a business must not only look at its direct competitors, but also must contend with those firms that offer a product that a consumer might alternatively choose. for example, mcdonald's and burger king can be considered competitors and if one firm raises prices the other firm might gain its customers. however, if both firms raise their prices, customers may choose to purchase pizza instead. porter refers to this as the force of in the market.
A business must not only look at its direct competitors, but also must contend with those firms that offer a product that a consumer might alternatively choose. Porter refers to this as the force of substitutes in the market.
What factors affect the market?Supply and demand in an economy are regulated by government action as well as other causes such as social, demographic, cultural, economic, technical, political, and legal pressures. The supply of a product may be affected by the weather.
Why does the market operate the way it does?The free-market system is driven by self-interest. For their own financial advantage, people manufacture commodities and services. The struggle for consumers' dollars is what is known as competition among producers.
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staying power is important for consumers of technology products because investment over time usually greatly exceeds the initial price paid for a product or service.
a. true
b. false
Staying power is important for consumers of technology products because investment over time usually greatly exceeds the initial price paid for a product or service.
a. true
A patron is the one who purchases the product for his/her personal want and makes use of or consumes it. A customer cannot resell the coolest, services or products but can eat it to earn his/her livelihood and self-employment. Definition of client. The patron is the only who's the stop-person of any items or offerings
Consumers are defined as individuals or agencies that eat or use items and offerings. customers are the customers in the economy that purchase items and offerings, and they could exist as consumers or alone as customers.
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Which one of the following has the highest concentration of mortgage related assets on the balance sheet? O Pension Funds O Savings Institutions O Finance Companies O Credit Unions O Commercial Banks
B. Savings Institutions has the highest concentration of mortgage related assets on the balance sheet.
Savings and loan institutions (S&Ls), sometimes known as thrift banks, savings banks, or savings institutions, offer their clients many of the same services as commercial banks, such as deposits, loans, mortgages, checks, and debit cards. However, commercial banks often focus on working with major corporations and providing unsecured lending services, whilst S&Ls tend to place a heavier emphasis on residential mortgages (such as credit cards).
Any savings and loan association or building and loan association operating under the "Savings and Loan Act (1963), as well as any federal savings and loan association and any association or credit union organised under the laws of the United States or of any state, are considered to be "savings institutions" and have their accounts insured by a federal corporation or agency.
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ted phillips has monthly take-home pay of $1,545; he makes payments of $350 a month on his outstanding consumer credit (excluding the mortgage on his home). how would you characterize ted's debt burden?
The debt safety ratio of Ted's debt burden will be 22.6%.
Debt safety ratio may be defined as the measure of the debt payments of the consumer to the monthly take-home pay. In other words, it measures the debts of a consumer in relation to the income of the consumer. All the expenses or debts that are to be paid by the consumer like house rent, electricity bills, credit card payments, etc. can be compared with the monthly income of the consumer. The formula for debt safety ratio will be expressed as
Debt safety ratio = Total monthly credit payment / monthly take home pay.
Ted's monthly credit payment = $350
Monthly take-home payment = $1545
Debt safety ratio = $350/$1545
Debt safety ratio = 0.226
Debt safety ratio = 22.6%
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The amount of money the insurance company agrees to pay for an incident is called.
The amount of money the insurance company agrees to pay for an incident is called deductible.
A deductible is the quantity you pay for out-of-pocket expenses in your included fitness care earlier than your plan starts to pay. A deductible is distinctive than a premium.
A top class is the quantity you pay, usually each month, to have medical health insurance. Now, deductibles may be low or excessive, depending on the plan you select.
In an insurance coverage, the deductible is the amount paid out of pocket by means of the coverage holder before an insurance company pays any costs. In trendy utilization, the term deductible may be used to describe one of numerous forms of clauses which might be used by insurance corporations as a threshold for coverage bills.
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the account allowance for doubtful accounts is classified as a(n) question 13 options: liability. contra account of bad debt expense. expense. contra account to accounts receivable.
In order to present the receivables at their net realizable value, the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts, a contra asset account, is subtracted from the gross receivables.
