The DNA replication products visualized during the sanger method of DNA sequencing are observed in which nucleotides are added.
Sanger sequencing is based on the process of DNA replication. A scientist creates a copy of his DNA strand. Then observe which nucleotides have been added. This way you can see the sequence of nucleotides. A laser excites the fluorescent labels in each band and a computer detects the resulting light.
Sanger sequencing produces extension products of various lengths ending in dideoxynucleotides at the 3' ends. Extension products are separated by capillary electrophoresis or CE. Molecules are injected by an electric current into a long glass capillary filled with gel polymer. Selective incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerases during in vitro DNA replication.
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This is often done using a denaturing polyacrylamide urea gel, with four reactions each run in one of the four lanes (lanes A, T, G, C). The DNA bands are then visualized by autoradiography or UV light and the DNA sequence can be read directly from the X-ray film or gel image.
In automated Sanger sequencing, a computer sequentially reads each band on a capillary gel and uses fluorescence to determine the identity of each terminal d dNTP. In essence, a laser excites the fluorescent labels in each band and a computer detects the resulting emitted light.
Sanger sequencing produces extension products of variable length that terminate in dideoxy nucleotides at the 3' ends. Extension products are separated by capillary electrophoresis or CE. Molecules are injected by an electric current into a long glass capillary filled with gel polymer.
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an animal has vertebrae and a cranium but no jaw would be which type of animal? answer correct fish hagfish you were sure and correct lamprey lancelet
A type of animal would be a lamprey, which lacks a jaw but has vertebrae and a cranium.
What is the flavor of lamprey?The taste of the smoked lamprey was quite similar to that of any smoked fish. "Surprisingly nice," the taster said. You might try marketing it without letting them know what they are consuming. It would improve things. I would not order this from a restaurant, but Flanagan's dishes were the best, Bennett said.
What about lampreys?In the Atlantic Ocean, parasitic fish called sea lampreys live. The sea lamprey has stayed substantially constant for more than 280 million years and has survived at least four major extinction events. Sea lampreys parasitize other fish by draining their blood and other bodily fluids.
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Why are chromosome mutations potentially more serious than gene mutations?
cellular respiration stores its produced energy as what form of chemical energy / as what molecule?
Cells store produced energy in the form of Adenosine triphosphate(ATP).
What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate is a compound which consists of one adenosine molecule bonded with 3 phosphate groups. They are present in all living tissues.
Adenosine triphosphate is synthesized in the mitochondria. It is the primary source of energy for crucial biological activities like, muscle contraction, protein synthesis, and transmission of nerve impulse.
The real power of the ATP is the triphosphate tail which the cell taps into. The energy that is available is contained in the phosphate bonds. It is released when these bonds break or split up into molecules. This happens through hydrolysis (addition of a water molecule).
Therefore, the energy that is produced and stored in cells is called Adenosine triphosphate.
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of an unknown protein are dissolved in enough solvent to make of solution. the osmotic pressure of this solution is measured to be at . calculate the molar mass of the protein. be sure your answer has the correct number of significant digits.
The molar mass of the protein dissolved to form the solution will be: 13963.42 g/mol.
Molar mass is defined as mass of a substance in grams divided by the number of moles of the solute.
According to the question:
Mass of protein (w₂)= 100 g = 0.1g
Temperature (T) = 25°C = 298 K
R = 0.0821 L atm mol⁻¹ K⁻¹
π= 13.33 mm of Hg = [tex]\frac{13.33}{760}[/tex] = 0.0175 atm
Volume of solution = 1o mL = 0.01L
Using the formula,
M₂ = (W₂RT) / (πV)
M₂ = (0.1×0.082×298) / (0.0175×0.01) = 13963.42 g/mol.
Therefore the molar mass of the protein is 13963.42 g/mol.
The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
100 mg of an unknown protein is dissolved in just enough water to make 10.0 mL of solution. the osmotic pressure of this solution is measured to be at 13.3 mm Hg at 25°C. Calculate the molar mass of the protein.
[R=0.0821 L atm mol⁻¹ K⁻¹ and 760 mm Hg= 1 atm]
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In the unlikely event that a trna has been charged with the wrong amino acid, what high-fidelity enzyme is likely to blame?.
Answer:
Boop
Explanation:
The answer you are looking for is Aminoacyl Synthetase
Which factors make sequencing by the sanger chain-termination method possible? select all that apply.
Option C and E are the factors that allow sequencing by the sanger chain-termination method: It is impossible to extend a DNA strand whose 3' end ends in a dideoxynucleotide, and New nucleotides are added only to the 3' end of a growing DNA strand, respectively.
