A pleiotropic effect occurs when a single gene affects the phenotype of many characters in an individual.
"PLEIOTROPY" is the phenomenon in which a single locus affects two or more seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits, and is frequently identified as a single mutation that affects two or more wild-type traits. Pleiotropy occurs when one gene influences two or more phenotypic traits that appear to be unrelated. A pleiotropic gene is one that exhibits multiple phenotypic expression.
A simple example of a Pleiotropy is the disease phenylketonuria. It is a genetic disorder caused by a lack of phenylalanine metabolism in body cells. Marfan Syndrome is caused by a pleiotropic mutation in a human gene.
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NEED HELP ASAP! Clay is found close to the surface.
Which type of mine would most likely be used to collect clay?
1.Highwall
2.Underwater
3.Open pit
4.Subsurface
Open pit mines are used to collect clay.
What is surface mining?
Almost all mining ventures involve some form of surface mining. Surface mining is the process of removing the top layer of the ground to obtain the minerals below. Surface mining is specifically used to recover materials like sand, gravel, stones, coal, iron, and other metals.
Types of surface mining:
1.Mining in Open Pits
Similar to strip mining, open-pit mining involves extracting ore from an open pit that isn't then filled in. Ancient civilizations including the Greeks, Romans, and Persians engaged in open-pit mining for salt, granite, and marble for ages.When open-pit mines generate building materials like marble, granite, and limestone, they are generally referred to as quarries.2.Extensive Mining
A "highwall," or an unmined wall with overburden and exposed minerals and ores, is used in highwall mining to collect the ore. Highwalls are typically found at the edges of quarries and pit mines, allowing miners to access ore that would otherwise be too expensive to remove overburden from.3.Dredging
The more complex variation of panning for gold is dredging. In actuality, it's primarily connected to gold mining. Moving up a water table are floating dredges, which are barges equipped with conveyor belts and scoops, much like hopeful miners with their pans during the gold rush.4.Removal of Mountains
Mountaintop removal mining, which is hotly debated, is best suited for removing significant quantities of minerals from mountain summits, typically coal. The procedure entails using explosives to blast the overburden above the desired mineral seam.Thus, open pits mining is used to collect clay
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______ is abundle of neuron fibers or processes that extends to and/or from the CNS and visceral organs or structures of the body periphery such as skeletal muscles, glands, and skin.
Through bundling of neuron fiber or activity known as nerves, the nervous system or internal bodily processes or tissues, such as muscle fibers, glands, the skin, are linked.
What substance makes up nerve fibers?Category A, group B, and quarterfinals nerve terminals are the three categories into which nerve fibers are divided. Units A and B include myelin sheaths, whereas group C does not. Both of the fibers seen in these groups are somatosensory fibers.
What are the four types of nerve fibers?A-alpha nerve fibers convey information linked to proprioception (muscle sense). A-beta nerve fibers carry information about touch. A-delta nerve fibers transmit information about temperature and pain. The C-nerve fibers transmit sensations of itch, warmth, and pain.
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Identify the single muscle of the intermediate layer in the anterior compartment of the forearm.
Flexor digitorum superficialis is the only muscle found in the intermediate layer.
Where is the anterior compartment?One of the multiple chambers in the leg between both the knee and the foot is the anterior compartment. Ankle benefit of utilizing and toe extension are predominantly produced by the muscles in this compartment. A closed osteofascial segment experiences increased pressure, which impairs local circulation, resulting in acute disseminated syndrome.
What use does the anterior compartment serve?The muscles in the rear compartment's job are responsible for extending the lumbar spine at the knee. The anterior division has a distinct innervation system and circulatory system. The femoral nerve supplies the anterior region of the thigh with its innervation (L2 through L4).
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if a fly that is homozygous dominant for both traits is crossed with a fly that is homozygous recessive for both traits, what is the predicted genotype of the offspring?
The predicted genotype of the offspring is GgNn.
