Rinse the crystals with approximately 0.5 mL of ice-cold water and remove the rinse with the Pasteur pipette.
What are the major steps should be taken before leaving the laboratory?Before leaving the laboratory, also record your partner's results in your laboratory notebook. Put your product in an appropriate container Neutralize the filtrate with 1 N your sulfuric acid to destroy any remaining reducing agent.
Put the aqueous filtrate in the appropriate liquid waste container. Dispose of all contaminated Pasteur pipettes melting point and TLC capillaries, and TLC plates in the container for chemically contaminated laboratory debris.
Therefore, Rinse the crystals with approximately 0.5 mL of ice-cold water and remove the rinse with the Pasteur pipette.
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What is included in Scope 1 emissions?
Scope 1 emission are direct emission that involves Greenhouse emission that occur from the sources that are controlled by an organization.
Scope 1 emission generated by gas boilers and owned or leased cars, vans & lorries. These are emissions release into the atmosphere during industrial processes. for example the production of carbon dioxide (CO2) as part of cement manufacturing. Companies of all sizes and in all industries are increasingly recognizing the need to reduce their carbon emissions and address sustainability issues within their operations to become net zero businesses. Scope 1 is mandatory. This emission is the direct emissions from owned or controlled sources. This emissions associated with fuel combustion in boilers, furnaces, vehicles.
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the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere varies depending on the conditions in the area false true
True, The statement that the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere varies depending on the conditions in the area is true.
The amount of water vapor present in the atmosphere is directly related to the temperature, pressure, and humidity of the air in the area. For example, in a hot and humid region, the atmosphere will have a higher amount of water vapor than in a cold and dry region. Additionally, the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere can also be affected by other factors such as wind speed and air movement, which can impact the temperature and humidity of the air in an area.
In addition, the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere can also be affected by human activities. For example, the burning of fossil fuels can increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere due to the release of water vapor from the burning process. Similarly, deforestation can reduce the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere as the trees are no longer able to absorb the moisture from the air.
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how many grams of caco3 (ksp = 8.7 ×10-9) will dissolve in 230 ml of 0.0500 m ca(no3)2?
The mass of the calcium carbonate that would dissolve in the compound is 1.15 g.
What is the mass of the compound?We know that the solubility product has to do with the equilibrium constant that we can be able to use in the process of trying to find the amount of the substance that is going to dissolve in the solution.
In this case, we have the volume and the concentration of the salt and we want to find the amount of the calcium carbonate that is going to be dissolved in the solution as we have it in the question.
Thus we can write;
Number of moles = mass/molar mass
Number of moles = concentration * volume
= 230/1000 L * 0.0500 M
= 0.0115 moles
The molar mass of calcium carbonate is 100 g/mol
Mass of the compound = 0.0115 moles * 100 g/mol
= 1.15 g
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What happens if you put 100 grams of sugar to a 100 mL of water?
When you put 100 grams of sugar to a 100 mL of water there is no increase in volume. The characteristic of matter illustrated by this observation is that the particles of water have spaces between them into which sugar particles fit.
What is a mixture ?When two or more chemically unrelated compounds are combined, they form a mixture.
In general, homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures are categorised.
In contrast to heterogeneous mixtures, homogeneous mixtures have a consistent composition throughout.
A homogeneous mixture is exemplified by the mixing of sugar and water.
Sugar dissolves into smaller crystals when it is combined with water, and these smaller sugar particles fill the spaces left by the water molecules to create a homogeneous combination of sugar syrup.
This sugar solution has a consistent chemical make-up.
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Decribe the reaction of unaturated hydrocarbon with dilute alkaline aqueou olution of KMnO4
The Baeyer's test or KMnO4 test for unsaturation is for determining the presence of carbon-carbon double-bonded compounds, called alkenes or carbon-carbon triple bonded compounds, called alkynes.