What category does allowance for dubious accounts fall under?The provision for questionable accounts is referred to as a "counter asset" since it reduces the value of an asset, in this example, the accounts receivable. The forecast made by management of the amount of accounts receivable that customers won't pay is known as the allowance, also referred to as a bad debt reserve. Untrustworthy accounts are advantageous. In the assets section of a company's balance sheet, immediately below the line item for "Accounts Receivable," the amount is listed as "Allowance For Doubtful Accounts." The expense of setting up a reserve for shaky accounts must be shown on your company's balance sheet. If the questionable debt turns out to be a bad debt in the end, you must record it as an expense on your income statement.
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with the market price of gold at c$1,562.50 per ounce (c$ stands for canadian dollars), maritime resources corp., a canadian mining firm, would like to assess the financial feasibility of reopening an old gold mine that had ceased operations in the past due to low gold prices. reopening the mine would require an up-front capital expenditure of c$67.8 million and annual operating expenses of c$19.42 million. maritime expects that over a five-year operating life it can recover 174,000 ounces of gold from the mine and that the project will have no terminal cash flow. maritime uses straight-line depreciation, has a 21% corporate tax rate, and has an 11.2% cost of capital.
Answer:
Bro theres no question here (?)
Explanation:
casuistry uses those previous clear cases to decide what is ethical in a new situation. it requires us to decide whether the previous paradigm case was similar enough to our current situation, then we make the decision how to make the decision.
The statement that casuistry uses those previous clear cases to decide what is ethical in a new situation as it requires us to decide whether the previous paradigm case was similar enough to our current situation, then we make the decision how to make the decision is true.
In ethics, casuistry refers to a case-based method of reasoning and is generally employed in field-specific areas of professional ethics such as bioethics and business ethics. It generally relies on principles in reasoning analogically from clear-cut cases which are called paradigms, to evaluate the current troublesome ethical situations. cases. It treats similar cases in a similar manner to make decisions. Casuistry is like legal reasoning which uses authoritative writings relevant to a particular case.
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the primary infrastructure that makes up the ____ is typically owned by communications companies, such as telephone and cable companies.
The primary infrastructure that makes up the Internet backbone is typically owned by communications companies, such as telephone and cable companies.
An ISP, or net carrier issuer, is a business enterprise that gives its customers access to the internet and different internet services. Similar to preserving a right away line to the net, the organization typically maintains internet servers.
A community is a set of computers and devices related together thru communications gadgets and transmission media. Many agencies network their computers together to facilitate communications, percentage hardware, share statistics and records, percentage software programs and switch price ranges.
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which of the following is the process that involves bringing together the resources that are needed in the production of goods or services:
Management is the process that involves bringing together the resources that are needed in the production of goods or services
A management process is a way of organising and leading the execution of any kind of activity, such as a project, a process management process for projects, or a process management process, also known as a process performance measurement and management system.
Engineers and designers are frequently the first people in the manufacturing process to implement a management process. Which software engineers can use to produce formulas and which programmes designers can use to develop models may be governed by a procedure.
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When a customer feels uneasy about losing out on the benefits of a brand she chose not to purchase, she is experiencing ________.
A) selective retention
B) selective attention
C) selective distortion
D) cognitive dissonance
E) dissonance-reducing behavior
'When a customer feels uneasy about losing out on the benefits of a brand she chose not to purchase, she is experiencing cognitive dissonance.
In the field of psychology, cognitive dissonance is the perception of conflicting information and its mental burden. Relevant information items include a person's actions, feelings, thoughts, beliefs, values, and things around them.
The following are examples of cognitive dissonance. You want to be healthy, but you don't exercise regularly or eat a nutritious diet. You feel guilty about it. I know smoking (or drinking too much) is bad for my health, but I smoke anyway.
The theory of cognitive dissonance posits that when a person's actions are inconsistent with their own thoughts and beliefs, underlying psychological tensions arise. This underlying tension prompts a person to make a change in attitude that creates consistency in thought and action.
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when frank gehry completed his guggenheim museum in spain it seemed to spark a period of rapid economic growth as a formerly declining industrial town became a center for cultural arts and design. what is the name given to this economic phenomenon generated by famous or conspicuous works of architecture?
The Biblao effect is the name given to this economic phenomenon generated by famous or conspicuous works of architecture.