When the fly that is homozygous dominant for both traits is crossed with a fly that is homozygous recessive for both traits, it contains two copies of the same allele for a gene. When two copies of the same dominant allele or two copies of the same recessive allele are present in an organism, it is said to be homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive so the predicted genotype of the offspring is GgNn
When an organism is heterozygous, it has two distinct alleles of the same gene. For instance, pea plants can have either homozygous dominant (red-red) or heterozygous red blooms (red-white). They are homozygous recessive if they have white blooms (white-white).
Heterozygous carriers are always present. Recessive homozygotes are those who have CF. People with Huntington's disease can either be homozygous dominant or heterozygous because the condition is autosomal dominant.
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What is the relationship between the eccentricity of an ellipse and its shape?
Answer:
The eccentricity of an ellipse refers to how flat or round the shape of the ellipse is. The more flattened the ellipse is, the greater the value of its eccentricity. The more circular, the smaller the value or closer to zero is the eccentricity. The eccentricity ranges between one and zero.
Explanation:
According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, ________ in the retina are responsive to red, green, and blue.
According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, cones in the retina are responsive to red, green, and blue.
Retina is a nerve tissue layer present at the back of the eye. Its function is to receive the image of the object in front of the eye and then transmits the electrical signals to the brain for image formation. Hence, retina is a very essential for the process of image formation.
Cones are the type of photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye. They are responsible for the colored image formation during the day. The exact location of cones in the retina is an area called macula. Since they are work in day, they require more light.
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which derived trait evolved to help animals overcome the effect of gravity on animals moving on land? group of answer choices amniotic egg cartilaginous endoskeleton stronger limbs with more muscle specialized sensory organs vertebrae fur and feathers
The derived trait which evolved to overcome the effect of gravity on animals moving on land is the evolution of stronger limbs with more muscle, which means that option C is the right answer.
Stronger limbs are very important for animals as they help in running, climbing, walking or paddle swimming. It also helps them in tearing flesh, and helps in balancing the weight of the body, which enables them to move smoothly. Animals without limbs are called invertebrate and they lack legs due to which they can just swim in water. Their movement is by crawling or sliding. The presence of limbs allowed the transition of life from aquatic to terrestrial. The anatomy of limbs also helps to identify relation with other animals which are present or extinct.
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Crick and brenner performed a set of experiments with viral dna designed to determine the nature of the genetic code. What were their conclusions?.
The genetic code has no voids. The genetic code is read three nucleotide at a time.
What examples of genetics are there?Genetics is the study of genes. Our DNA transmits information from one generations to the next. Due to heredity, one child, for example, has blonde hair like her mother, whereas their sibling have dark hair like their father.
Is it genetic or inherited?Genetic problems can either be genetic or not, but there will always a mutational alteration in the genome. Hereditary diseases can be passed from one generation to the next. The main difference between the two ideas is this.
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Is Alzheimer’s a point mutation or frameshift mutation?
which of the following statements are true about sister chromatids? choose 1 answer: choose 1 answer: (choice a) a they each contain different alleles. (choice b) b they are tightly connected at the centromere. (choice c) c you get one from your mother and one from your father (choice d) d when attached, they are considered two chromosomes
The true statement about sister chromatid is: (b) they are tightly connected at the centromere.
Chromatid is the part of the chromosome that has a long thread-like appearance. there are two chromatids in one chromosome and they are denoted as sister chromatids. Each chromatid is the house for certain genes.
Centromere is the region of the chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach together. These are the constructed regions of the chromosome. Centromere is also the region for the attachment of spindle fibers during the process of cell division. Spindle fibers do not attach directly to the centromere instead attach via a protein called kinetochore.
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dht is a hormone that is necessary for the development of the:
DHT is a hormone that is necessary for the development of the: male external genitalia.
Hormones are your frame's chemical messengers. They journey on your bloodstream to tissues or organs. They work slowly, through the years, and have an effect on many distinct strategies, together with: boom and development. Metabolism - how your body receives electricity from the foods you devour.