What is compound?A chemical compound is a substance made of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) joined by chemical bonds and containing atoms from various chemical elements. Therefore, a molecule made up of atoms of only one element is not a compound. Chemical reactions, which may involve interactions with other substances, can change a compound into another substance. Atomic bonds may be broken or created during this process.
Compounds can be divided into four main categories according to the way their individual atoms are joined. Covalent bonds hold together molecules; ionic bonds hold together ions; metallic bonds hold together intermetallic compounds; and coordinate covalent bonds hold coordination complexes together.
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What is concentration of sugar solution if 20 gram is dissolved in enough water to make the final solution upto 2 Litre?
Sugar solution has a 0.03 mol/L concentration.
What exactly is soluble?In chemistry, the term "solubility" describes a material's capacity to dissolve in another substance (the solvent). The solute's inability to create such a solution is known as insolubility.
The amount of a solute in a saturated solution, or a solution in which no more solute can be dissolved, is typically used to gauge how soluble a substance is in a given solvent. The two compounds are said to be in balance for solubility at this time.
Sugar's molar mass equals 342g/L
Number of solute moles = 20/342 = 0.0584 moles
Molecularity = 0.0584
20
1. molarity = 0.03 mol/L
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what is the relationship between d- and l-glucose? group of answer choices they are identical. they are constitutional isomers. they are conformers. they are enantiomers. they are diastereomers.
The opposite of D-glucose is L-glucose. However, D-Glucose cannot superimpose this mirror image. L-Glucose is therefore regarded as the D-Glucose enantiomer.
What distinguishes L-glucose from D-glucose?Each chiral carbon in D- and L-glucose has a different conformation. D-glucose rotates the polarized light plane clockwise to the right, whereas L-glucose rotates it counterclockwise to the right (anticlockwise).
What does it mean that sugars have a D form and a L form?The arrangements of amino acids and carbohydrates are denoted by the letters D and L, respectively. As an arbitrary reference point for the D and L notation in sugar chemistry, glyceraldehyde has been used. Because this has an asymmetric carbon and can exist as two distinct enantiomers.
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Which changes in air temperature and atmospheric pressure will normally be recorded.
The changes in air temperature and atmospheric pressure will generally be recorded by weather balloon is: (1) a decrease in both air temperature and atmospheric pressure.
How does a weather balloon work?The weather balloons are released by the National Weather Service simultaneously. It is made of neoprene or latex and filled with helium or hydrogen. A radiosonde is attached to the balloon to record the air temperature and atmospheric pressure. The data will be sent back to the tracking equipment every 1-2 seconds, such as the decrease in both air temperature and atmospheric pressure.
This question seems incomplete. The complete query is as follows:
“Which changes in air temperature and atmospheric pressure will normally be recorded by a weather balloon when released at Earth’s surface and rises through the troposphere?
(1) a decrease in both air temperature and atmospheric pressure(2) a decrease in air temperature and an increase in atmospheric pressure(3) an increase in both air temperature and atmospheric pressure(4) an increase in air temperature and a decrease in atmospheric pressure”Learn more about weather balloons here https://brainly.com/question/29073421
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you are performing bag-mask ventilations with oxygen connected and set at a flow rate of 15 l/min. what percentage of oxygen are you delivering?
While performing bag- mask ventilation with oxygen connected with the oxygen flow at 15 L / Min, then it will provide 90 tp 95% of oxygen.
In the Bag-valve-mask ventilation, Bag valve mask devices are the preferred equipment to deliver positive pressure ventilation to the apneic patient. Every dental office must have the ability to deliver oxygen with positive pressure. This may be accomplished with either oxygen-powered resuscitators bag valve mask devices. During positive pressure ventilation, there is always a significant risk for gastric distention and subsequent regurgitation or vomiting. This is due to the fact that when oxygen is introduced into the pharynx via positive pressure.
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Select the single best answer. Predict the shape of XeF3*. tetrahedral seesaw T-shaped trigonal pyramidal trigonal planar trigonal bipyramidal
According to the molecular geometry, the shape of XeF₃[tex]^+[/tex] is T-shaped as there is less anti-bonding interaction.
