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Option A is correct  Phylogenetic trees could be considered physical representations of hypotheses―those that seek to establish the evolutionary relationships between different organisms.

A branching diagram or tree illustrating the evolutionary relationships among distinct biological species or other entities based on similarities and differences in their physical or genetic traits is known as a phylogenetic tree (sometimes referred to as an evolutionary tree or phylogeny). A phylogenetic tree depicts the relationship between several creatures by tracing the course of evolution from a shared ancestor to various descendants. The relationships between individuals in a population to the entire history of life on Earth can all be represented by trees.

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Mitotic division in onion root cells:

Mitosis is a cell division through the stages of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. The purpose of mitosis is for growth and regeneration which results in two daughter cells that are identical to the original parent cell. Mitosis occurs only once and lasts only during somatization.

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Direct long-term functions, such as growth control is not a function of the nervous system.

Nervous system includes brain, spinal cord and also a complex network of nerves.

The nervous system, together with the endocrine system, is responsible for regulating and maintaining homeostasis. Through its receptors, nervous system keeps in touch with both external and internal environment.

The thalamus acts as integrating center for sensory information going to the cerebrum and also the output center for motor information leaving the cerebrum.

The nervous system is that part of the body that coordinates its voluntary and involuntary action and transmits signals in different parts of the body.

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Three separate onosaccharides, however, can be connected in a variety of ways.

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The tree won't spend any calories no matter how much it has to transpire.

Calories are units of energy. They are basically the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1 degree Celsius. The question means to ask us how much energy will be spent by the tree.

The tree won't spend any energy in the process of transpiration. The process of transportation in plants is handled by the leaves which transpire water from their surface. This makes it so that the tree doesn't have to do anything which means no energy is spent!

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The new idea about succession came from studying the eruptions of mount saint Helen would be both biological ancestors and alien species play a role in succession.

The term "primary succession" refers to succession that starts in a location devoid of any remains of a previous society. As an illustration, an erupting volcano at Mount Saint Helens, Washington, wiped out all local life. There will be long-lasting changes in this neighborhood. Earth tremors focused on the ground beneath the mountain's north flank signaled the start of the audible volcanic activity.

As these tremors intensified, Mount St. Helens started to release steam and ash via its crater and vents, resulting in a small eruption on March 27. The surrounding volcanoes, which have not erupted in recorded history, will either have minimal or no impact on the chance of an eruption.

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Answer: C

Explanation: C

By approximately 40% has the concentration of carbon dioxide increased in the atmosphere since 1950.

Carbon dioxide concentrations are rising primarily as a result of the fossil fuels that people use for energy. Coal and oil are fossil fuels that contain carbon that plants extracted from the atmosphere over millions of years through photosynthesis.

The CO2 concentration in the atmosphere increased by 2.5 parts per million (ppm) in 2021 and is expected to rise by another 2.5ppm in 2022, resulting in global atmospheric concentrations of 417.2ppm on average for the year. This represents a 51% increase in atmospheric CO2 compared to pre-industrial levels. The presence of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere warms the planet, resulting in climate change. In less than 200 years, human activities have increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere by 50%.

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The actions that will introduce confounding variables into Hakeem's experiment of testing the effects of sunlight on samples of soil will be:

(B) He tests for multiple hypotheses at a time.

(E) He uses different varieties of soil in each of his samples.

Variables are the factors of an experiment that can themselves change or exhibit the potential to change the results of the experiment. There are three types of variables: the dependent variable, the independent variable and the controlled variable.

Hypothesis can be defined as any statement or theory that has no significant proof. That theory may be or may not be true and applicable.

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The student I agree with most is Carlos who said, “I think the desert plants are the most important organism because they start each food chain.” That is option C.

Food chain is defined as the pathway that shows the flow of nutrients and energy from one organism to another in an ecosystem.

The food chain is made up of various parts that includes the following:

From the given options, the student that is correct is Carlos. This is because the producers which is the desert plants are the most important part of the food chain.