Endocrine glands make chemicals known as hormones and skip them straight into the bloodstream. Hormones can be notion of as chemical messages. From the blood stream, the hormones talk with the frame with the aid of heading in the direction of their goal mobile to result in a selected exchange or effect to that cell.
Hormones are are the frame's chemical messengers, sending alerts into the bloodstream and tissues. Hormones paintings slowly, over the years, and affect many extraordinary techniques, such as boom and development, metabolism – how your body gets electricity from the meals you consume- function, reproduction, and mood.
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Which of these is NOT a product of the Krebs Cycle?
ATP
Pyruvate
NADH
Carbon dioxide
FADH2
Answer:
Pyruvate is not a product of the Krebs cycle
Explanation:
What are the 10 characteristics of life in biology?
Answer:
Cells / Order.
Sensitivity or response to stimuli.
Reproduction.
Adaptation.
Growth and development.
Regulation.
Homeostasis.
Metabolism.
The 10 characteristics of life include cells, sensitivity, reproduction, adaptation, growth/development, regulation, homeostasis, metabolism, evolution, and hereditary.
What exactly are these characteristics of life?
Characteristics of life are certain functions or traits that characterize a living being. These traits/ functions are what separate living things from non living things.
Growth/development: human or animals, all young living beings eventually grow and develop.
Reproduction: The process by which new organisms are created.
Sensitivity: All living things respond to their environment, like light, heat, etc.
Adaptation: This refers to the changes that an organism undergoes to survive in a given habitat.
Therefore, Cells, sensitivity, reproduction, adaptation, growth/development, regulation, homeostasis, metabolism, evolution, and hereditary are the characteristics of life.
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Enzymes are proteins that are made up of amino acids that have a(n) [?] carbon. A. peptide chain C. linear B. asymmetrical D. bent
Enzymes are proteins that are made up of amino acids that have peptide chain
An amino acid short chain is known as a peptide. Peptide bonds are the connections that hold the amino acids of a peptide together in a particular order. Peptides are typically recognized from proteins by their shorter length, though the exact number of amino acids required to distinguish between a peptide and a protein can vary.
Proteins called enzymes are made up of amino acids connected by one or more polypeptide chains. The fundamental structure of a polypeptide chain refers to this arrangement of amino acids. This in turn determines the enzyme's three-dimensional structure, including the active site's shape.
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what is the final outcome of impaired cellular metabolism? a. cellular alterations in the heart and brain b. buildup of cellular waste products c. cellular alterations in the vasculature structures and kidneys d. impairment of urine excretion
Cellular waste accumulates as a result of a compromised metabolic process.
Is a high metabolism beneficial?People with high metabolisms typically burn calories more quickly than those with low metabolisms, which is advantageous. On the other extreme, if your metabolism is quick, it could be hard to acquire weight or keep up a good diet.
Does it boost metabolism when you sleep?According to a typical circadian pattern, it is thought that adequate sleep causes a 15% reduction in metabolic rate, which drops to a minimum with in morning [8, 9]. It seems illogical considering the protracted condition of physical inactivity for only a 15% decrease in metabolic rate.
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which of the following viruses maintains a latent state in nerve cells norwalk virus. herpes virus. rotavirus. hepatitis a virus.
A virus that maintains a latent state in nerve cells is herpes virus.
Viruses are microorganisms that do not have a cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm or nucleus. Viruses are parasitic or require a host to live.
The cause of herpes is the herpes simplex virus or HSV types I and II. HSV causes vesicles on the skin and mucous membranes. The herpes virus enters through small wounds on the body and begins to cause symptoms of tiny vesicles that burst easily. The herpes virus can attack infants and children, besides that the herpes virus can also be transmitted through sexual contact and in infants the virus is latent in nerve cells.
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What protein complex or complexes provide initial recognition of the vesicle with the target membrane?.
Multi-subunit tethering proteins and coiled-coil tethering proteins are the ones those provide initial recognition of the vesicle with the target membrane.