What is molecular geometry?Molecular geometry can be defined as a three -dimensional arrangement of atoms which constitute the molecule.It includes parameters like bond length,bond angle and torsional angles.
It influences many properties of molecules like reactivity,polarity color,magnetism .The molecular geometry can be determined by various spectroscopic methods and diffraction methods , some of which are infrared,microwave and Raman spectroscopy.
They provide information about geometry by taking into considerations the vibrational and rotational absorbance of a substance.Neutron and electron diffraction techniques provide information about the distance between nuclei and electron density.
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How much lead is in pewter?
It is composed of fine metal and has 4% lead in it. The final variety of pewter, called "lay" or "ley" metal, was utilized for objects that were not in direct contact with food or liquids.
How much lead is in pewter?Although numerous lead-containing pewters are still being made for other uses, modern pewters can be found that are fully lead-free. Tin makes up 94% of the standard European casting alloy, together with 1% copper and 5% antimony. 92% tin, 2% copper, and 6% antimony would be the composition of a sheet of European pewter.
Since when is lead no longer added to pewter?Older pewters with a higher lead content weigh more, tarnish more quickly, and develop a darker silver-grey color with time. As required by BS5140, lead was removed from the composition in 1974.
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a clear liquid is placed in an evaporating dish and heated with a lab burner. the liquid disappears leaving a solid white residue which resembles salt crystals. based on this information, which conclusion is a correct?
The conclusion that can be obtained from these observations is that the reaction has gone through a chemical change which produces a new substance called a precipitate.
Precipitates are solid particles (solid) that are usually formed from the agglomeration/synthesis of dissolved/suspended chemical particles in liquids. Precipitation reactions are chemical reactions that occur when a solid is separated from a liquid. Substances that are separate and insoluble in liquid are called precipitates.
Chemical reactions that produce sediment, for example, include the occurrence of carbonate compounds on the bottom of the pot when boiling water. When lime water is blown, a reaction will occur between the lime water and the carbon dioxide produced by breathing.
This question is multiple choice:
were pure substances before they were mixed.are toxic and should be handled with extreme caution.have gone through a chemical change in which a new substance called a precipitate was produced.have been stored too long and are no longer good.Learn more about Precipitation reactions at https://brainly.com/question/20469884
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a liquid mixture is observed to be transparent and colorless. when the mixture is heated, the liquid in the mixture evaporates leaving behind a white solid. what type of mixture is described? multiple choice homogeneous mixture solution suspension and heterogeneous mixture heterogeneous mixture solution and homogeneous mixture suspension
Answer:A
Explanation:
Rank the following radicals in order of decreasing stability.
(CH3)2ĊCH2CH3, (CH3)2CHCHCH3, (CH3)2CHCH2CH2,(CH3)2C=CHCH2 is the ranking order of the radicals in decreasing stability
In chemistry, a radical, also renowned as a free radical, is a molecule that has at least one unpaired electron. Most molecules have an odd number of electrons, and the covalent bonds form bonds that hold the atoms together within a molecule are usually composed up of pairs of electrons shared by atoms connected by the bond. A chemical substance is said to be "stable" in everyday language and frequently in materials science if it is not need to in the environment or during normal use and maintains its useful properties over the timescale of its expected usefulness.
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The complete question is :
Rank the radicals in order of decreasing stability. Most stable Least stable Answer Bank (CH3)2ĊCH2CH3 (CH3)2C=CHCH2 (CH3)2CHCH2CH2 (CH3)2CHCHCH3
unbalanced redox reaction
IO3- (aq) + H₂s (aq)→I2 (s) + SO3 2-(aq)
Answer:
6IO3- (aq) + 5H2S(aq) => 3I2 (s) + 5SO3 2-(aq) + 3H2O + 4H+
Explanation:
6IO3- (aq) + 5H2S(aq) => 3I2 (s) + 5SO3 2-(aq) + 3H2O + 4H+
I = 6
O = 18
H = 10
S = 5
Select six different types of energy. physical light chemical mechanical atomic electrical mental heat
Answer:
Mechanical energy is energy that results from movement or the location of an object. Mechanical energy is the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy.