This is because they use the energy from the sun to manufacture their own food while other parts of the food chain depends on the manufactured food.

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Similarities between b cells and t cells are  ii) both undergo clonal selection after encountering an antigen. iii) both maintain an immunological memory of previously encountered antigens.

Both B and T cells originate in the bone marrow. These cells are involved in adaptive immunity. T cells can clean infected or cancerous cells. They also helps to mediate immune response by helping B lymphocytes by eliminate the attacking pathogens.

B lymphocytes create a type of protein called an antibody. B cells and T cells are important components of the immunity system.

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A double circulatory system has two loops, one from the heart to the lungs and one from the heart to the rest of the human body. The advantage of a double circulatory system is that blood can be pumped to the rest of the body at a higher pressure than the rate at which it is pumped in a single circulatory system.

The double circulatory system, also defined as the double loop circulatory system, is a type of circulatory system that includes two separate circuits for blood flow that cause blood to pass through the heart twice in the same cycle. This is the type of circulatory system that is present in most mammals. There are two loops of blood vessels in the heart:

Together, the two circuits help to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood at the same time. Even though it takes up a little more energy than a single circuit system, it is way more efficient and faster than the single circuit system.

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Answer:

mr. smith because ice (or glaciers), wind, and ice could have possibly stripped off many layers of deposits. this kind of stuff frequently occurs in desert environments, making such discoveries easier.

In a signal transduction pathway, the process of producing a cellular response begins when the ligand binds to the active site of receptor and induces a signal.

Signal transduction is the process of transmission of signals from the one part of the cell to another through a cascade of events where the activation of one molecules relays signals for the activation of other and thus the signals proceeds towards its target site.

Ligand is the signaling molecule that binds to its recipient called the receptor to initiate the process of transduction. The ligand molecule can be a protein, hormone, or some other compound.

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There are two lysine codons (AAA, AAG) and two asparagine codons (AAC, AAU).

A codon is a three-nucleotide (DNA or RNA) sequence that forms a unit of genomic information encoding a specific amino acid or signaling the end of protein synthesis (stop signals). There are 64 different codons, 61 of which specify amino acids and three of which serve as stop signals.

Lysine, or L-lysine, is an essential amino acid, which means it is required for human health but cannot be produced by the body. Lysine must be obtained through diet or supplementation. Protein is made up of amino acids such as lysine.

In humans, asparagine is a non-essential amino acid. It is a beta-amido derivative of aspartic acid and is important in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins and other proteins.

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A ribosome is the cellular machinery responsible for making proteins. A ribosome binds one trna at a time is false.

Each made up of 2 subunits –

•The small subunit is where the mRNA binds and is decoded

•the large ribosomal subunits, which form polypeptide chains of amino acids.

tRNA is located in the cellular cytoplasm and is involved in protein synthesis

Ribosomes have three tRNA binding site A, E and P

The 3 binding sites are -

1. The A (aminoacyl) site contains an aminoacyl-tRNA

2. The b(peptidyl) site contains a tRNA esterified to the nascent peptide

3. The E (exit) site contains a tRNA that has been discharged

Ribosomes have  tRNA binding site for protein synthesis but it binds 2 sites of  tRNA at a time which is P and A.

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Different combinations of sounds, including grunts, pants, and hoots, are used by chimpanzees to communicate. Chimps communicate with other chimps by making simple gestures like waving their hands in their general direction or reaching out their hands pleadingly for assistance.

They then rely on the other animal's intelligence to assess the situation and respond. Even some chimpanzees learn to create their own unique signals. A "woo" is unmistakably a response to a threat, but panted grunts are typically submissive greetings. A chimpanzee's grunt almost always denotes the presence of food. And a recent study found that chimpanzees can put these sounds together in different ways to create "sentences" that have varied meanings.

Thus, we can conclude that chimpanzees employ a variety of sound combinations, such as grunts, pants, and hoots, to communicate.

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Elevation of the ribs is a motion of the highlighted muscle. Elevation of ribs thorax expansion compression of intercostal areas melancholy of ribs.

The highlighted muscle tissue is called the frontalis muscle. This muscle tissue's only function is expressions of the face. This muscle is positioned within the brow of the cranium.

Elevation of the ribs and enlargement of the rib cage end result from the coordinated action of the rib cage muscle mass. We wanted to review the motion and interaction of the rib cage muscular tissues all through ventilation.

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Competition is a situation in which two species share a requirement for a limited resource thus reducing the fitness of one or both species.

More broadly, competition can be described as the direct or indirect contact of organisms that results in a change in fitness when the organisms share a resource. Competition is most commonly thought of as the interaction of individuals that compete for a common resource that is in limited supply.

The links between species within an ecosystem are known as food webs. Regarding the energy flow and population dynamics of the various species, these connections have varying degrees of significance.

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Surface tension causes water to bead up on surfaces (glass, fabric, leaf) which slows the wetting of the surface and inhibits the cleaning process.

Surface tension is a phenomenon in which the surface of a liquid, where the liquid is in proximity with a gas, acts as a thin elastic sheet. This term is generally used when the liquid surface is in contact with gas (such as the air).

Lower surface tension means the cleaning fluid can get into compact spaces easily. It directly influences the ability of the cleaning fluid to wet a surface and evidently, you can't clean if you can't wet.

Various intermolecular forces, such as Van der Waals forces, bring out the liquid particles together. Along the surface, the particles are tuged toward the rest of the liquid.

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The equation for cellular respiration is the exact reverse of photosynthesis in that the products of one process are the reactants of the other.

As we all know, every cell needs energy to carry out its activities because it is the structure and function of life. As a result, cellular respiration relates to breathing which happens at the smallest scale of our bodies, the cellular level.

A glucose molecule gradually decomposes into both water and carbon dioxide during cellular respiration. In the process of transforming glucose, some ATP is directly produced. But far more ATP is eventually created through a procedure known as oxidative phosphorylation.

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Central sulcus is found between the pre-central gyrus and the post-central gyrus.

Folding of the cerebral cortex leads to the formation of gyri and sulci. This folding separates brain regions and improves brain surface and cognitive performance. The gyri and sulci form boundaries within and between lobes, dividing them in half. A prominent landmark in the brain, the median sulcus separates the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe and the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex.

The central sulcus often continues for a short distance to the medial surface of the hemisphere. Anteriorly and posteriorly of this are the medial extensions of the precentral and postcentral gyrus that form a morphological unit known as the paracentral lobule.

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Cell replication happens in the S phase, while DNA replication happens in the Interphase.

Many people think that the 1950s saw the discovery of DNA by English physicist Francis Crick and American biologist James Watson. This is not actually the case. Rather, Swiss chemist German Chemist made the first official discovery of DNA in the late 1860s.

One very long, linear Strand of dna makes up each chromosome. The DNA molecule in the shortest human chromosomes contains roughly 50 million nucleotide pairs, whereas the largest chromosomes have about 250 million. This means that the haploid human genome is made up of 46 Dna strands of 24 different kinds.

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The probability will be 2.5%.

The autosomal traits are those traits that occur in an individual due to some changes in the personal DNA.

This doesn't affect the offspring genetically based on gender. Which means these are not related to the genes which are passed on from on generation to another or the sex-related traits.

These traits can be dominant and can be recessive. The dominant trait is can be seen in the next generation affecting anyone. This trait is dominant over the other traits while the recessive traits are not found exactly in the next generation. They may or may not occur. The individual can be carrier of that trait but it won't be shown as the resultant affecting that individual in any manner.

Here, we have 41 offspring exhibiting the dominant trait and 16 offspring exhibiting the recessive traits.

Therefore the probability of these traits can be said to be just 2.5% or we can say approx every 2 individual shows dominant trait over every 1 individual showing recessive trait.

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The ratio of neutron to protons rises as the number of protons rises, which is another observation about the band of stability.