What are tethering proteins?A vesicle tether is a protein complex that physically connects a transport vesicle to its target membrane prior to fusion. A tether upstream of the SNARE fusion machinery is thought to mediate the initial interaction between membranes to be fused. Although the majority of coiled-coil protein tethers are associated with the Golgi apparatus, multisubunit tethering complexes are found throughout the secretory and endolysosomal pathways.
To restrict the movement of proteins within the plasma membrane, proteins can attach to extracellular structures such as the extracellular matrix or molecules on adjacent cells, or to relatively immobile structures within the cell such as the cell cortex.
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Two powerful adductor muscles Hold the shells of a clam together. Humans have trouble opening a live clam, yet a sea star can pull them apart. How do they do this
Answer: because they have many little arms with powerful suction.
Explanation:
sea stars have many little suction tubes with extreme power all around their body and they use them to rip open the clam.
Protons moving across the thylakoid membrane participate in atp production by _______________________________________.
Through the process of passing through ATP synthase, protons flowing across the thylakoid membrane contribute to the synthesis of ATP and provide free energy.
What travels through the ATP synthase enzyme?The membrane protein ATP synthase spins (like a water wheel) and catalyzes the conversion of ADP to ATP as protons travel down their concentration gradient into the matrix through it.
What role does ATP synthase play in the availability of energy?How does ATP synthase contribute to the availability of energy for the cell? ADP is transformed into highly energetic ATP by ATP synthase, a large protein that allows hydrogen ions (H+) to flow through. Only ATP synthase, a membrane protein, allows hydrogen ions in the matrix space to cross the inner mitochondrial membrane.
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which of the following may be used to remove biofilm from implants without abrading the surface of the titanium? 1. metal hand instruments 2. special plastic hand instruments 3. plastic sheaths for ultrasonic scalers 4. nonabrasive paste or tin oxide
Implant biofilm must be removed without scratching the titanium's surface. 4) Tin oxide or nonabrasive paste
How do you remove a biofilm?By consistently brushing your teeth, you can get rid of it. Otherwise, the biofilm will get more solidified by the bacteria in the plaque. You will eventually develop tooth cavities and gum irritation. You can maintain the health of your teeth by good oral hygiene practices and routine dental care. The mechanical techniques necessary to consistently and successfully disturb and eliminate the plaque biofilm include brushing your teeth, cleaning between your teeth, and getting expert scaling operations. Because they don't require surgery, tooth brushing and flossing are crucial for the prevention of dental biofilms.
How can biofilms be destroyed ?Building antimicrobial surfaces includes impregnating surfaces using antibiotics or disinfectants, primarily antibiotic-loaded polyurethane polymers. Antioxidant nanoparticle coating can be used to prevent the production of biofilms, as can coating with nanoparticles like silver nanoparticles. Due to their difficulty in removal and great resistance to common cleaning and sanitizing solutions, they provide a risk to the food sector. Biofilms may present a greater threat to the safety of food since they can be more difficult to eradicate then planktonic (cells suspended in media).
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What is mitotic in biology?
Answer:
Mitosis is a process of cell duplication, in which one cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells. In the various stages of mitosis, the cell's chromosomes are copied and then distributed equally between the two new nuclei of the daughter cells.
When a parent cell divides to create two identical daughter cells, the process of nuclear division known as mitosis takes place in eukaryotic cells. Mitosis refers particularly to the division of the duplicated genetic material contained in the nucleus during cell division.
What is Mitosis?
A cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells during the process of mitosis, which is also known as cell duplication or reproduction. When used strictly, the term "mitosis" refers to the duplication and distribution of chromosomes, the biological units that house genetic material.
Stages of mitosis:
Depending on how the chromosomes and spindle are physically, mitosis is thought to have five stages. Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase are these stages.
Hence Mitosis holds a huge importance in cell division.
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in a certain plant, blue flowers are dominant to yellow flowers, and short-stalked plants are dominant to long-stalked plants. consider that a blue-flowered plant with a short stalk is crossed with a yellow-flowered plant that has a long stalk. the results of this cross are as follows:
The results of this cross are dihybrid.
These classic perennials have a yellow center and narrow blue petals. Blue daisies are herbaceous perennials that grow quickly and produce the classic daisy flowers we know and love, only in pretty blue colors The center of the flower is bright yellow. One of the best blue-flowered container plants, producing cascades of tiny soft blue flowers from spring until the first frost. Learn more about growing Lobelia.
Bluebell or Hyacinthoides non-script is a perennial bulbous plant. The species gets its common name from the bell-like appearance of its flowers. Bluebells have thin stems that are about 20 inches long and have a single row of bell-shaped flowers.
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You have a new lens with a power of 60x and are excited to look at bacterial cells under one of our microscopes with this new lens. You screw it onto the nosepiece and look through the eyepiece, what is the total magnification of the bacterial cells?.
When the new lens reaches 60x in power, the overall magnification of the bacterial cells is 600x.
Equation:
The total magnification is equal to the eyepiece power multiply by the objective lens power.
10X × 60X = 600X
The standard eyepiece magnification power is 10x. The common ocular, denoted as 10x, magnifies ten times. The usual objective lenses have magnifications of 4x, 10x, and 40x. The magnification would most likely be 100x if the microscope had a fourth objective lens, but for our instance, I operated with 10x.
Therefore, when using this new lens and one of our microscopes to examine bacterial cells, the overall magnification will be 600x.
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caffeine is an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase. therefore, the cells of a person who has recently consumed coffee would have increased levels of which of the following molecules?
The correct answer is option (B) the cells of a person who has recently consumed coffee would have increased levels of cAMP.
The most popular central nervous system (CNS) stimulant in the world is caffeine. It has a wide range of pharmacological and physiological effects, including effects on the heart, lungs, kidneys, smooth muscles, mood, memory, alertness, as well as physical and mental performance.
With a molecular weight of 194.19 and a chemical structure of C8H10N4O2, caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is an alkaloid found in plants. It is a bitter, white powder in its purest form. Caffeine and the other methylxanthines are structurally similar to purines. Caffeine has a mean plasma half-life of roughly 5 hours in healthy people. Although caffeine's total plasma clearance rate is thought to be 0.078 L/h/kg, its elimination half-life may range from 1.5 to 9.5 hours (Brechtel and Richter, 1992; Busto et al., 1989). The large variability in the plasma mean half-life of caffeine is caused by a combination of physiological and environmental factors that affect caffeine metabolism as well as inherent individual variation (e.g., pregnancy, obesity, use of oral contraceptives, smoking, altitude). Similar to other methylxanthines, caffeine has similar pharmacological effects (including those found in various teas and chocolates). The ability to maintain intellectual engagement, modest CNS stimulation, alertness, and slowed reaction times are among these consequences.
The complete question is:
Caffeine is an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase. Therefore, the cells of a person who has recently consumed coffee would have increased levels of _____.
A) phosphorylated proteins
B) cAMP
C) adenylyl cyclase
D) activated G proteins
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Which of the following is the most effective control for malaria?
A. Vaccination
B. Treating patients
C. Eliminate Anopheles
D. Eliminate the intermediate host
E. None of these is an effective control.
The correct answer is to get rid of the Anopheles mosquito. That is option C. As with all mosquitoes, you can reduce Anopheles mosquito breeding grounds by getting into the habit of clearing standing water from your garden and other areas of your property.
Changing the water in your bird bath weekly can reduce the chances of mosquito infestation. clothing, and use insect repellent on exposed skin. Take antimalarial drugs to kill parasites and prevent disease. Avoid mosquito bites, especially at night. Sleep under a repellent mosquito net, use insect repellent, and wear long sleeves outdoors at night.
Malaria is a life-threatening disease. It is secretly transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito. The bite of this mosquito releases the parasite into the bloodstream. Once the parasite enters the body, it travels to the liver, matures, and invades red blood cells a few days later.
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According to the lab 10 lecture, what can cause morphological traits to be potentially misleading and result in inaccurate phylogenetic trees?.