Explanation:
Nuclear energy is energy resulting from changes in the atomic nuclei or from nuclear reactions.
Example: Nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, and nuclear decay are examples of nuclear energy. An atomic detonation or power from a nuclear plant are specific examples of this type of energy.
what is the chemical structure of: Nitrogen,Oxygen,carbon dioxide
Answer:
Nitrogen is N2
Oxygen is O2
Carbon dioxide is CO2
draw the structure of (z)-1-chloro-2-methyl-2-butene.
The structure of (z)-1-chloro-2-methyl-2-butene is in the image attached.
Organic compounds in chemistry are any chemical compounds that have carbon-hydrogen or carbon-carbon bonds. Millions of organic compounds are known due to carbon's propensity to catenate (form chains with other carbon atoms). Organic chemistry is the science that studies the characteristics, reactions, and synthesis of organic molecules.
For historical reasons, a few classes of carbon-containing compounds (e.g., carbonate salts and cyanide salts), as well as a few other outliers (e.g., carbon dioxide, hydrogen cyanide), are not categorised as organic and are classified as inorganic. Other than the aforementioned, there is no agreement among chemists on which carbon-containing molecules are excluded, making any strict definition of an organic compound tricky.
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What happens to an enzyme after a reaction?
Enzymes aren't reactants and aren't used up in the course of the reaction. Once an enzyme binds to a substrate and catalyzes the reaction, the enzyme is released.
This method that for every reaction, there does now no longer want to be a 1:1 ratio among enzyme and substrate molecules. The response then occurs, changing the substrate into merchandise and forming an enzyme merchandise complicated. The merchandise then go away the energetic site of the enzyme. The first step of an enzyme catalyzed response is catalytic turnover the binding of substrate via way of means of the enzyme the discharge of product dissociation of the ES complicated ES -> E + P. An enzyme-catalyzed response may be more or less divided into 3 stages: enzyme-substrate binding, "catalysis" and product release.
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CHEMICAL BONDING POGIL Activity 3 - Wher in a name? Oblective: • Identify some simple rules about nomenclature naming The Mode Examine the table below, and answer the following questions Table 2 Cation No Anton СТ Chemical Parmela NC CO ZnC Ls KIN Compound Name sodium chloride calcium oxide une chloride lithium sulfide potassium nitride СТ Na Reviewing the Model 1. Are ALL cations positive ions or negative ions? posve 2. Are ALL anions positive ions or negative ions? negalve 3. What is the name of the compound formed by the combination of u and slons? Lithium suced Exploring the Model 4. When the name of an ionic compound is given, which ion is stated first? Cahon 5. Compare the first part of the compound name to the name of the element from the periodic table. How does the name of the cation correspond to the name of the element? 6. Compare the second part of the compound name to the name of the element from the periodic table. How does the name of the anion correspond to the name of the element? 7. From what part of the periodic table do the cations in the Model come metals or nonmatals)? Alkali and alkaline earth 8. From what part of the periodic table do the anions in the Model come? 4
All cations are positive because cations are formed due to loss of electrons. So they are electron deficient.
The formation of a chemical bond between two or more atoms, molecules, or ions results in the formation of a chemical compound. A chemical bond is a long-lasting attraction between atoms or ions that enables the formation of molecules and crystals. Electrostatic contact between oppositely charged ions forms ionic bonds, whereas electron sharing forms covalent bonds.
Chemical bonds link molecules and generate transient connections that allow life to exist. Chemical bonding includes covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds, as well as London dispersion forces. Valence electrons are electrons that are the furthest away from the nucleus, have the least attraction from it, and so are the most reactive.
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How many grams of NaCl, m.w. 58.5 daltons, are necessary to make 1 liter of 5% saline? A. 58.5 B.1 C. 6.02 X 10^23 0.2.9 E. 50
29.25 grams of NaCl, m.w. 58.5 daltons, are necessary to make 1 liter of 5% saline.
Molar concentration is a unit of measurement for the concentration of a chemical species, specifically a solute, in a solution, expressed as the amount of substance per unit volume of solution. The most often used unit for molarity in chemistry is the number of moles per litre, denoted by the unit symbol mol/L or mol/dm3 in SI units.
A solution's concentration is defined as the quantity of solute present in a given amount of solution. The concentration of any solution is defined as the solute divided by the volume of the solvent or solution. When represented as a percentage, it is known as mass by volume percent.
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Balance the following equation: B2O3(s) + HF(l) BF3(g) + H2O(l) A. B2O3(s) + 6HF(I) -> 2BF3(g) + 3H2O(l) B. B2O3(s) + H6F6(l) -> B2F6(g) + H6O3(l) C.B2O3(s) + 2HF(l) -> 2BF3(g) + H2O(l) D. B2O3(s) + 3HF(l) -> 2BF3(g) + 3H2O(1) E. B2O3(s) + 6HF(l) -> 2BF3(g) + 6H2O(1)
B2O3 (s) + 6HF (l) ---------> 2BF3 (g) + 3 H2O (l) is the balanced equation.
A chemical equation is a graphical representation of the a chemical reaction using symbols but also chemical formulas. The reactant enterprises are on the left, and the product entities are on the right, with a plus sign between both the entities both the reactants and products, as well as an arrow pointing towards the products to indicate the reaction's direction.
Given reaction is
B2O3 (s) + HF (l) ---------> BF3 (g) + H2O (l)
On left side 2 B atoms. To equalize B atoms , put coefficient 2 for BF3.
B2O3 (s) + HF (l) ---------> 2BF3 (g) + H2O (l)
Now on right side 6 F atoms. To equalize F atoms , put coefficient 6 for HF.
B2O3 (s) + 6HF (l) ---------> 2BF3 (g) + H2O (l)
Now on right side 6 H atoms. To equalize H atoms , put coefficient 3 for H2O.
B2O3 (s) + 6HF (l) ---------> 2BF3 (g) + 3 H2O (l)
Now all atoms are balanced.
Therefore, balanced equation is B2O3 (s) + 6HF (l) ---------> 2BF3 (g) + 3 H2O (l)
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Choose the correct names of all possible isomers of dimethylcyclobutane molecule. Select all that apply. 1,1-dimethylcyclobutane 0 2,3-dimethylcyclobutane 0 1,2-dimethylcyclobutane 0 2,2-dimethylcyclobutane 1,3-dimethylcyclobutane 1,4-dimethylcyclobutane
Alkanes, Hydrocarbons, and Chemistry amount of isomers overall, including st Question The total number of isomers for 1,2-dimethyl cyclobutane, including stereoisomers, is: A 2 with one trans and one cis (both optically inactive)
Two optically active trans forms, one cis form, and B3 C3, three optically active cis forms: one trans form and two. D
5 isomers are present. 1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane (trans) (trans) 1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane (cis) (cis) 1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane(trans) 1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane(cis) 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane Response from toppr Upvote(3) How happy are you with the response? This will assist us in getting better. Structure of 1,3-dimethylcyclobutane PubChem CID 448071 Find Molecular Formulas for Similar Structures Synonyms for C6H12 Cyclobutane, 1,3-dimethyl 1,3-dimethylcyclobutane 84.16 molecular weight Add one additional row.
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in 1871, mendeleev predicted the existence of an element that he called eka-aluminum, which would have the following properties: atomic mass of about 68 amu, density of about 6.0 g/cm3, low melting point, high boiling point, and formed oxide compounds with the formula m2o3. what is the name of this element?
The name of this element is gallium
Was the periodic table altered by Mendeleev?
The periodic table was created on February 17, 1869, by Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev. He wrote down the symbols for the chemical elements and arranged them according to their atomic weights.
A periodic table of elements is what Mendeleev referred to as. This is due to the fact that he organized the elements according to their atomic masses. He listed the elements in order of increasing atomic mass, with the lighter elements listed first.
During the classification, Mendeleev made predictions about several of the elements' yet-to-be-discovered properties. One of the elements he designated as eka-aluminum later turned out to be gallium.
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Which term describes the conversion of substances into different substances? (1 point)
O ionic bonding
O fossilization
O chemical reaction
O photosynthesis
Chemical reaction is the term which describes the conversion of substances into different substances.
What is chemical reaction?Chemical reactions are defined as reactions which occur when a substance combines with another substance to form a new substance.Alternatively, when a substance breaks down or decomposes to give new substances it is also considered to be a chemical reaction.
There are several characteristics of chemical reactions like change in color, change in state , change in odor and change in composition . During chemical reaction there is also formation of precipitate an insoluble mass of substance or even evolution of gases.
There are three types of chemical reactions:
1) inorganic reactions
2)organic reactions
3) biochemical reactions
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Can methanol be a gas
Answer:
Yes, methanol can be a gas. Methanol is a chemical compound that is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. At room temperature and standard atmospheric pressure, methanol is a liquid, but it can easily be converted into a gas by heating it to a sufficiently high temperature.
Methanol has a relatively low boiling point of 148.5 degrees Fahrenheit (64.7 degrees Celsius), which means that it can be readily vaporized at relatively low temperatures. When methanol is heated to its boiling point, it will begin to convert from a liquid into a gas, and will continue to vaporize until it reaches a state of equilibrium with its surroundings.
Methanol gas has a number of important uses, including as a solvent, a fuel, and a starting material for the synthesis of other chemicals. It is also commonly used as a laboratory reagent, due to its low toxicity and low cost.
Experiment 14 Advance Study Assignment: Heat Effects and Calorimetry rimeter at 23.0°C. At equilibrium the temperature of the water and metal was 41.8°C. a. What was Ar for the water? (Arl i a calo- b, what was ar for the metal? c. How much heat flowed into the water? (Take the specific heat of the water to be 4.18 12 joules d. Calculate the specific heat of the metal, using Equation 3. 147.90 x x (-67.7):-За 11. 72 e. What is the approximate molar mass of the metal? (Use Eq. 4.) 55.g/mol 2, when 4.98 g of NaOH was dissolved in 4972 g of water in a calorimeter at 23.7℃ the temperature of the solution went up to 50.1°C. a. Is this dissolution reaction exothermic? cxothermawhy? because disse lutien of No ott inte wate lead to guner heat and rise in temp of the solvtur ratn of b. Calculate nio using Equation 1. $486. 드u76x,oJoules c. Find All for the reaction as it occurred in the calorimeter(Eq. 5). 6036.2 continued on following page) custom page 63
A metal sample weighing 147.90 g and at a temperature of 99.5°C was placed in 49.73 g of water in a calorimeter at 23.0°C. At equilibrium the temperature of the water and metal was 41.8°C. Then:
a) Δt for water = 18.8°Cb) Δt for metal = - 57.7°Cc) Heat transferred into the water = 3908 Jd) Specific heat of metal = 0.458 Je) Approximate molar mass of metal = 54.58 g/molTwo solutions with different temperatures have the final temperature of the mixture which can be found through a calculation. How to calculate the final temperature of the mixture is done by the heat formula (Q) and payments according to the Black Principle. The resulting final temperature of the mixture in the combination of solutions having different temperatures is influenced by several factors. The influencing factors include the mass of the solution (m), the specific heat (C), and the temperature of each solution (T).
In the questions:
a) Δt for water:
Initial water temperature = 23.0°C
Final temperature of water = 41.8°C
Δt water = 41.8 - 23 = 18.8°C
b) Δt for metal:
Initial temperature of metal = 99.5°C
final temperature of metal = 41.8°C
Δt metal = 41.8 - 99.5 = - 57.7°C
c) Heat transferred into the water
Heat flow = (m x c x Δt) water
Heat flows = 49.73 x 41.8 x 18.86
Heat flow = 3908 J
d) Specific heat of metal:
Heat loss by metal = heat gain by water
Qmetal = Qwater
(m x c x Δt)metal = - 3908
147.9 x c x - 57.7°C = - 3908
-8533.83c = -3908
c = -3908/-8533.83
c = 0.458 J
e) Approximate molar mass of metal:
Mass metal = 25/0.458
Mass metal = 54.58 g/mol
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A potassium atom (atomic number 19) loses an electron while forming a bond with another atom. which best describes the potassium ion that forms?
a. it is a negative ion that has one less valence electron than a neutral potassium atom.
b. it is a negative ion that has one more valence electron than a neutral potassium atom.
c. it is a positive ion that has one less valence electron than a neutral potassium atom.
d. it is a positive ion that has one more valence electron than a neutral potassium atom.
Answer:
c
Explanation:
got 100%
Consider the reaction of a generic metal ion (Mn+) with a generic porphine molecule (por): M(H2O)mn+(aq)+por(aq)⇌M(por)n+(aq)+mH2O(l)Based on the values of standard enthalpy, ΔH∘, and entropy, ΔS∘, shown here, ΔH -23.5 kJ ΔS 8.82 J/K what is the value of the formation constant, Kf , for the reaction at 25 ∘C?
The value of the formation constant, Kf , for the reaction at 25 ∘C entropy is 37.976 x 103
ΔG = ΔH - Δ(TS)
ΔH = -23.5 x 103 J
ΔS = 8.82 J/K
T = 273 +25 = 298 K
ΔG= -23.5 x 103 - 298 (8.82)
ΔG= - 26.13 x 103 J or - 26.13 kJ
ΔG= -RTlnK
ΔG = - 26.13 x 103 J
R = 8.314 J K-1 Mol-1
T = 298
- 26.13 x 103 J = - 8.314 x 298 ln
lnK = 10.54
K = 37.976 x 103
A state of disorder, randomness, or uncertainty is most frequently connected with the scientific notion of entropy, which is also a quantifiable physical attribute. The notion and the phrase are employed in a variety of disciplines, including classical thermodynamics, where they were initially identified, statistical physics, which describes nature at the molecular level, and information theory. It has numerous uses, including the transmission of information in information systems, cosmology, economics, sociology, weather science, and biological systems and their relationship to life. Scottish engineer and scientist William Rankine used the terms thermodynamic function and heat potential to refer to the thermodynamic notion in 1850.
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4. Draw All possible elimination products for the following molecules. In any case where there is more than one product, label the Zaitsev product (Z), and the Hoffman product (H). Where stereochemistry is given, the proton being extracted and the leaving group must have antiperiplanar geometry. In a ring structure, this means a trans relationship is required. (9 points) Br Br ot hr
All elimination products for the given molecules are shown in the attached diagram below.
What is Hoffmann's elimination?Hofmann elimination can be demonstrated as an elimination reaction of an amine to prepare alkenes. The least stable alkene among all the possible products called the Hofmann product is generated from the Hofmann alkene synthesis rule. This rule contradicts Zaitsev's rule which gives the formation of the most stable alkene.
The Hofmann product in the elimination reaction is preferentially formed because of the steric hindrance of the leaving group causing the hydroxide to abstract easily approachable hydrogen.
In the Hofmann elimination, the least substituted alkene will be favorable due to intramolecular steric interactions. The formation of the more substituted alkene product is energetically less favorable than the formation of the Hofmann product.
Therefore, the Hofmann product is preferably formed. In the reaction, less substituted alkene will be formed due to the bulkiness of the other groups.
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