The backbone of DNA and RNA is composed of sugar and phosphate.
DNA is double stranded due to interactions between adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine, which are nitrogenous bases.
Uracil is a nitrogenous base that is only used with RNA.
The backbone of DNA and RNA is composed of sugar and phosphate groups. The sugar is the 3' end, and the phosphate is the 5' end of each nucleotide in the DNA. In DNA, sugar is called deoxyribose, which is a cyclic pentose (5-carbon sugar). In RNA, sugar is a ribose.
The nitrogen bases interact with each other. The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases, adenine with thymine, and cytosine with guanine.
Uracil is a nitrogen base found only in the arm and is a pyrimidine that replaces the thymine base.
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Which statement is FALSE?
-When the open promoter complex is formed, sigma 1.1 is displaced from DNA channel and replaced by DNA.
-As bent DNA template is in the RNAP active site, it presses on the sigma 3.2 domain, thus releasing it from the holoenzyme.
-As DNA enters the channel in the RNAP active site, it begins to bend 90 degrees and melt as the strands open up close to start of transcription.
-In the free holoenzyme of bacterial RNAP, the N-terminal domain of sigma-70 blocks DNA channel by mimicking interaction with DNA.
As bent DNA template is in the RNAP active site, it presses on the sigma 3.2 domain, thus releasing it from the holoenzyme is wrong among other statements.
What is RNAP active site?During transcript elongation, RNA polymerase II may become halted, in which case the ternary complex is unaffected but additional RNA synthesis is prevented. The emerging transcript needs to be split off at the 3' end in order to release arrest.
Transcription continues from the freshly exposed 3' end as 7–17 nt RNAs are freed. The transcript cleavage reaction is substantially stimulated by factor SII, which boosts elongation efficiency. Here, we demonstrate how the addition of pyrophosphate can likewise result in the release of an arrest.
The same set of cleavage products are formed as by factor SII, but those produced by pyrophosphate have termini that are 5'-triphosphate.
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you have discovered a new enzyme, but when you isolate it for further study, it does not work properly. what might have been lost?
You have discovered a new enzyme, but when you isolate it for further study, it does not work properly. The coenzyme have been lost.
What is a coenzyme?
A coenzyme is classified as an organic molecule that combines to the active locations of an enzyme and helps to catalyze the chemical reaction rate.
More specifically, coenzymes function as electron carriers or for transferring hydrogen during chemical reactions.
For example, nicotineamideadenine dinucleotide, and flavin adenine dinucleotide are coenzymes.
Simply put, coenzymes are non-proteins that are attached to the enzymes as intermediate carriers and act as catalysts to speed up the rate of reaction.
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If a cell is no longer able to differentiate into any type of tissue, it has become ________.
A cell has differentiated if it can no longer develop into any particular tissue type.
What exactly are tissues and what varieties are there?Overview. The four fundamental types of tissue are connective, epithelial, muscular, and nervous. Supporting and tying together bone, blood, or lymph tissues is connective tissue. The linings of the body's numerous passageways, including the skin, are made of epithelial tissue.
What role does tissue play?Tissue is a collection of cells that function as a single unit with a common structure and function. The body's tissues give it form and aid in storing energy and preserving body heat. There are four different types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.
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What kind of change results from the breakdown of starch into glucose by saliva?.
Chemical change results from the breakdown of starch into glucose by saliva.
Chemical changes occur when one substance combines with another to form a new substance, which is known as chemical synthesis, or when two or more different substances combine to form a new substance, which is known as chemical decomposition. These processes are known as chemical reactions, and they are generally irreversible except through further chemical reactions. Chemical changes include burning, cooking, rusting, and rotting.
Important chemical reactions in biological systems include: Water and CO2 combine to form glucose and oxygen. The process of converting glucose into carbon dioxide and water. Oxyhaemoglobin is formed by the reaction of haemoglobin and oxygen.
Amylases break down starch into smaller molecules, producing maltose, which is then cleaved into two glucose molecules by maltase.
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Dna replication begins at a site called the origin of replication, forming a bubble, which is followed by a __________, where parental strands are unwound by __________.
DNA replication begins at a site called the origin of replication, forming a bubble, which is followed by a replication fork, where parental strands are unwound by helicases.
Each time a cell divides, the two resulting daughter cells must contain the same genetic information, or DNA, as the parent cell. To accomplish this, each strand of existing DNA acts as a template for replication.
Replication occurs in three major steps: the opening of the double helix and the separation of the DNA strands, the priming of the template strand, and the assembly of the new DNA segment.
DNA helicases catalyze the disruption of the hydrogen bonds that hold the two strands of double-stranded DNA together. The replication fork is a multiprotein complex with helicase and DNA synthesis activities.