Because of convergent evolution, physical characteristics may be deceptive and lead to unreliable phylogenetic trees.
How come phylogenetic trees are wrong?Phylogenetic trees do not typically take branches into account when calculating time. They show the progression of evolution as well as its differences. After two lineages diverge, phylogenetic trees do not simply grow in one way the evolution of one creature does not necessarily mean the end of the evolution of another.
Are phylogenetic trees constrained in any way?It's possible that a phylogenetic tree won't show how long it took for hair. The order in which events occurred is what the tree does demonstrate. For instance, the tree in the aforementioned figure demonstrates that the vertebral column is the oldest characteristic.
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. Daughter cells produced will have
a what
number of chromosomes
(diploid, haploid)
Each daughter cell formed is haploid, having only one set of chromosomes. These haploid cells are formed at the end of meiosis.
What is meiosis?
Meiosis: cell division between sexually reproducing organisms. The number of chromosome in gamets gets reduced by half, forming haploid daughter cells.
Meiosis has two divisions: meiosis 1 and meiosis 2.
Meiosis I has 4 stages:
• Prophase 1
Leptotene
Zygotene
Pachytene
Diplotene
Diakinesis
• Metaphase 1
• Anaphase 1
• Telophase 1
Meiosis 2 has a similar second meiotic division, where non sister chromatids separate completely.
Therefore, after meiosis, daughter cells formed are haploid, having only one set of chromosomes.
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Dna replication relies on the blank______ of dna strands according to the blank______ rule.
The AT/GC rule states that complementary DNA strands are necessary for DNA replication.
DNA – Is it blood?Blood, sperms, epidermis, tissue, lungs, muscle, grey matter, skeleton, gums, hair, tongue, phlegm, breath, fingernails, urine, feces, and other bodily fluids all contain DNA. Where might one go for DNA evidence at a murder scene? DNA proof can be gathered from almost everywhere.
How long does DNA last?What is the DNA's shelf life? Theoretically, a week to a million years. DNA degrades at different rates depending on how it is packaged and stored. It primarily depends on how much heat, alcohol, sunlight, and oxygen are exposed to the DNA.
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Although you may not actually do a laboratory activity, from your readings and
knowledge base, you can attempt to form EXPECTED RESULTS. Read Investigation 5.A. Analysis 1.
a. What would you expect to happen to the glowing wooden splint inserted
into the test tube with gas from the Cobomba plant? Why? 2 marks
b. Explain the source of the gas. 1 mark
The splint will burst into flame would be expected to happen to the glowing wooden splint inserted into the test tube with gas from the Cobomba plant.
When exposed to sufficient light, the pond weed Cobomba will start to create bubbles of oxygen-containing gas when submerged in a solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate.
Gas is created when layers of rotting plants and animals are exposed to extremely high temperatures from the Earth and pressure from rocks. The natural material was transformed into coal, petroleum, and natural gas by all this pressure, heat, and time over millions of years.
In the electrolytic breakdown of water, oxygen, and hydrogen build up on the anode and cathode, respectively. To check for each, use a wooden splint.
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How many bonds are there between adenine and thymine? and how many bones are there between cytosine and guanine?
Answer:
How many bonds are there between adenine and thymine?
2 hydrogen bonds
How many bones are there between cytosine and guanine?
three hydrogen bonds
Explanation:
There are two bonds between adenine and thymine. And there are three bonds between cytosine and guanine.
Nucleotides are small units used to construct DNA and RNA. Each nucleotide contains a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a sugar group.
The five nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil.
In DNA, the adenine bonds with thymine and the cytosine with guanine. Because these combinations only allow the formation of a hydrogen bond.
The hydrogen bond is formed only between the highly electronegative atom with hydrogen and the electronegative atom with a lone electron pair.
Between adenine and thymine, hydrogen bond formation occurs with the help of two donors and two acceptors.
Between cytosine and guanine, hydrogen bond formation occurs with the help of three donors and three acceptors.
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