What is the Biblao effect?The Bilbao Effect is the term used to describe the quick economic boom that appeared to follow the completion of Frank Gehry's Guggenheim Museum in Spain, which transformed a town that had previously been an industrial decline into a hub for culture and design.25 years later, the Bilbao Effect is still challenging perceptions of urban change and inspiring the creation of iconic structures that elevate cities' stature and attract tourists and investors.The Bilbao Effect is the efforts made by a sizable portion of urban elites around the world to create icons in their cities. This was largely motivated by a superficial and media-based understanding of the Bilbao case, which led many people to firmly believe that a city experiencing economic difficulty could be turned around.Therefore, the Biblao effect is the name given to this economic phenomenon generated by famous or conspicuous works of architecture.
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Arbitration is the process in which a neutral third party, a mediator, listens to both sides in a dispute, makes suggestions, and encourages them to agree on a solution.
a. True
b. False
False- Mediation is the process in which a neutral third party, a mediator, listens to both sides in a dispute, makes suggestions, and encourages them to agree on a solution.
Arbitration is the process in which a neutral third party, an arbitrator, listens to both parties in a dispute and makes a decision that the parties have agreed will be binding on them.
Mediation is an established, interactive procedure wherein an independent third birthday celebration assists disputing events in resolving warfare thru using specialized communique and negotiation techniques. All individuals in mediation are recommended to actively take part in the method. Mediation is a "birthday celebration-centered" procedure in that it's far centered often upon the desires, rights, and hobbies of the parties.
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which of the following alternatives best summarizes the keynesian perspective of the ad/as model?
A. It is focused on the short-run, so the AD is volatile and the SRAS is considered fixed. The government is responsible for adjusting their spending according to the AD movements with respect to the fixed SRAS.
B. It is focused on the short-run, so the vertical LRAS shifts over time. The government shouldn’t intervene in the movement of the AD curve, because it can only affect the price level, and not real GDP.
C. It is focused on the long-run, so the vertical LRAS shifts over time. The government shouldn’t intervene in the movement of the AD curve, because it can only affect the price level, and not real GDP.
D. It is focused on the long-run, so the AD is volatile and the LRAS is considered fixed. The government is responsible for adjusting their spending according to the AD movements with respect to the fixed SRAS.
The best summarizes the Keynesian perspective of the ad/as model
B. It is focused on the short-run, so the vertical LRAS shifts over time. The government shouldn’t intervene in the movement of the AD curve, because it can only affect the price level, and not real GDP.
In an effort to comprehend the Great Depression, British economist John Maynard Keynes created Keynesian Economics in the 1930s.
Keynesian economics is known as the "Demand Side Theory," which focuses on short-term changes in the economy. The Keynesian AD/AS model employs an AS (aggregate supply) curve that is vertical at potential output and horizontal below it.
The AD (aggregate demand) curve is seen as volatile since it can quickly rise or collapse.
Additionally, the government is in charge of modifying spending in accordance with changes in the AD curve.
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a decline in job performance, sloppy work habits, and irritable and quarrelsome behavior are examples of
A decline in job performance, sloppy work habits, and irritable and quarrelsome behavior are examples of stress.
Any type of change that causes physical, emotional, or psychological strain is referred to as stress. Your body reacts to anything that demands attention or action by causing stress. Stress affects everyone to some extent. Your general well-being, however, is greatly influenced by how you handle stress.
A feeling of agitation is called irritable. Although some people consider "agitation" to be a more extreme variation of irritable. Whatever word you choose, when you're irritable, you're more likely to get frustrated or upset quickly. In response to difficult circumstances, you might experience it. Stress from daily life, lack of sleep, low blood sugar, and hormonal changes are just a few of the things that can cause or contribute to irritability.
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1. the client is one of the industry’s largest based on its size and market share
The client is one of the industry’s largest based on its size and market share Acceptable audit risk.
There are three common sorts of audit risks, which are detection risks, management dangers, and inherent risks. This means the auditor fails to locate the misstatements and mistakes within the company's economic announcement, and as an end result, they trouble a wrong opinion on those statements.
The 2 predominant styles of hazard are systematic risk and unsystematic threat. The systematic change affects the entirety. It's by far the overall, wide chance assumed while investing. Unsystematic chance is greater, particularly in an enterprise, industry, or region.
The 5 measures encompass the alpha, beta, R-squared, general deviation, and Sharpe ratio. Hazard measures can be used on my part or collectively to carry out a threat evaluation. Whilst evaluating two ability investments, it's far clever to evaluate like for like to decide which investment holds the maximum hazard.