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1.
2.
3.
going across
i’m confused please help :(
Leukocytes, thrombocytes, and erythrocytes are seen in the provided image. Thrombocytes, often known as platelets, help to clot blood. Red blood cells, or erythrocytes, are crucial for carrying oxygen throughout the body. Leukocytes, or white blood cells, also have a significant impact on the immune system.
Blood cells come in three main categories: erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets). Leukocytes are the primary cellular immune system components that contribute to the body's defence against invading pathogens, while Thrombocytes are involved in the blood clotting process that prevents excessive bleeding. Erythrocytes fulfil the oxygen needs of all cells during the transportation process. Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Thrombocytes differ mostly in this way.
Leukocytes, thrombocytes, and erythrocytes can thus be identified as the first, second, and third cell types in the provided image, respectively.
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based on the data and observations obtained by your lab group and your working group, identify the optimal solvent to separate the food dye. purpose and explanation for why the chosen solvent was the bet
The vast majority of synthetic food colors are excellent candidates for CE (CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS) separation. This is because they frequently include sulfonic acid or carboxylic acid functional groups, which at alkaline pH generate negatively charged colored ions, giving a unique chromophore for selective detection.
CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS:
Synthetic food dyes are frequently used to improve the look of meals and have several advantages over natural colorings, including being brighter, more stable, less expensive, and accessible in a wider range of hues. However, the revelation of some food colors' harmful effects has resulted in a substantial decrease in the range of synthetic colors that are approved food additives in certain regions of the world. The vast majority of synthetic food colors are excellent candidates for CE separation. This is because they frequently include sulfonic acid or carboxylic acid functional groups, which at alkaline pH generate negatively charged colored ions, giving a unique chromophore for selective detection. However, their examination is complicated by the fact that many food colors contain a combination of components rather than a single chemical species. Although documented techniques are less common, CE has been used to analyze natural colors such as caramels, which are classified into four unique groups based on the reactants utilized during sugar caramelization. In fact, CE analysis can be used to identify and quantify the type of caramel in a sample.
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What is dna sequence that serves as a recognition and recruitment site for transcription factors & rna polymerase?.
A DNA sequence known as a TATA box is found in many eukaryotic promoters. Similar to the 10 element in bacteria, the TATA box also has a function.
What section of the DNA sequence attracts transcription factors and RNA polymerase?Within promoter regions are DNA sequences known as response elements that serve as a reliable binding site for transcription factors and RNA polymerase. Proteins known as transcription factors are responsible for activating RNA polymerase, controlling, and regulating the transcription of DNA into mRNA.
What is the DNA transcription sequence?DNA sequence that acts as a recognition and recruitment site for transcription factors and RNA polymerase. Transcribing process stages. A gene's transcription occurs in three stages: start, elongation, and termination.
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The region of the brain that encloses the third ventricle and immediately rostral to the brainstem, and includes the thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus is the.
The region of the brain that encloses the third ventricle and immediately rostral to the brainstem, diencephalon .
Brainstem is the bottom, stalklike portion of your brain. It connects your mind on your spinal cord. Your brainstem sends messages to the rest of your body to adjust stability, respiration, heart price and greater. surprising accidents, and mind or coronary heart situations may additionally have an effect on how your brainstem w
The brainstem (mind stem) is the distal a part of the mind that is made up of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. every of the 3 components has its very own specific structure and feature. collectively, they assist to adjust respiratory, coronary heart price, blood stress, and several other critical features.
A brain stem damage can purpose dizziness or lack of motor feature, with extra severe instances resulting in paralysis, coma, or dying. remedy can be extraordinarily pricey, and plenty of sufferers are not able to paintings whilst handling a mind stem harm.
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the function of sexual reproduction is to increase variation within populations. meiosis is the molecular mechanism that leads to sexual reproduction. as such, some of the features that make it unique lead to genetic diversity. which of these unique features are responsible for increasing genetic diversity?
The two distinctive processes that increase genetic variety are homologous recombination and reduced division.
How does genetics work?The study of genes and heredity, or how particular characteristics or traits are passed from mother to baby as a result of changes in DNA sequence, is known as genetics. A gene is a section of DNA that has the instructions needed to create one or more molecules necessary support bodily function.
What leads to genetic illness?Mutations in one gene (monogenic disorder), multiple genetic material (multifactorial inheritance disorder), a combination of gene mutations in genes, or damage to genes changes in the number and structure of chromosome 21, the structures that comprise a person's DNA) can all result in genetic disorders.
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1. What is the most astonishing forces on earth?
The strong nuclear force, additionally known as the robust nuclear interaction, is the most powerful of the 4 essential forces of nature. It's 6 thousand trillion trillion trillion (it truly is 39 zeroes after 6!) instances more potent than the pressure of gravity.
The nuclear pressure is a pressure that acts among the protons and neutrons of atoms. The nuclear pressure is the pressure that binds the protons and neutrons in a nucleus together. This pressure can exist among protons and protons, neutrons and protons or neutrons and neutrons. This pressure is what holds the nucleus together.
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the two most basic steps of dna replication are
Explanation:
The initiation of DNA replication occurs in two steps. First, a so-called initiator protein unwinds a short stretch of the DNA double helix. Then, a protein known as helicase attaches to and breaks apart the hydrogen bonds between the bases on the DNA strands, thereby pulling apart the two strands.
The external brain structure found between the pre-central gyrus and the post-central gyrus is the.
The primary motor cortex would be located in the cerebral hemisphere, which would be rostral to the central sulcus. The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the postcentral gyrus, which would be caudal towards the central sulcus.
On the medial portion of the hemisphere, the central sulcus frequently extends for a little distance. The paracentral lobule is a physical structure formed by the medial expansions of the precentral as well as postcentral gyri, which are located anteriorly and posteriorly to it.
The cerebral hemispheres, the cerebellum, as well as the caudal or medullary region of the brainstem were the three main components that can be seen in most images of the human brain.
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although both ends of a microtubule can gain or lose subunits, one end (called the plus end) polymerizes and depolymerizes at a higher rate than the other end (the minus end). for spindle microtubules, the plus ends are in the center of the spindle, and the minus ends are at the poles. motor proteins that move along microtubules specialize in walking either toward the plus end or toward the minus end; the two types are called plus end-directed and minus end-directed motor proteins, respectively.
Microtubules can gain or lose subunits at both ends, but the plus end polymerizes and depolymerizes more quickly than the opposite end (the minus end). The plus ends of spindle microtubules are located in the spindle's centre, and the minus ends are located at its poles.
Where is a spindle microtubule's plus end located?Microtubule minus ends are located at the spindle poles, whereas microtubule plus ends connect to protein complexes called kinetochores that are attached to centromeric DNA.
During anaphase, how does the microtubule depolymerize?There are two main hypotheses about how chromosomes move during anaphase A. One is that motor proteins at the kinetochores pull chromosomes along kinetochore microtubules using energy from ATP hydrolysis.
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cyamids suddenly suffer a widespread population drop. what effect will this have on right whales?
Cyamids suddenly suffer a widespread population drop Yosemite.
These small crustaceans also referred to as whale lice or cyamids, feed on the whales' pores and skin. Incapable of swimming or surviving inside the open water, they tour from one whale to another by direct contact.\
Whale Cyamids are outside parasites that stay at the frame floor of such marine mammals as whales, dolphins, and porpoises. They take shelter in pores and skin lesions, genital folds, nostrils, eyes, and different external orifices, feeding on host tissue or fluid secretions.
While hitching a trip, these crustaceans munch on algae and whale pores and skin. although that might sound like an undesirable scenario for a whale, a few researchers believe there is no proof that whale lice are unfavorable to whales, and accordingly have extra commensal dating with their hosts, like barnacles.
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The prime factorization is 3 2 ・5 2 . What number does this describe?
Answer:
scuse me but this is math
5. Which organism is gaining the most energy in this pyramid?
6. Which organism is gaining the least energy in this pyramid?
7. How much energy is available to the snake?
In the given pyramid of energy, the organism gaining most energy is plants, the organism gaining least energy is eagle and according to the 10% rule of energy, the snake will have only 10% of the total energy of rat.
Pyramid of energy is the diagrammatic representation of the transfer of energy at each trophic level in a food chain. The pyramid of energy is always upright. This is because the organism at the lowermost level has the maximum energy and the organism at the topmost level will have the least.
10% rule of energy transfer states that only 10 % of the total energy is transferred from one organism to another during a food chain. The organism at first trophic level, i.e. plants will also be able to absorb only 10% of the total sun's energy. Similarly rat will have only 10 % of energy available to it because the rest gets lost in respiration, digestion, in the form of heat, etc.
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Which of the following observations best supports the claim that mitochondria evolved from once-free-living prokaryotic cells by the process of endocytosis?
A. Mitochondria produce ATP.
B. Mitochondria contain proteins.
C. Mitochondria exchange substances with the cytosol.
D. Mitochondria are surrounded by a double membrane.
Option D. Mitochondria are surrounded by a double membrane, observations best support the claim that mitochondria evolved from once-free-living prokaryotic cells by the process of endocytosis.
