The first RNA molecule capable of self-replication, according to the RNA universe hypothesis, is what gave rise to life on Earth.
What do you mean by RNA hypothesis?In the 1960s, Leslie Orgel, Francis Crick, and Carl Woese proposed the RNA World Hypothesis. It suggests that ancient living forms may have stored their genetic information exclusively in RNA.
The phrase "RNA World" was originally used in an article written by Harvard molecular scientist Walter Gilbert in 1986. Because RNA was a rather unstable molecule, the concept proposes that DNA eventually evolved into the genetic material as a result of evolution. The RNA World Hypothesis states that RNA was the main form of life approximately 4 billion years ago. This is partly because RNA can act as both genes and enzymes.
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Which factors make sequencing by the sanger chain-termination method possible? select all that apply.
Gel electrophoresis can be used to separate duplex nucleic acid molecules according to size. A duplex molecule can be created when two sequences of single-stranded
What distinguishes DNA via electrophoresis?DNA fragments are separated based on size using a method called gel electrophoresis. A gel's one end is loaded with DNA samples, which are then pulled through the gel by an electric current by being pushed through wells (indentations) in the gel. Because DNA is negatively charged, it gravitates toward the positive electrode.
Why does gel electrophoresis exist?In many various circumstances and at many different stages of the cloning process, DNA fragments are isolated, recognized, and characterised using gel electrophoresis. An instrument that enables a current to be routed through a gel can be used to load a small amount of DNA into a well at one end of the gel.
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All living things contain which element?
Answer:
Carbon
Explanation:
Carbon is the basis for all living matter. The typical feature of carbon atoms is the ability to bond to each other or to atoms of other elements. That is why there are many organic compounds of carbon.
What lab-grown part of the human body is being tested in human subjects for the first time?.
Red blood cells are the lab-grown part of the human body being tested in human subjects for the first time.
In a groundbreaking clinical trial, red blood cells that have been generated in a laboratory have now been transfused into another person. The donor's stem cells were used to generate the artificial blood cells. The RESTORE randomised controlled clinical experiment involved the transfusion of the red cells into volunteers. RESTORE is a research initiative comprising various institutions.
In the trial, researchers are comparing the longevity of lab-grown cells to injections of regular red blood cells from the same donor. The trial team anticipates that the lab-grown blood cells will function better than a comparable transfusion of conventionally donated red blood cells, which contains cells of varying ages because they are all brand-new.
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Question 4. What doe starch and sucrose have to be broken down into for cells to use as energy?
Answer:
In turn, animals eat these sugars and starches, break them back down into glucose, and use the energy within the bonds of glucose to power our cells.
Explanation:
to assess the effects of exercise on reducing cholesterol, a researcher took a random sample of fifty people from a local gym who exercised regularly over the past year and another random sample of fifty people from the surrounding community who did not exercise regularly during the past year. they all reported to a clinic to have their cholesterol measured. the subjects were unaware of the purpose of the study, and the technician measuring the cholesterol was not aware of whether subjects exercised regularly. which of the following best describes the inferences the researcher can make based on his results?
He is able to draw conclusions about the sampled populations, but not regarding cause and effect.
How may an inference be justified?Inference is defined as "a conclusion or judgment also supported by facts or evidence." According to our definition, inference is a logical step which enables one to draw a conclusion from data or reasoning. That indicates that it is a reasonable assumption and is comparable to a finding or a deduction.
What is an example of inference in research?Through the process of inference, a conclusion is arrived at with a certain amount of probability in relation to the available evidence, but not with absolute certainty. Estimating population totals, average, and proportions is a descriptive application.
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In dna replication, the strands on the original molecule are used as blank______ for the synthesis of new dna strands.
Answer:
templates
Explanation:
Answer:
In dna replication, the strands on the original molecule are used as templates for the synthesis of new dna strands.
Explanation:
There isn't much explaining on this one.
but basically just remember that at the end of DNA replication you will end up with 2 DNA molecules, one is the original template DNA strand and the other one is the new DNA strand.
Therefore, they would need an original DNA strand to replicate off of, and that is what we call the template DNA strand.
A ______ is synthesized from cholesterol and can diffuse across the plasma membrane.
Proteins are synthesized from cholesterol and can diffuse across the plasma membrane.
What are proteins?Numerous building ingredients known as amino acids are used to construct proteins. To provide amino acids for the development and maintenance of our cells and tissues, our body needs nutritional protein. Our needs for protein in our diet fluctuate as we age. Adults should take at least 0.83 g of protein per kilogramme of body weight per day, or 58 g for a 70 kg adult, according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The quality and digestibility of plant- and animal-based proteins varies, but most people don't usually care as long as their intake of total protein matches their needs. We ought to try to eat protein from a variety of sources that is good for the earth and for our health.
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A steroid hormone can diffuse across the plasma membrane and is created from cholesterol.
What category of hormones are created from cholesterol?The adrenal cortex, the testicles, and the ovaries are the three "steroid glands" that create a group of hormones collectively known as "steroid hormones." Additionally, throughout pregnancy, the placenta secretes steroid hormones. Cholesterol serves as the precursor to all steroid hormones.
Which hormone class comes from cholesterol and can pass through cell membranes?Cholesterol is used to make steroid hormones. Thyroid hormone and steroid hormones both dissolve in lipids. Other hormones generated from amino acids all dissolve in water. In order to connect with an intracellular receptor, hydrophobic hormones can diffuse through the membrane.
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If bugs did disperse there are trade-offs. What is one potential cost and one potential benefit from dispersing from one plant to another?.
If bugs do disperse from one plant to another, there are going to be benefits as well as harms/costs.
Bugs like to feed on plants. I think it is an obvious observation. This means that If bugs are to move from one plant to another, they are going to leave behind a mess of half-eaten plants that are then definitely not good for any use of ours. This is one potential cost.
Bugs like butterflies and honeybees that also use plants for their food travel around with one very important thing on them. These important things are the seeds of those plants/flowers they feed on. Since they carry these on themselves everywhere, these seeds fall down sometimes and cause new plants to go from there then. This is one potential benefit.
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a secretion produced by certain cells of the alveoli that reduces the surface tension of water molecules, thus preventing the collapse of the alveoli after each expiration is a/an:
Alveolar Surface Tension is Reduced by Pulmonary Surfactant. A lipoprotein substance known as surfactant is secreted by type II alveolar cells.
What use do alveoli serve?While breathing in and out, oxygen and nutrients are exchanged between the blood and alveoli in the lungs. When oxygen is inhaled from the air, it gets to the body's tissues via the alveoli, blood, and structures inside the body.
What components make up alveoli?An alveolus is made up of an extracellular matrix encircled by capillaries, a layer of simple columnar mucosa (very thin, flattened cells), and also an epithelial layer. The alveolar membrane, sometimes known as the oxygen diffuses, which permits the exchange of gases, includes the epithelial lining.
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Before she went on a field trip to the zoo, zoe believed that all birds have wings and fly. But after learning about penguins, she revises her existing "bird" schema. What is this process called?.
Before she went on a field trip to the zoo, Zoe believed that all birds have wings and fly. But after learning about penguins, she revises her existing "bird" schema. this process is called accommodation.
Penguins are a group of waterfowl that cannot fly. They remain almost entirely in the Southern Hemisphere.
The most effective species, the Galapagos penguin, lives north of the equator. Penguins are highly adapted to an aquatic lifestyle and have contrasting black and white plumage and flippers for swimming. Tall penguins feed on krill, fish, squid and other types of marine life, confiscating them for payment and even swallowing them whole as they swim. Penguins have barbed tongues and jaws that are effective for gripping slippery prey.
Accommodation is about creating a space. It could be a room, a place to stay, or an agreement to share something. If the only accommodation at Grandma's house is bunk beds and you and your sister decide to take turns on the roof, you have agreed on accommodation.
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In humans, earlobes that are suspended are dominant over those that are attached. If a
mother has suspended earlobes (but her mother did not) and the father has attached
earlobes, what are the chances that their first child will have attached earlobes? What
about the fourth child?
Photosynthesis below using your notes. Then fill in the blanks in the sentence.
______+_______→ _______+_______
In the process of photosynthesis, ________ energy is transformed into __________ energy.
What is the name given to the process by which a parent cell becomes two identical daughter cells?.
The name given to the process by which a parent cell becomes two identical daughter cells is mitosis.
Mitosis is a cell-division process where one parent cell becomes two genetically identical daughter cells. In this process, the amount of chromosomes is preserved in both daughter cells.
There are six steps in mitosis:
Interphase. This is basically the starting phase before the duplication process starts occurring.Prophase. In this phase, centrioles move forward to the opposite poles while chromatin gets condensed.Metaphase, In this phase, polar and the kinetochore fibers drive each individual chromosome to the equatorial planeAnaphase. In this phase, sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.Telophase. In this phase, sister chromatids become new chromosomes.Cytokinesis.Learn more about mitosis at https://brainly.com/question/20370302
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What are the instructions for making protein?
1.DNA (in nucleus) transcribed to mRNA.
2.mRNA leaves nucleus.
3.mRNA enters cytoplasm.
4.mRNA hooks up with ribosomes.
5.Ribosomes scroll through mRNA.
6.tRNA delivers amino acids to mRNA/ribosome complex.
7.Enzymes link amino acids together to form a protein.
what is a protein?
a structure composed of amino acids. The body need proteins to function properly. They serve as the building blocks for several bodily components, including the skin, hair, and enzymes, cytokines, and antibodies.
Deoxyribonucleic acid, also known as DNA, is a large molecule that houses our distinct genetic code. It contains the directions for generating every protein in our bodies, much like a recipe book.
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Which direction and traits would a scientist who studies the genetic engineering of crops, and is working to create GMOs- most likely try to do to and find for the studied crop?
The traits in which a scientist who studies the genetic engineering of crops, and is working to create GMOs will most likely try to do to and find for the studied crop is tolerance to diseases and drought and high yield.
What is GMO?This is also known as genetically modified organism and it is referred to as a scientific method in which the genetic material has been altered so as to incorporate favorable traits through genetic engineering.
Most scientists look in the direction of traits such as tolerance to disease and drought during this process as it helps to increase the survival chances as more resistant varieties are produced.
There is also an increase in the yield of the crops as traits which favor high production rate are studied and used.
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80% of plants grown from a cross between two given strains of seeds will be of the dwarf variety. after breeding 206 of these plants, 154 were observed to be of the dwarf variety. do these data strongly contradict the genetic model? find the p-value.
These results do differ greatly from the genetic model provided by the question.
It has been mentioned in the genetic model that 80% of the plants bred from the parent plant are going to be of the dwarf variety. In the problem, 206 plants are then used to produce offspring out of which 154 are dwarfs. When we calculate 80% of 206 plants we find that 164.8 plants are supposed to be plants. This means that the observed value is different from the value suggested by the genetic model.
The required percentage value is 164.8 (we can take the 0.8 to be another plant).
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the term currently used by the medical profession for a condition in which a person’s chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex develops atypically is . . .
The term currently used by the medical profession for a condition in which a person’s chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical develops atypically is pseudohermaphrodism.
Gonadal improvement is a genetically controlled process by means of the chromosomal intercourse (XX or XY) which directs the formation of the gonad (ovary or testis). Differentiation of the gonads calls for a tightly regulated cascade of genetic, molecular and morphogenic activities.
Gonadal development is the result of a complicated interaction among chromosomes and hormones. humans have forty six chromosomes in each cellular of their our bodies, or 23 pairs. The twenty third pair determines our gender; women generally have X chromosomes, while men commonly have one X and one Y chromosome.
Gonadal dysgenesis is assessed as any congenital developmental ailment of the reproductive device in the male or woman. it's far the bizarre development of the gonads in an embryo, with reproductive tissue changed with functionless, fibrous tissue, termed streak gonads.
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why it is necessary to use the same restriction enzyme to cut the desired gene from the source and to cut the plasmid
Answer:
The restriction enzymes cuts at fixed sequences, therefore same restriction enzyme must be used since it forms fragments with complementary sticky ends, therefore facilitating the formation of bonds between them.
Explanation:
Dna replication relies on the blank______ of dna strands according to the blank______ rule.
DNA replication relies on the complementarity of DNA strands according to the AT/GC rule.
Erwin Chargaff, a biochemist, published a paper in 1950 stating that the ratio of adenine to thymine in any given species' DNA is equal, as is the ratio of cytosine to guanine. According to Chargaff's rules, the amount of guanine in DNA of any species and organism should be equal to the amount of cytosine, and the amount of adenine should be equal to the amount of thymine. Furthermore, there should be a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio of purine and pyrimidine (i.e., A+G=T+C) bases.
The process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules is known as DNA replication. Replication is necessary because when a cell divides, the two new daughter cells must have the same genetic information, or DNA, as the parent cell.
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Mammals have toll-like receptors (tlrs) that can recognize a kind of macromolecule that is absent from vertebrates but present in/on certain groups of pathogens, including viral?
a double-stranded RNA.
b.glycoproteins.
c phospholipids
d. double-stranded DNA.
e. lipopolysaccharides.
Mammals have toll-like receptors (tlrs) that may apprehend a sort of macromolecule this is absent from vertebrates however gift in/on sure organizations of pathogens, such as viral is double-stranded RNA(option A).
Double-stranded RNA viruses consist of the rotaviruses, regarded globally as a not unusualplace motive of gastroenteritis in younger children, and bluetongue virus, an economically big pathogen of farm animals and sheep. The own circle of relatives Reoviridae is the most important and maximum various dsRNA virus own circle of relatives in phrases of host range. Double-stranded RNA is appeared as overseas and destroyed through all dwelling cells. RNA interference (RNAi) destroys mRNA that suits the series of previously-detected double-stranded RNA.
The nuclease Dicer cuts double-stranded RNA into brief segments (siRNA) that cause the RNAi response. The integrated innate immunity withinside the human frame combats numerous sicknesses and their causative agents. One of the additives of this gadget is Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which apprehend structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes and/or endogenous molecules. Nonetheless, below sure conditions, those TLRs emerge as hypofunctional or hyperfunctional.
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the denaturation temperature of rubisco in a certain plant was determined to be 76.2 degrees celsius. what happens to the rate of photosynthesis if the temperature continues to increase?
If the temperature continues to increase the rate of photosynthesis would decrease.
Enzyme-specific processes include photosynthesis. There is a temperature range (25–35 °C) where all enzymes function best. The rate of photosynthesis declines as a result of the denaturation of enzymes brought on by rising temperatures. Photosynthesis speed is influenced by temperature. With an increase in temperature, photosynthesis occurs more quickly. Over 40 °C slows down photosynthesis, which is a natural process.
This is the case because the process is governed by enzymes. As a result, the rate of photosynthesis will decrease at temperatures over 35°C because the carbon-fixing enzymes will have become denaturized. The rate of respiration also decreases dramatically at very high temperatures.
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If a homozygous white horse cwcw and a homozygous black horse cbcb are bred together, what is the likelihood that their offspring will be roan with both colors represented in their hair if this gene follows a codominant inheritance pattern?.
If the genes follow a codominant inheritance pattern, there is a 100% chance that the offspring will be roan.
What is co-dominance with an example?Co-dominance is a form of inheritance in which alleles of a pair of genes are fully expressed in heterozygotes. As a result, the child's phenotype is a combination of the parent's phenotypes. Hence, the trait possess neither dominance nor recessive. In genetics terms, codominance refers to a pattern of inheritance in which two versions (alleles) of the same gene are expressed separately to produce different traits in an individual.If a person has both her IA and IB antigens on his surface, that person's blood type is his AB. In human, the AB blood type is an illustration of codominance. In blood group AB, phenotypic effects of both IA and IB alleles are observed.What is the difference between dominant and codominant?In perfect dominance, only one allele of the genotype is present in the phenotype. In codominant cases, both alleles of a genotype are present in the phenotype. In imperfect dominance, the phenotype exhibits a mixture of genotypic alleles.
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1. Before you recycle things, you need to
2. If you can't something then you should recycle it
due to various causes, including ddt poisoning, the population size of whooping cranes was reduced to about two dozen during the 1940s. the population size has since rebounded, and there are now hundreds of whooping cranes. one would expect very low levels of genetic variation in the current populations of whooping cranes.
The phenomenon that would not be seen in the population of cranes after they rebounded the low population due to DDT poisoning is: (3) considerable genetic polymorphism.
DDT stands for Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. It is a chemical that was extensively used as an insecticide earlier. However, it was banned later in majority of the countries due to its harmful side-effects on humans due to the extensive use.
Genetic polymorphism is the phenomenon where two or more form of a DNA sequence appears among a group of individuals or different populations. The most appropriate example of genetic polymorphism is the ABO blood grouping system.
