
Explanation:
Transcription is the biological process where RNA is formed. As you may already know, RNA is an extremely important nucleic acid for genetic processes and the production of proteins. The transcription has three steps that are called start, elongation and end. In the elongation phase, the RNA strand is growing, at this time, RNA polymerase, which is the enzyme responsible for RNA elaboration, places the nucleotides, in the RNA strand, in the 5' - 3' direction. This enzyme causes the hydroxyl, which makes up the nucleotide at the 3' end of the forming RNA, to attack the phosphorus present in the incoming ribonucleotide.
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A company recently tested the effectiveness of three new insecticides. The company wanted to determine which insecticide they should use to kill multiple pest species of ants. The data table below shows the results from the company's experiment.
Insecticide Fire Ants Killed Sugar Ants Killed Carpenter Ants Killed
X 74% 94% 62%
Y 32% 12% 18%
Z 45% 67% 31%
Based on the results of the experiment, the company concluded that insecticide X would be the best one to use. Upon which of the following lines of evidence did the company base its conclusion?
A.
Insecticide X was more effective against sugar ants than against carpenter ants or fire ants.
B.
Insecticide X killed a greater percentage of two out of the three species than did insecticides Y and Z.
C.
Insecticide X killed a greater percentage of all three species than did insecticides Y and Z.
D.
Insecticide X was more effective against carpenter ants than against sugar ants or fire ants.
Answer:
C.
Explanation:
i just did this question 5 minutes ago.
A company recently tested the effectiveness of three new insecticides, and based on the results of the experiment, the company concluded that insecticide X would be the best one to use because it killed a greater percentage of all three species than did insecticides Y and Z, which are in option C.
What is the insecticide?The insecticide is given for the destruction or killing of the insects, and the intensity of the insecticides varies depending on the insects and their poison. There are three insecticides: X, Y, and Z, and X kills a higher percentage of all ants than the other two, so it is preferred.
Hence, A company recently tested the effectiveness of three new insecticides, and based on the results of the experiment, the company concluded that insecticide X would be the best one to use because it killed a greater percentage of all three species than did insecticides Y and Z, which are in option C.
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Envy plant yellow seed color is dominant in greeting color is recessive what will the generations look like assume that Mandel's method of Crossing reading parents with opposite traits is followed check all that apply
Options please! Otherwise how are we supposed to help you, sorry.
Oxygen is also called a life supporting gas?why
Explanation:
Oxygen is also called a life supporting gas because oxygen is required in the process of cellular respiration.
In mutualism, both organisms participating benefit from the relationship.
True or False?
Answer:
true
Explanation: