the arrangement of electrons in an atom of an element determines the chemical properties of that element. Our present day understanding of how electrons are arranged in an atom is the result of all of these scientific contributions except

Answer: When carbon(C) combines with chlorine(Cl), carbon forms single covalent bond with each chlorine atom. The valence shell configuration of uncombined C atom is 2s2 2px1 2py1 .

During combination hybridisation takes place, an electron shifts from 2s to empty 2pz . These four orbitals merge to form four hybrid orbitals. Each hybrid orbital has 1 electron which pairs up with a valence electron of Cl atom to form a covalent bond. Thus the four hybrid orbitals form four single covalent bonds with four chlorine atoms. This completes each atom's octet and gives them noble gas configuration.

When two atoms of different elements combine they always have electronegativity(EN) difference due to which the shared pair of electrons is more closer to more electronegative atom. This gives the bonds some ionic character. So no bond between two atoms of different elements can be purely covalent.

Explanation:

Styrofoam cups have more capacity to absorb heat in higher rate and it is economically cheap.  However, it never reaches the reaction's full temperature before you stop taking readings.

A bomb calorimeter is used to determine the heat energy absorbed or released in a reaction.The reaction mixture and the calorimeter both heat up.

Since more of the reaction's heat was used to warm the calorimeter than the reaction mixture, a calorimeter that absorbs a lot of energy will have a significantly lower final temperature.

The calorimeter constant is a quantity that depends on the composition and mass of the calorimeter. Steel and styrofoam both absorb heat at a higher rate per gram, although the steel calorimeter is likely heavier.

Fast reactions come with the further disadvantage that the styrofoam calorimeter almost certainly never reaches the reaction's full temperature before you stop taking readings. As a result, there is a little source of heat that is lost from the metal calorimeter.

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The equation for the entropy of the ideal gas, per molecule, as a function of temperature and pressure reads: 3.138 J mol-1 k-1. t0 and p0, where kb is [(5/2)ln(t/t0) - ln(p/p0)].

entropy is a thermodynamic quantity that measures the degree of disorder or randomness in a system by measuring the thermal energy that cannot be converted into mechanical work in that system. A state of disorder, randomness, or uncertainty is most frequently associated with the scientific concept of entropy.

The force perpendicular to an object's surface that is applied per unit area over that force is known as pressure . The gauge pressure, also known as gauge pressure, is the pressure in relation to the surrounding atmosphere.

S = Ssatp - Satp

= NaRb ( 5/2 ln(273/273.15) - ln (101/ 100))

= 1.713 J mol^-1 k^-1 for three molcules

= 1.713 *3 = 3.138 J mol^-1 k^-1

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Considering the reaction stoichiometry, 4.3461 grams of O₂ will be consumed during the formation of 14.46 grams of Fe₂O₃.

In first place, the balanced reaction is:

4 Fe + 3 O₂  → 2 Fe₂O₃

By reaction stoichiometry (that is, the relationship between the amount of reagents and products in a chemical reaction), the following amounts of moles of each compound participate in the reaction:

The molar mass of the compounds is:

Then, by reaction stoichiometry, the following mass quantities of each compound participate in the reaction:

Mass of O₂ consumed

The following rule of three can be applied: If by reaction stoichiometry 319.4 grams of Fe₂O₃ are formed from 96 grams of O₂, 14.46 grams of Fe₂O₃ are formed from how much mass of O₂?

mass of O₂= (14.46 grams of Fe₂O₃×96 grams of O₂)÷ 319.4 grams of Fe₂O₃

mass of O₂= 4.3461 grams

Finally, 4.3461 grams of O₂ will be consumed.

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The partial pressure of hydrogen gas in the vessel at the end is 12 atm

We'll begin by obtaing the new pressure of the vessel. This can be obtained as follow:

PV = nRT

Divide both sides by V

P = nRT / V

Divide both sides by n

P / n = RT / V

RT / V => Constant

P₁ / n₁ = P₂ / n₂

10 / 5 = P₂ / 8

2 = P₂ / 8

Cross multiply

P₂ = 2 × 8

P₂ = 16 atm

Thus, the new pressure is 16 atm

Next, we shall determine the mole fraction of hydrogen gas. This is shown below:

Mole fraction = Mole of element / total mole

Mole fraction of hydrogen gas = 6 / 18

Mole fraction of hydrogen gas = 0.75

Finally, we shall determine the partial pressure of the hydrogen gas. This can be obtained as follow:

Partial pressure = mole fraction of element × total pressure

Partial pressure of hydrogen gas = 0.75 × 16

Partial pressure of hydrogen gas = 12 atm

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Answer:

Metals are extracted form ores found in the earth's crust. An ore is a rock containing enough metal or a metal compound to make extracting it worthwhile. An example of its use in everyday life are plumbing pipes made of copper used in electrical wiring and heating systems. Copper is a good conductor of heat and electricity and is immune to corrosion.

Answer:  The radius of atoms increases as you move down a particular group in the periodic table of elements because an atom grows larger as the number of electronic shells increases.

Explanation:

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Atomic_Radii

Two students are inferring the strength of intermolecular forces. The test which would not support their investigation is: measuring the mass of each substance.

The intermolecular forces are the secondary force that mediates the interaction between molecules that affects the state of matter. Since the intermolecular forces have a significant role in the physical characteristics of a substance, this force could be investigated by doing these activities:

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The ground-state electron configuration for calcium, ca is : 1s²2s²2p^6 3s²3p^6 4s².

In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is described as the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals.

The four different types of orbitals (s,p,d, and f) have different shapes, and one orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons. The p, d, and f orbitals have different sublevels, thus can hold more electrons. The electron configuration of each element is specific and unique to whatever position on the periodic table.

In conclusion, calcium electron configuration is shown below as : 1s²2s²2p^6 3s²3p^6 4s².

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Gas collecting bottle is 150 ml by volume then the mass of hydrogen gas that was collected is 3.48 gram

Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in a substance or an object

Here given data is

Volume = 150 ml

Density of H₂ gas = 0.000523

So we have to calculate mass = ?

Mass = density/volume

Mass = 0.000523/150 ml

Mass = 3.48 gram

Mass of hydrogen gas that was collected is 3.48 gram

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The correct answer is 0.161.

Solution:

Percentage transmission (%T) of the sample = 15.6

Therefore, Absorbance (A)  2 – log (%T) = 2 – log (15.6) = 0.8069

Use Beer’s law:

A = ε*c*l where ε = molar absorptivity of the solution, c = concentration of the solution, and l = path length of the solution.

Given A = 0.8069 and l = 5.00 cm, we must have

0.8069 = ε*c*(5.00 cm)

ε*c = 0.16138 cm-1

For the next part, assume that ε*c remains constant and we have

A’ = ε*c*l’ where l = 1.00 cm.

Plug in values and write

A’ = (0.16138 cm-1)*(1.00 cm) = 0.16138

Absorption measures the amount of light of a particular wavelength that a particular substance blocks from passing. The two main factors that affect absorption are substance concentration and optical path length. The net Absorption Rate is calculated using the formula of the total vacant area at the beginning of the period plus square feet.

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The mass of oxygen reacted with magnesium is 8 grams.

The formula mass of a substance is defined as the sum of the atomic masses of constituent atoms that are present  in a compound. This is generally used for compounds which do not contain discrete molecules, and  ions as their constituent units.

The combustion reaction of magnesium is as follows

2Mg + 02 + heat → 2MgO

Molar mass of MgO = 24.32 g/mol

Mole of Mg in 12g = 12 ÷ 24.32 = 0.4934 mol

From the balanced reaction we can see that the mole ratio of Mg to O2 is 2:1.

Therefore for 0.4934 mol of Mg, mole of 02 required will be = 1/2 × 0.4934 = 0.2467 mol.

Molar mass of O2 = 32g/mol

Hence the mass of O2 required = 0.2467 × 32 = 7.89g

By the conservation of mass; Mg + Oxygen = MgO

Mass of Mg = 12g

Mass of MgO = 20G

Therefore the mass of oxygen reacted with Mg will be = (20-12) = 8 grams

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Thus we can see that if we leave the lid off our setup for the calibration which would allow some heat to escape to the atmosphere. This will yield a lower specific heat value

What is calibration ?

One of the fundamental methods required to ensure instrument accuracy is calibration. Calibration is the process of arranging an instrument to produce a result within an acceptable range for a sample. A major part of instrumentation design is eliminating or limiting causes that produce faulty measurements.

For today's tests, we leave the lid off our setup for calibration, allowing some heat to escape to the atmosphere. This results in a lower specific heat value.

For example, if the real value of Q before we remove the lid is 100 J, our calibration setup is 100 J.

And the metal mass is 10 g.

And the temperature has risen by 5 degrees Celsius.

Q = mcdT

Now, compute the value of C:

100 J = 10 g*C* 5C

C= 2 J / g-c

Now that the lid has been opened, some of the heat has escaped into the atmosphere,

and we have Q = 90 J.

Then;

Q = mcdT

Now, compute the value of C:

90 J = 10 g*C* 5C

C= 1.8J / g-c

Thus we can see that if we leave the lid off our setup for the calibration which would allow some heat to escape to the atmosphere. This will yield a lower specific heat value

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Answer

no

Explanation:

the energy, in j, of light that must be absorbed by a hydrogen atom to transition an electron from n is 2.179 x 10^-18J.

The most important thing that people should know about hydrogen is that it is the most abundant element in the universe.

Some characteristics of hydrogen are:

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X[tex]Z^{-}[/tex]   is the formula for the ionic compound formed when X bonds with Z

A chemical compound known as an ionic compound is one that contains ions bound together by the electrostatic forces known as ionic bonding. Despite of having both positively and negatively charged ions, or cations and anions, the molecule is generally neutral.

A formula, such as a mathematical formula or a chemical formula, is a brief manner of symbolically representing information.

The exchange of one or more electrons between atoms results in the formation of ionic bonds between two or more atoms. Positive ions called cations and negative ions called anions are created during electron transfer.

Hence, X[tex]Z^{-}[/tex]   is the formula for the ionic compound formed when X bonds with Z

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Metals are located in the left side of periodic table. They are good conductors of heat and electricity. Metals form ionic compounds by losing electrons and not by gain of electrons. Thus, option d does not describe a metal.

Metals are electropositive elements located in the left side of periodic table. They are electrons rich and easily lose electrons through chemical bonding.

Metals forms ionic compounds with non-metals through losing electrons to the non-metals. Non-metals are mostly electronegative and are placed in the right side of periodic table.

Non-metals are electron  - deficient and they need to gain electrons through chemical bonding to attain stability. Therefore, option d describes a non-metal and not a metal.

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1. The mobile phase used does not move any of the spots at all.

The answer is;

a. There can be no separation of components

2. Pen rather than a pencil is used to draw the lines on the plate.

c. There will be smears on the TLC plate

3. The solvent line is not marked after the TLC plate is removed from the chamber.

b. Accurate Rf values cannot be determined

4. The TLC plate remains in the chamber even after the solvent has reached the top of the plate.

b. Accurate Rf values cannot be determined

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According to the periodic table, chlorine has an average atomic mass of 35.453 amu.

Chlorine has an average atomic mass of 35.45 amu. Percent abundance for x therefore equals 77.5% and (1 - x) equals 0.225, or 22.5%. Chlorine-35 isotope abundance is 77.5%, whereas Chlorine-37 isotope abundance is 22.5%.

Mass spectrometry can be used to demonstrate that the ratio of naturally occurring chlorine isotope 35 to isotope 37 is 3 to 1.

A chlorine-35 atom has 18 neutrons in its nucleus (17 protons plus 18 neutrons), whereas a chlorine-37 atom has 20 neutrons (17 protons plus 20 neutrons = 37 particles in the nucleus). Isotopes of a substance are produced by adding or deleting neutrons from an atom's nucleus.

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They are identical conformation of the same molecule.The groups which are pointed up are represented with wedge bonds and the groups which

are pointed down are represented with dash bonds.

One type of wire bonding called wedge bonds uses ultrasonic force and power to forge bonds. In the semiconductor industry, it is a well-liked and frequently applied technique. a mark that represents the location of a bond or group in relation to the paper or screen's surface. When a wedge is solid, it means that this bond or group is projecting outwards toward the observer. This bond or group is moving farther away from the viewer when the wedge is broken (hashed). A clamped piece of wire is coupled under a bonding tool (referred to as a wedge) and a bond pad during wedge bonding. A first wedge bond is created by applying pressure and ultrasonic energy for a predetermined amount of time.

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Answer:

The law of conservation of mass states that mass can not be created nor destroyed. This law applies to chemical reactions as the mass of the atoms stays the same, even after the reaction.

Answer: Textured sides, smooth sides, wipe down.

The developing chamber needs to be prepared because the solutions of the solute and solvent to dissolved.

What is a TLC plate?

TLC Plate Buying Guide Thin-layer chromatography (TLC), a standard analytical method for separating and identifying the chemicals in a given mixture, can also be used to assess the purity of a specific component included within that mixture. Gypsum and 60 G TLC Silica Gel Plates

What is the chamber process?

The Chamber technique, also known as the "lead-chamber process," is an industrial method for manufacturing sulfuric acid by oxidizing sulfur dioxide with moist air and employing gaseous nitrogen oxides as catalysts. The reaction is generally carried out in several sizable, box-like chambers made of sheet lead.

Simply replacing the watch glass with aluminum foil and getting the developing chamber ready before adding the TLC plates gives the solvent time to saturate, producing quicker and more repeatable results.

Therefore, the TLC plates gives the solvent time to saturate, producing quicker and more repeatable results.

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ZnS is the chemical formula of the  zinc sulphide. Zinc sulphide contain two ions i.e. ( Zn ⁺² ) and ( S ⁻² ) ion present in zinc sulphide.

A Bronsted - Lowry acid or Lewis acid is a molecule or ion that has the ability to donate a proton or establish a covalent bond with an electron pair. Proton donors, also known as Bronsted - Lowry acids, are the first class of acids.

Any hydrogen containing material that has the ability to donate a proton (hydrogen ion) to another chemical is considered an acid. A base is a molecule or ion that can take up an acid's hydrogen ion. Typically, sour tastes help to identify acidic chemicals.

Thus, ZnS is the chemical formula of the  zinc sulphide. Zinc sulphide contain two ions i.e. ( Zn ⁺² ) and ( S ⁻² ) ion present in zinc sulphide.

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Answer:

it is damp moist and other things

Explanation:

Chemoheterotrophs use pre-formed organic molecules as a carbon source.

They are those microbes who get their carbon and energy source from organic sources.

All animals are chemoheterotrophs even the bacteria that live inside humans. By breaking down the food they get their energy and building materials to grow their body.

Chemoheterotrophs plays a very vital role in ecosystem. All herbivores, carnivores, scavengers, decomposers are chemoheterotrophs.

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Like all automotive antifreeze compounds, they are 38.7% carbon. So carbon is 38.7 9.7% hydrogen, 9.7 hydrogen and 51.6% oxygen. all right. Ah 1500 6% oxygen. yes. all right. Next, we need to empirically find molecular phone lines emitted from the ground.

Well, first of all, yes there are more. We have the atomic weight of carbon. 1201 Oxygen 16. The process divides each percentage by the fractional mass by 50%. So divided by 3 good points to find 38.7. This is 9.7 divided by 1, which is 9.7, and 51.6 divided by 16, which is 5157 divided by 16. I want to believe all right. The next step is to share each. youngest age. The minimum he is 3.225. If you're sharing now, we're sharing 3.225 times 3.225 is one 9.7 x 3.225. Approximately 3 and 3.225 divided by 3.225. So we have an empirical formula where carbon is 1, hydrogen is 3, and oxygen is 1. See below for 3. A small amount of Italian black hole was given. First find the molecular formula. The empirical mass is 2, 3, 16, which is 12 plus 1. So 15 plus 7 30 from g Berman. This is the molecular formula of the molecule. Therefore, we can find the sector of the mass of the molecular formula divided by the mass of the empirical formula. Remember that we are using this subdivision. Thus, for molecular  and larger LAMAs.

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Answer:which source do avocados come from?

Explanation:

This could be the answer because finding out what source it is would be able to figure out the claims of both the articles

A buffer is a solution which can resist a change in the pH on addition of a small amount of an acid or a base.

Case 1:  There is an acidic buffer containing a weak acid CH3COOH and salt of its conjugate base CH3COONa.

Explanation of how a buffer works:

The  following reaction would take place:

HCl + CH3COONa +   CH3COOH + NaCl

If a small amount of bases added, then CH3COOH acts as a buffering agent and the following reaction would take place:

NaOH+ CH3COOH +  CH3COONa  + H2O

Hence, when the acetic acid/sodium acetate buffer is titrated with NaOH, The buffering agent is CH3COOH and reaction(1) will occur.

CH3COOH + -OH ⟶ CH3COO + H2O

Case 2:  There is an basic buffer containing a weak base NH4OH and salt of its conjugate acid NH4OH.

The following reaction would take place:

HCl + NH4OH+ =  NH4Cl + H2O

NaOH(aq) + NH4Cl(aq) 1  NH4OH(aq) + H2O(

When the ammonium chloride buffer is titrated with HCl reaction  will occur.

NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq) ⟶ NH4+(aq) + H2O

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