The chain is made up of deoxynucleotides with hydroxyl groups at the 3′ position of the deoxyribose ring. DNA polymerase adds the next nucleotide by connecting the phosphate of the incoming nucleotide to the 3′-hydroxyl of the departing nucleotide. In the absence of the 3′-hydroxyl, a nucleotide chain breaks, and the chain cannot be repaired. Only the 3' end of a developing DNA strand receives additional nucleotides. This is due to the fact that the strand only lengthens from the chain's 5' to 3' end.
Chain termination sequencing requires deoxynucleotides, a single-stranded DNA template, DNA polymerase, and a primer, just like DNA replication. During in vitro sequencing procedures, these components are combined, and DNA polymerase makes numerous copies of the original template.
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Complete question is:
Which factors make sequencing by the sanger chain-termination method possible? select all that apply.
a. Complementary single-stranded nucleic acid sequences can come together to form a duplex molecule.
b. Single-stranded nucleic acid molecules can be immobilized on certain types of filter paper.
c. A DNA strand whose 3' end terminates in a dideoxynucleotide cannot be elongated.
d. Duplex nucleic acid molecules can be separated by size by means of electrophoresis.
e. New nucleotides are added only to the 3' end of a growing DNA strand.
Endospores thrive in improperly processed canned or home processed foods because they are resistant to ____ and favor _____ conditions.
Endospores thrive in improperly processed canned or domestic processed foods because they are resistant to heat and want anaerobic situations.
Endospores have tough, outer coating composed of keratin (protein), which permits warmth and chemical resistance. Coccidioides are an idea to develop greatly in the soil after heavy rainfall after which disperse into the air maximum correctly for the duration of hot, dry conditions.
Endospore formation is commonly precipitated by way of a loss of vitamins; it's miles a stripped-down, dormant shape to which the bacterium can reduce itself. The endospore consists of the bacterium's deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribosomes, and huge quantities of dipicolinic acid.
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the _________ loses direct/indirect input when the right cerebellum is damaged.
When the right cerebellum is damaged, which cortical region loses input ( granule cells and deep cerebellar nuclei).
The cerebellum can be found just below your cerebrum and behind the upper portion of your brain stem. The cerebellum receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements.
Divided into different parts called lobes, lobes are separated by fissures.
The 2 major component of cerebellum is – cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei.
the damage to cortical region affects the -
• Cognition
• Sensation
• Movement
• Behavior
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glial cells in the nervous system: group of answer choices respond to motor and sensory information. single-handedly manage information processing. provide support and nutritional benefits to neurons. carry information away from the cell body toward other cells.
Glial cells in the nervous system provide support and nutritional benefits to neurons.
The myelin sheath is formed by oligodendrocytes around axons. Astrocytes nourish neurons while also maintaining their extracellular environment and providing structural support. Pathogens and dead cells are scavenged by microglia. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by ependymal cells, which cushions the neurons. In the mature central nervous system, there are three types of glial cells: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglial cells. Astrocytes, which are found only in the brain and spinal cord, have complex local processes that give them a star-like appearance.
Glial cells (also known as neuroglial cells) play a structural role in the central nervous system as well as regulating nerve firing rates, brain plasticity (which guides early brain development), and immune responses. Glial cells help to maintain homeostasis and form myelin.
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several epidemic microbial diseases of earlier centuries incurred high death rates because they resulted in severe dehydration due to diarrhea. today these diseases are usually not fatal because of the development of which of the following types of treatments?
The following types of treatments hydrating drinks with high concentrations of salt and glucose.
This is a passive process in which molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Lysosomes serve as the cell's digestive system, breaking down materials ingested from outside the cell and helping to digest old components of the cell itself. Specific proteins are unique to each membrane.
Only certain membranes are composed of amphipathic molecules. Some membranes have a hydrophobic surface facing the cytoplasm, while others have a hydrophilic surface facing the cytoplasm. Water is a small, polar, charged molecule that readily diffuses across the plasma membrane. Small non-polar gases are hydrophobic and therefore easily pass through the plasma membrane.
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what is the ratio of dominate to recessive phenotypes?
1:3
3:3
3:0
3:1
The ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes is 3:1.
what are dominant and recessive alleles?
Alleles are various variations of a gene. Depending on the features they are related with, alleles are classified as either dominant or recessive.
Dominant alleles are seen even if the individual only has one copy of the allele (also known as being heterozygous). Only individuals with two copies of a recessive allele experience its effects (also known as being homozygous).
Hence, the option is d. 3:1
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What is the name given to the process by which a parent cell becomes two identical daughter cells?.
During mitosis, cells replicate all their contents, including chromosomes, and divide to form two identical daughter cells.
What is Mitosis?Mitosis is the process by which one cell divides into her two identical daughter cells (cell division).
During mitosis, the cell divides once to form two identical cells.The main purpose of mitosis is to grow and replace worn-out cells.Mistakes made during mitosis, if not corrected in time, can lead to DNA changes that can potentially lead to genetic diseases.Mitosis is divided into following phases:
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A woman with type ab blood and a man with type o blood have a child. Which type of blood could the child have?.
Children with these two conceivable pairings would have genotypes IAIO or IBIO, giving them blood groups A or B, respectively.
Can a child of blood types O and AB be born?An O parent and an AB parent will typically only have A or B children. A table with all possible blood type combinations for two parents and the potential blood types for their offspring has been provided at the conclusion of this response. It is highly uncommon for these rules to be broken.
Can an O blood type child be born to an A blood lady and an A blood man?A child born to two A blood types can have either an A or O blood type. two fathers can give birth to a child that is either B.
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Which factors make sequencing by the sanger chain-termination method possible? select all that apply.
By using electrophoresis, duplex nucleic acid molecules can be divided into different sizes. It is impossible to extend a DNA strand whose 3' end ends in a dideoxynucleotide. A duplex molecule can be created when two sequences of single-stranded nucleic acids come together.
On several kinds of filter paper, single-stranded nucleic acid molecules can become immobilized. The Sanger Chain technique of sequencing is accomplished by adding new nucleotides only to the 3' end of a developing DNA strand.
Frederick Sanger created a technique for DNA sequencing in 1977 known as Sanger sequencing, often referred to as chain-termination sequencing. This technique relies on DNA polymerase amplifying the DNA fragment that will be sequenced and adding modified nucleotides, specifically dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs).
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Since the Industrial Revolution, human consumption of fossil fuels have caused atmospheric concentrations of this greenhouse
gas to soar to levels far above any seen in at least 650,000 years, strongly suggesting to scientists that this gas is the driving
force behind recent global climate change.
Oxygen
O Nitrogen
O Carbon Monoxide
Ozone
O Carbon Dioxide
Carter decides to research the relationship between the length in inches and the weight of a certain species of catfish. He measures the length and weight of a number of specimens he catches, then throws back into the water. After plotting all his data, he draws a line of best fit. Based on the line of best fit, what would you predict to be the length of a catfish that weighed 60 pounds?.
The length of this catfish can be predicted to be 48 inches as per the line of best fit,
Weight of catfish (x) = 60 pounds.
From the data, we have the following linear equation:
[tex]y = \frac{1}{2} x + 18[/tex]
Substituting the value of x, we have:
[tex]y = (\frac{1}{2} X 60) + 18[/tex]
y = 30+18
y = 48 inches.
A line of best fit is a straight line that reduces the distance between it and some data. The line of best fit is used to represent a relationship in a scatter plot with numerous data points. Regression analysis produced it, and it serves as a tool for predicting indicators and price fluctuations. The eyeball method can be used to roughly build a line of best fit by drawing a straight line on a scatter plot with almost equal numbers of points above and below the line and the line passes through as many points as possible.
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Answer: the answer is actually 40 in.
Explanation:
At resting membrane potential, why does a small amount of sodium leak into the cell instead of out?.
A small number of sodium leaks into the cell instead of out due to the electrochemical gradient favors the entry of sodium into the cell while it is at rest. In the cell, the negatively charged ions and molecules are drawn to the positively charged sodium ions.
At a typical resting membrane potential, potassium is carried into the cells while sodium is pushed away. This necessitates the sodium-potassium exchange pump, which functions by using ATP. Every two extracellular potassium ions will be exchanged for three intracellular sodium ions.
An ATP-driven pump (Na/K-ATPase) causes the passage of potassium ions into the cell and sodium ions out of the cell to restore the proper balance of ions. When various ions pass across the neuron membrane, action potentials are produced. Sodium channels first open as a result of the stimulation.
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explain how fat-soluble vitamins contribute to the overall health of the body.
Answer:
Explanation:the fat soluble vitamins are A,K ,E,D are stored in the body for longer period of time they are stored in fatty tissue and in the liver
Vitamin A helps in bone growth, tooth development, reproduction, cell division and gene expression. The skin eyes nose mucous membranes also depend on vitamin a to remain moist
Vitamin D helps in the formation of bones ,plays role in the immunity and controlling cell growth and may protect against osteoporosis,high blood pressure,cancer etc
Vitamin E helps prevention of cancer and heart disease it is an antioxidant, lowers risk of mental diseases
Vitamin k plays an essential role in normal blood clotting, promoting bome health , and helping to produce proteins for blood bones and kidneys
Which of the following human impacts is mismatched with the detrimental effect it has had on a biome?