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economists claim that a resale price maintenance agreement is not anti-competitive because question 15 options: retail cartel agreements cannot increase retail profits. if a supplier has market power, it will be likely to exert that power through wholesale price rather than retail price. retail markets are inherently noncompetitive. suppliers are never able to exercise noncompetitive market power.
Resale price maintenance agreements, according to economists, really aren't anti-competitive because suppliers can never utilize their market position in an anti-competitive manner.
What does non-competitive means ?Not prone to or marked by rivalry or competitiveness. his lack of competition. a work market that is uncompetitive. studying in a noncompetitive setting. not being, partaking, or taking part in a contest or competition. Non-competitive inhibition is indeed a type of inhibition in which the inhibitor weakens the enzyme's activity and binds to the enzyme as well whether or not the substrate has already been bound.
What is an example of a non-competitive market and it's strategy ?A monopoly is an excellent illustration of such a non-competitive market because, by definitions, a monopolist is a company that controls an exclusive market. What if there were just one manufacturer of smartphones worldwide? As a monopoly, that business might increase the cost of all smartphones. In non-price competition, a company "seeks to distinguish its service or product from competing items on the basis of features like design and workmanship," according to a marketing strategy.
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a publisher has copies of a philosophy book in its inventory, but it produces 1,000 copies of the book in august that it expects to sell in the upcoming academic year. the price of the book is $120. if the publisher actually sells 1,300 textbooks, then:
If the publisher actually sells 1300 textbooks:
C. the publisher will earn more revenue than it would have earned if it had not printed the additional 300 textbooks.The publisher will earn more revenue because it will sell the additional 300 textbooks at the regular price. The cost of printing the additional textbooks is less than the revenue generated from selling them.
The Benefits of Printing More TextbooksIn today's competitive marketplace, publishers must be strategic in their planning in order to maximize profits. One way to do this is to print more copies of a popular book than initially anticipated. This may seem counterintuitive, but if a publisher knows that a book is in high demand, printing more copies can actually lead to more profits.
There are several reasons for this. First, by printing more copies, the publisher can sell the book at a lower price point, making it more affordable for students and increasing the likelihood of sales. Second, the publisher can sell the additional copies to other bookstores or distributors, who may be willing to pay a higher price for them. Finally, if the publisher knows that a book is in high demand, printing more copies can help to ensure that the book remains in stock and available for purchase, preventing lost sales due to a lack of inventory.
Overall, printing more copies of a popular book can be a wise decision for a publisher, as it can lead to increased sales and profits. By being strategic and proactive, publishers can stay ahead of the competition and keep their business thriving.
The complete question:A publisher has copies of a philosophy book in its inventory, but it produces 1,000 copies of the book in august that it expects to sell in the upcoming academic year. the price of the book is $120. if the publisher actually sells 1,300 textbooks, then:
A. the publisher will lose money on the sale of the textbooks.B. the publisher will earn exactly enough revenue to cover the cost of printing the textbooks.C. the publisher will earn more revenue than it would have earned if it had not printed the additional 300 textbooks.D. the publisher will earn less revenue than it would have earned if it had not printed the additional 300 textbooks.Learn more about publishers :
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which reason for holding inventory is exemplified when a firm builds up stock because they anticipate rising profit levels in the future
The expenses incurred for keeping goods or inventory in a warehouse are known as inventory holding costs.
What is inventory holding cost?The expenses incurred for keeping goods or inventory in a warehouse are known as inventory holding costs. Inventory that is kept on hand is a liability that reduces profit margins and raises operating costs for firms. Inventory holding expenses include rent for the facility, security fees, depreciation costs, and insurance.To reduce stock-out costs, merchandise is kept on hand. To ensure that no consumer leaves empty-handed, all businesses must forecast the demand for their products and maintain inventories of raw materials, finished goods, work-in-progress, and consumables.Within a single supply chain, inventory holding costs are computed as a portion of the overall inventory costs. Storage, insurance, labor, transportation, depreciation, shrinkage of the inventory, spoilage of the inventory, obsolescence, and opportunity costs are some of the costs.To Learn more About inventory holding refer to:
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In the financial world, some Nigerian banks have used a fast-follower strategy. To reap benefits, they have
a. quickly developed and marketed products introduced by western banks
b. debunked studies that found over 50% of new products fail in the market
c. modeled information systems practices after Chinese and American systems
d. reorganized corporate structure to take advantage of a lean business process
In the financial world, some Nigerian banks have used a fast-follower strategy. To reap benefits, they have: A. quickly developed and marketed products introduced by western banks.