Within an atom's nucleus are protons, which have a positive charge. Every element, whether created in a lab or in the natural world, has at least one proton. Although a proton's mass is 1840 times more than that of an electron, it is equal to that of a neutron. The outside of the nucleus is surrounded by electrons, which are negatively charged particles.

While the electron circles the proton, which makes up the nucleus, Similar to helium, which is seen in Figure 2.2, all other atoms have neutrons in addition to protons in their nuclei. The neutrons aid in keeping the nucleus together by helping the positive charge protons repel one another.

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Answer:

The functions of the urinary system are:

All of these, a. filtration of blood b. management of waste products in blood c. temporary storage of urine d. formation of urine e. regulation of blood pressure and volume f. adjustment of plasma pH.

Explanation:

Function of the urinary system

The urinary system begins with the kidneys. The smallest unit of the kidney, the nephron, consists of an arteriole, a glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, and a tubule. Blood in the arterioles will enter the glomerular capillaries and be filtered (Function 1: filtration of blood).

Then, it enters Bowman's capsule and tubules. In the tubules, two things occur: reabsorption and secretion. Reabsorption is to reabsorb the filtered material that is still needed by the body from tubules into the arterioles. Meanwhile, the secretion carries out the material that is not filtered and is no longer needed into the tubules (Function 2: management of waste products in the blood).

In the process of reabsorption and secretion, there is regulation of blood pressure and blood volume by the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System). These three enzymes form the system by receiving signals from blood vessels. If there is hypotension (decreased blood pressure) or hypovolemia (reduced blood volume), blood flow to the kidneys will decrease and baroreceptors (blood pressure receptors) in the body will also detect it. Then RAAS will be activated. Activation in hypotension/hypovolemia will result in increased reabsorption of sodium and water, so that it will increase blood pressure (Function 3: regulation of blood pressure and volume).

In addition, reabsorption and secretion processes also occur for blood pH regulation with ions, namely H+ and HCO3- ions. When the blood pH is too acidic, H+ ions will be secreted and HCO3- ions will be reabsorbed. This will make the blood pH remain alkaline (Function 4: adjustment of plasma pH).

After reabsorption and secretion, the products in the tubules will be excreted into urine (Function 5: urine formation).

The urine formed in the tubules unites and exits the kidney through the ureter and is temporarily stored in the bladder (Function 6: temporary storage of urine).

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Sugars and carbohydrates, which are plentiful in bread dough, are what yeasts eat. They convert this food into energy and as a result, produce carbon dioxide gas. The process is termed as fermentation.

What is fermentation?

Yeast cells use fermentation to turn carbohydrates from cereals into ethanol and CO2. Numerous secondary metabolites that affect the flavor and aroma of beer are created at the same time. Because various yeast strains produce these metabolites differently, yeast can uniquely affect the flavor of beer.

Secondary metabolites are substances that an organism produces to give it a selective advantage but are not necessary for its growth or reproduction. They frequently block crucial biological processes, such as the growth of organisms with which

Hence, the answer is yeast.

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According to the AT/GC rule, DNA replication depends just on complementarity of DNA.

Complementarity is a characteristic of DNA:RNA duplexes and other double-stranded nucleic acids in molecular biology. The base pairs that connect each strand to the other are non-covalently linked by two to three hydrogen bonds, making each strand complimentary to the other.

Watson and Crick developed the four, double-helical hypothesis for the structure of DNA as a result of Chargaff's discovery that A = T and C = G as well as some critically significant X-ray crystallography studies by English scholars Rosalind Franklin & Maurice Wilkins.

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The true statement about proteins is: it is made up of combinations of approximately 20 amino acids.

Proteins are the macromolecules consisting of amino acids as monomers. The amino acids are joined together by the peptide covalent bonds. The proteins are required for almost all the functions in the living body. the proteins are required as enzymes, signaling molecules, food component, etc.

Amino acids are the organic molecules that make up the protein. There are 20 different amino acids. All the amino acids have a common basic structure. It consists of a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxylic group and a variable R group all attached to a α-carbon atom.

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