A. Oil and natural gas exploration: long-lasting injury due to slow regeneration of the tundra
B. Mining, drilling for gas and oil, and farming: loss of boreal forest (deforestation)
C. Overharvesting of old-growth forest: loss of temperate rain forest habitat for endangered and threatened species
D. Off-road vehicle damage and military exercises: erosion and loss of vegetation in the desert
E. Hunting and fishing: desertification of the savanna, tropical grasslands
Local hunting and fishing can result in local extirpations and drive species to extinction. Wildlife populations have declined in forests throughout the tropics due to hunting.
What is a biome?
It is an area where species live in that location. Each biome has a unique temperature range, soil type, and amount of light and water.
Terrestrial biomes include grasslands, deserts, and tropical forests
Freshwater biomes include polar freshwaters, large lakes, tropical and sub-tropical coastal rivers.
Marine biomes include continental shelves, tropical coral, and kelp forests.
Excessive heat and droughts result from an increased average global temperature and contribute to the desertification of the savannas.
Threats to biome:
aquatic pollutionintroduction of invasive speciesfloods and droughtsdesert-pollution damagewildfiresloggingHence hunting and fishing causes local extirpations and drive species to extinction.
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Explain how heart attack survivors get out of breath easily (6 marks)
Heart attack survivors get out of breath easily because the heart did not work properly.
Why do cardiac patients get short of breath?
If your heart is not pumping enough oxygen-containing blood into the body, your body reacts by breathing faster to get more oxygen into the body, making us feel short of breath. Heart attacks have caused great damage which means the heart can not pump blood to all parts of the body. This can leads to heart failure, which can include the symptoms of breathlessness.
Shortness of breath is a symptom of the problems with the heart and lungs. But it can also be a symptom of other conditions such as asthma, allergies, and anxiety. Intense exercise or having a cold can also lead to breathless.
So we can conclude that the heart did not work properly which leads to heart attack survivors getting out of breath easily.
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Why can you not selectively epoxidize an alkene with mcpba in the presence of a ketone?.
It epoxidize alkene to epoxide and also oxidize ketone to ester.
Moreover, mCPBA (meta chloroperoxy benzoic acid) is an useful reagent for epoxide formation and ketone to ester formation. It epoxidize alkene to epoxide and also oxidize ketone to ester, So we can't selectively epoxidize an alkene if both alkene and ketones are present.
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Explain the importance of the basement membrane
Basement membrane are important as they serve as the surface where epithelial and endothelial cells can reside, they provide mechanical support to the cells, act as barrier to separate tissues and also protect during mechanical stress.
Basement membrane is the specialized form of ECM that is made up of thin layer of cells. It is also known by the name basal lamina. The membrane is important for the correct sculpting of the tissues into their correct size and shape.
Endothelial cells are the cells found in the inner lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. Their function is to mediate the transport and exchange of substances.
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A population of fruit flies on an island lay their eggs in some rotting fruit. Some of the fruit is blown into the ocean by a storm and washes up on another island. The islands are too far apart for the flies to fly from one island to the other. What will most likely happen to these fruit flies after many generations?.
Fruit flies are observing logistic growth. Resources were initially limitless, and population growth was exponential. But when supplies ran out, the population grew close to its carrying limits.
What is the fruit fly's adaptation?In response to illnesses, the immunity of fruit flies changes in bacterial as well as genetic ways. A common parasite that makes its host infertile can affect fruit flies. Fruit flies with the parasite are prevented from losing their capacity to reproduce by the bacterium Spiroplasma.
Even though these unwanted visitors adore eating fruit and other sweet foods, the scent of decaying fruit is what draws them in the most. The flies have specific receptors on their olfactory neurons that allow them to detect acetic acid, a fruit fermentation.
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All of the following bacteria are gram-positive. Which does NOT belong with the others? A) Actinomyces B) Mycobacterium C) Listeria D) Corynebacterium
The correct choice is Mycobacterium. Mycobacterium is a genus of actinomycetes with its own family, Mycobacteriaceae. More than 190 species are recognized in this genus.
Mycobacterium abscessus is a distantly related bacterium that causes tuberculosis and leprosy. It is known to contaminate medicines and products, including medical devices. More than 190 species are recognized in this genus. This genus includes pathogens known to cause serious illness in mammals, such as tuberculosis and leprosy in humans.