The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
Due to various causes, including DDT poisoning, the population size of whooping cranes was reduced to about two dozen during the 1940s. The population size has since rebounded, and there are now hundreds of whooping cranes. Which of the following would you NOT expect to see in whooping cranes?
very low levels of genetic variation. very few heterozygous individuals;considerable genetic polymorphism.all of the above would be seen in whooping cranes.To know more about genetic polymorphism, here
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consider two mammalian cells, one in g1 and the other in g0 phase. if they are both exposed to a mitogen, but the mitogen is then immediately removed, what would you expect to happen?
Even if the mitogen is removed, it will still trigger the cell in the G0 phase to enter the G1 phase. The division process is gonna get faster in the call in the G1 phase.
Mitogen is a small bioactive protein that triggers the cells to start dividing i.e., start the process of mitogenesis. The G0 phase is when the cells are in a state of rest. It does perform its functions but does that without actively dividing. In the G1 phase, the cells accumulate enough protein in order to undergo mitosis in the near future.
If the cells are exposed to mitogen, even for a brief while, the cell in the G0 phase will enter the G1 phase. The cell in the G1 phase will enter the G2 phase.
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the excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking, a common cause of gas in the stomach, is called
When a person takes too much air, they develop aerophagia, which causes bloating and belching. Although frequent gulping and other telltale symptoms are indicative of the illness, patients may not be aware that air swallowing is the root of their suffering.
What is aerophagia ?Excessive air swallowing that enters the stomach rather than the lungs is known as aerophagia. Aerophagia may also refer to a peculiar illness in which severe flatulence is the main symptom, belching is absent, and the precise process by which air enters the gut is unclear or unknown.
Bloating, belching, a loss of appetite, diarrhoea, flatulence, and stomach noise are all signs of aerophagia. The upper esophageal sphincter relaxes when you sleep, making it more likely that pressurised air will pass through it and into your oesophagus.
When you swallow so much air that your stomach feels bloated and uncomfortable, you have aerophagia. Gum chewing might make things worse. Aerophagia is frequently interpreted by medical professionals as a symptom of other issues, such as a digestive illness or a psychological condition like anxiety or depression.
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Which substance made during photosynthesis is an energy carrier during the process?
A. ATP
B. C6H12O6
C. O2
D. H2O
theoretically, contraction would not occur if:
Theoretically, contraction would not occur if :Lemma
In morphology and lexicography, a lemma (plural lemmas or lemmata) is the canonical shape, dictionary shape, or citation shape of a fixed of word bureaucracy. In English, for example, damage, breaks, broke, damaged and breaking are forms of the same lexeme, with damage as the lemma by way of which they are indexed.
A assertion that has been tested to be genuine. • Proposition : A much less critical but despite the fact that exciting proper assertion. • Lemma: a true declaration utilized in proving different true statements (that is, a less vital theorem that is useful inside the proof of different consequences).
In psycholinguistics, a lemma (plural lemmas or lemmata) is an summary conceptual shape of a word that has been mentally decided on for utterance inside the early levels of speech manufacturing. A lemma represents a specific meaning but does no longer have any unique sounds which are connected to it.
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An internal membrane system in which components of cell membrane and some proteins are constructed.
The construction of a cell membrane comprises the endomembrane system, certain proteins, and an internal membrane scheme.
What is the structure of a cell membrane?The phospholipid bilayer, which forms a stable barrier between two aqueous compartments, is the membrane's basic structural element. These compartments are the inside where surface of the organism in the case of the plasma membrane.
What is the role of cell membrane?Most organisms have such a cell membrane, also known as a cell membrane, which protects the cell's internal environment from the external environment. A partially permeable cell membrane make up the cell membrane. The flow of materials to and from the cell is regulated by the cell membrane.
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what is meant by the net movement of particles
The net movement of particles refers to the overall direction and magnitude of the movement of particles from one location to another.
What is net movement of particles?The net movement of particles refers to the overall movement of particles from one location to another. This movement can be influenced by various factors, such as temperature, concentration, and the presence of a membrane or other barrier.
In the context of diffusion, the net movement of particles refers to the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. This movement occurs as a result of the natural tendency of particles to move from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration in order to achieve equilibrium.
In the context of osmosis, the net movement of particles refers to the movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane. This movement occurs as a result of the concentration gradient of the solute (the dissolved substance) on either side of the membrane. If the concentration of solute is higher on one side of the membrane, water molecules will tend to move from the side with a lower concentration of solute to the side with a higher concentration in order to dilute the solute and achieve equilibrium.
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