What is a marketing strategy?Marketing strategy can be defined as a technique that is typically used by business firms to attract customers to their goods (products) or service, especially by giving them a lower price during its initial operation and offering.
In Business management, the fast-follower strategy is a type of marketing strategy that is designed and developed to avail business organizations an opportunity to avoid the mistakes that were made by other business organizations (the First Movers), as well as adopting innovative changes and best practice for a customer community.
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if the supply curve for housing is perfectly inelastic, then a reduction in demand will cause the equilibrium price to:
A decrease in demand will result in a decrease in the equilibrium price while maintaining the equilibrium quantity if the supply curve for housing is perfectly inelastic.
A product is referred to as "perfectly" inelastic when it has an elasticity of zero. This indicates that regardless of how the product's price changes, neither the supply nor the demand will alter at all. The demand for an item or service that is totally inelastic would not fluctuate regardless of price; however, no such good or service exists.
A perfectly inelastic demand curve implies that the buyer would always buy the same quantity of a commodity or service, regardless of price. Vertical to the y-axis is the perfectly inelastic supply curve. This suggests that a change in price will not affect the quantity offered.
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what have home shopping programs done in order to attract a younger audience?
Invited celebrities to come on the show have home shopping programs done in order to attract a younger audience.
A target audience is a collection of those who take part in a show or come across a piece of art, literature, theatre, music, video games, or academics in any medium. target audience members take part in one of a kind ways in different forms of art.
A few preferred examples of a target audience in literature could be children, young adults, or adults. as instance, The Boxcar kids series became written for an target audience of kids, The hunger video games series became written for teenagers, and the broken Earth series turned into written for adults.
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costco's store brand kirkland signature is an example of which branding strategy?
Costco's store brand Kirkland signature is an example of private- label brand branding strategy.
Building on strategic management, strategic marketing arose as a separate subject of study in the 1970s and 1980s. The function of marketing as a conduit between a company and its clients is highlighted in marketing strategy, which makes use of a company's resources and competencies to gain a competitive edge (Cacciamatta & Lee, 2016).
Brand management in marketing starts with an analysis of how a brand is currently perceived in the market, moves on to planning how the brand should be perceived to achieve its objectives, and then concludes with making sure the brand is perceived as planned and achieves its objectives. For effective brand management, cultivating positive relationships with target markets is crucial. The product itself, as well as its appearance, cost, and packaging, among other things, are tangible components of brand management.
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What changed as a result of the ruling in the supreme court case hernandez v. Texas?.
The all-Anglo jury found Hernandez guilty of murder and gave him a life sentence.
What was altered as a result of the Supreme Court's decision in the Hernandez v. Texas case?The Supreme Court unanimously decided in Hernandez v. Texas that the Fourteenth Amendment applied to all racial and ethnic groups that were subject to discrimination, thereby expanding the scope of civil rights legislation to encompass Hispanics and all other non-whites.
What decision did the Supreme Court make in the case of Hernandez v. Texas?The United States Supreme Court ruled in the historic decision of Hernandez v. Texas, 347 U.S. 475 (1954), that Mexican Americans and all other racial groups in the country were entitled to equal protection under the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.
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In a rights offering, when an existing stockholder is notified that they have been given one right for each share of stock owned, they can do what?
In a rights offering, when an existing stockholder is notified that they have been given one right for each share of stock owned, they can:
order all the rights to be solddo nothing and let the rights expiresubscribe to the full number of entitled sharesA rights problem is an invitation to existing shareholders to buy additional new shares in the employer. This type of difficulty gives existing shareholders securities known as rights. With the rights, the shareholder can purchase new shares at a reduction to the marketplace rate on a stated destiny date.
A rights providing allows an organization's shareholders the right to shop for additional stocks or promote the rights of the one to any other investor at the open marketplace. Also referred to as a rights difficulty, this situation is not one you can come upon regularly.
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which cost calculation method is most accurate? answer single plantwide costing all choices are equally as accurate costing methods. multiple department costing activity-based costing
We can say that the (B) activity-based cost calculation method is the most accurate.
What is the activity-based cost?ABC is a technique for allocating overhead and indirect costs, such as salaries and utilities, to goods and services. The ABC system of cost accounting is built around activities, which are defined as any occasion, project, or task with a clear objective. Consequently, compared to traditional costing, this methodology assigns more indirect expenses to direct costs.Examples include the amount of space required per product, which is used to divide the factory's rent and the company's maintenance costs. Another example is the number of purchase orders (i.e., POs), which is used to divide the purchasing department's costs.Therefore, we can say that (B) the activity-based cost calculation method is the most accurate.
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Correct question:
Which cost calculation is most accurate?
a) all choices are equally as accurate
b) activity-based cost
c) single plantwide cost
d) multiple department cost
which situation leads to stagflation? please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. answer choices a reduction of government spending a stock market crash a rise in nominal wages a decrease in the price of electricity
Stagflation could be a combination of 3 negatives: slower economic process, higher state, and better costs. This can be a mixture that may not be presupposed to occur within the logic of social science.
Costs should not go up once individuals have less cash to pay. Stagflation is caused by a shift in the mixture, providing a curve to the left. Associate degree adjusted life of inflation (a persistent increase within the average index within the economy) that removes the distortions of the foremost volatile costs of things like food and energy.
Stagflation is associated with an unhealthy combination of high state and high inflation, usually caused by increased input costs.
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a risk-free, zero-coupon bond has 15 years to maturity. which of the following is closest to the price per $1000 of face value that the bond will trade at if the ytm is 6.1%? a. $411.40 b. $553.15 c $663.78 d. $885.05 e. $774.42
The price of the bond will be $411.40. If the current yield on the bond is 6.1%, it will trade at $411.40.
What is risk-free bond:
Find the bond's price, or PV, using the following information.
n = 15
pmt = $0
p/yr = 1
fv = $1,000
ytm = 6.10 %
pv = ?
The bond price (PV), calculated using a financial calculator, is $411,4047 or $411,40.
If the current yield on the bond is 6.1%, it will trade at $411.40.
Bonds come in a variety of forms, including zero-coupon and bonds that pay coupons. The interest that is routinely paid to the bondholder is calculated using a coupon rate that is present in coupon-paying bonds. The zero-coupon bond is always issued at a discount and does not accrue interest for the bondholder. The price ought to be less than the face value as a result. We factor in the face value, the number of years till maturity, and the yield-to-maturity when evaluating the price (YTM).
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Rather than carrying 15 brands of laundry detergent, ________ offer one or two brands and sizes, one of which is a store brand.
Limited-assortment supermarkets only carry one or two brands and quantities of laundry detergent, one of which is a store brand, as opposed to carrying 15 different brands.
Supermarkets with a limited selection, often known as extreme discount food merchants, only carry 1,250 SKUs.
Limited assortment stores only carry one or two brands and quantities of laundry detergent, one of which is a store brand, as opposed to carrying twenty different brands. Stores are made to be as efficient and cost-effective as possible.
For instance, merchandise is sent in display-ready containers so that there is no need for unloading. Some expensive services that consumers take for granted, like receiving free bags and using credit cards to make payments, are not offered.
These shops are often found in low-rent second- or third-tier shopping malls. By reducing expenses, stores with a limited selection can sell their products for 40% less than supermarkets with a wider selection.
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plant assets should be recorded at cost, including all normal and reasonable expenditures necessary to get the asset in place and ready for its intended use. this would include which of the following costs? (check all that apply.) multiple select question. repairs necessary for damages incurred during installation testing fines incurred for failing to get the correct permits assembling shipping charges
If plant assets should be recorded at cost, including all normal and reasonable expenditures necessary to get the asset in place and ready for its intended use. this would include: Shipping charges, Testing, Assembling.
What is plant assets?Plant assets can be defined as those assets that add value to a company based on the fact that companies tend to make used of this assets to produce goods and services which inturn enables them to generate revenue or income after the selling the products they produced.
This type of asset are often long term asset which implies that they take long before they depreciate.
Some of the example of plant assets include the following :
Plant and machineryLand and buildingsFurnitureComputersVehicles etc.Therefore the costs are Shipping charges, Testing, Assembling.
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