Mycobacteria have an outer membrane. They have no capsule and most do not form endospores. Distinguishing features of all Mycobacterium species are that their cell walls are thicker, hydrophobic, waxy, and rich in mycolic acids/mycolate than many other bacteria.
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Which of the following is true regarding adolescence?
a. Boys start t0 spurt in height sooner than girls.
b. Most adolescents acquire plump and rounded body structure during adolescence.
c.Boys gain twice as much fatty tissue as girls.
d. Many adolescents relatively slender compared with their preadolescent stature
Most adolescents acquire plump and rounded body structure during adolescence.
Adolescence is the period of life between childhood and adulthood, lasting from the ages of ten to nineteen. It is a distinct stage of human development and a critical time for laying the groundwork for good health. Adolescents grow rapidly in terms of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development.
Adolescence is defined by five characteristics: biological growth and development, an undefined status, increased decision making, increased pressures, and the search for self.
Adolescence is a life stage with unique health and developmental needs and rights. It is also a time to gain knowledge and skills, learn how to manage emotions and relationships, and acquire characteristics and abilities that will be useful in enjoying adolescence and assuming adult roles.
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Abiotic factors are all of the non-living things in an ecosystem. What are some of the abiotic limiting factors in the scrub-jays population?
Answer:
Acorns, caterpillars, snakes, hawks, mates, shelter (if brush), blue jays
Explanation:
which of the following are true regarding marine heat waves (mhws)?
A. Risk factors for death during heat waves are well defined.
B. Heat waves in recent years have been most severe near the equator, and mild in norther latitudes.
C. Heat wave preparedness planning is ineffective in reducing deaths during heat waves.
D. Heat waves are more severe in rural areas than in urban areas.
The true statement regarding marine heat waves (mhws) is that risk factors for death during heat waves are well defined.
So option A is correct.
What are marine heat waves?A marine heatwave is described as a period of abnormally high temperatures relative to the average seasonal temperature in a particular region of a sea or ocean.
Statistics in the United States has said that due to increased greenhouse gas emissions, extended periods of extreme warming in seas and oceans have increased in frequency by 50% in the past 10 years and are becoming more severe causing marine heatwaves.
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Plasmids often have antibiotic resistance genes. How do scientists take advantage of the antibiotic resistance genes in the lab?.
Researchers exploit plasmids carrying antibiotic resistance genes by using them as vectors for gene cloning, transfer and manipulation, and also to detect the growth of such plasmids in selective media.
Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA found in bacterial cells. They are circular double-stranded DNA molecules that can replicate themselves. Plasmids are also known to be present in some archaea and eukaryotes. Species usually composed of DNA also contain RNA as genetic material.
Vectors used in laboratories are the transport vehicles used to transfer a gene of interest into a desired host cell. Vectors can be of two types: cloning vectors and expression vectors.
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white blood cells, or ____ are not normally present in urine, but they would appear when there is an ____of the urinary tract.
White blood cells, or leukocytes are not normally present in urine, but they would appear when there is an infection of the urinary tract.
White blood cells inside this urine may be a sign of bacterial infection-related kidney as well as urinary inflammation. However, it's crucial to keep in mind any contamination of such urine might also result in the appearance of white blood cells, thus utilize adequate aseptic technique while providing the sample.
Hemoglobin as well as red blood cells are typically absent from urine. Blood cells cannot pass from the blood toward the urine because of healthy kidneys. A disease may be indicated by even slight rises in the amount of hemoglobin or red blood cells in urine.
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: cell culture methods provide a useful approach to study animal virus growth in a closed system. this approach is not without some limitations. which of the following represents an obstacle for the propagation of animal virus strains in cell culture over time? choose one: a. the number of animal viruses in a sample cannot be quantified effectively in cell culture. b. the multiplicity of infection in tissue culture will not be physiologically similar to whole animal models. c. animal viruses will immediately lyse the cells in culture due to the absence of an immune response. d. animal virus strains can evolve to grow well in tissue culture
Viruses cannot be cultivated in artificial culture media because they have no metabolic system of their own and must replicate entirely within their host cell.
Briefing:
Since viruses require a living host to proliferate, they are challenging to cultivate in a lab. This is due to the fact that they reproduce, or make copies of, their own RNA or DNA to produce numerous additional identical viruses by using all of the host cell's DNA replication processes. We are unable to develop them in a lab because of this.
Since viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites that must replicate within a living cell in order to make more copies of themselves, cell culture is still essential to virology (i.e., to form progeny virions). Cell cultures are used to multiply both plant and animal cells.
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