Prokaryotes are unmarried-celled organisms belonging to the domains bacteria and Archaea. Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells, have no nucleus, and lack organelles. All prokaryotic cells are encased by way of a cell wall. Many even have a pill or slime layer made of polysaccharides.
A prokaryote is a single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and different membrane-sure organelles. The word prokaryote comes from the Greek within the -empire system bobbing up from the paintings of Chatton, prokaryotes had been categorized in the empire Prokaryote.
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what do we depend on the environment for?
In the lac operon, lactose is a/an __________ and in trp operon tryptophan is a/an __________.
In the lac operon, lactose is an Inducible operon and in trp operon tryptophan is a Repressor operon.
For the transport and metabolism of lactose in E. coli and many other enteric bacteria, the lactose operon is a crucial operon. In E. coli and other bacteria, the lac operon is an operon or a collection of genes with a single promoter that codes for genes involved in lactose transport and metabolism. An inducible operon is the lac operon. Inducible operons are typically inactive and only activate in the presence of an inducer (lactose).
A repressor protein that binds to two tryptophan molecules activates the trp operon. The gene expression of the enzymes required to manufacture tryptophan is controlled by the tryptophan operon.
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DNA Sequence CCT CTT TAC ACA CGG AGG GTA CGC TAT TCT ATG ATT ACA CGG TTG CGA TCC ATA ATC
Create an mRNA sequence from the above DNA sequence
An mRNA sequence from the given DNA sequence is GGA GAA AUG UGU GCC UCC CAU GCG AUA AGA UAC UAA UGU GCC AAC GCU AGG UAU UAG.
DNA consists of two types of strands. One is the coding strand and the other is the template strand. The coding strand is not transcribed to mRNA and is directed in a 3' to 5' direction. The template strand is transcribed to mRNA and is directed in a 5' to 3' direction.
Here, consider the given strand as a template strand. Our mRNA strand will be complementary to this strand. Instead of thymine, mRNA will have uracil.
According to genetic code, the nucleotides in the sequence are arranged into three codes called codons in mRNA.
Therefore,
DNA sequence: CCT CTT TAC ACA CGG AGG GTA CGC TAT TCT ATG ATT ACA CGG TTG CGA TCC ATA ATC
mRNA sequence: GGA GAA AUG UGU GCC UCC CAU GCG AUA AGA UAC UAA UGU GCC AAC GCU AGG UAU UAG
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Explain the relationship between a P and S wave that makes
it possible to determine the location of an earthquake focus.
How is the focus location determined?
Answer:Use the time difference between the arrival of the P and S waves to estimate the distance from the earthquake to the station.
Explanation:
the cribriform plate supports the - the terminus of the - and is perforated by numerous for the passage of the branches of the . b. olfactory bulbs of cn 01 i. are olfactory bulbs seated superior or inferior to the cribriform plate? ii. zoom in to see the projections on the inferior surface of the bulbs. (tip: you may need to hide the ethmoid bone to see them well.) iii. within each bulb, axons of olfactory form synapses with dendrites and cell bodies of other . iv. if you are attempting to view the olfactory bulbs on a preserved specimen, they may be missing or incomplete. why do you think this is? c. olfactory tracts of cn 01 - olfactory tracts are formed by axons/dendrites (circle one). d. lateral stria of cn 01 - follow this tract to see which region of the brain it terminates in: e. medial stria of cn 01 - follow this tract to see which region of the brain it terminates in: f. signals transmitted along the olfactory tracts terminate in the area in the lobe of the cerebral cortex. 3. based on your learning, how do you think damage to this nerve would present clinically? 4. what
The cribriform plate, that is pierced by several passageways of a (b) olfactory bulbs, serves as support for it (ii). View a protrusion on the underside of the bulbs by zooming in.
What is cribriform plate ?At the skull base, on the ethmoid bone, is the cribriform plate. The most inferior part of the skull is referred to as the the skull's base. It is made up of pieces of the temporal bone, occipital bone, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone, and frontal bone. The cribriform plate, also known as the horizontally lamina and lamina cribrosa in mammals, is a component of the ethmoid bone. It is taken up by the frontal bone's ethmoidal notch and ceilings of the nasal cavities. It support the olfactory bulb and has olfactory foramina that allow the olfactory nerve to pass through and reach the roof of a nasal cavity, where they transmit smell to the brain. While a foramina just at lateral portion of the groove transmit nerves to a superior nasal concha, those who are at the middle portion of the groove allow nerves to travel to the upper section of the nasal septum.
Where is the cribriform plate and what function is it associated with?The anterior cavity as well as the nasal cavity are separated by a structure like a sieve called the cribriform plate, which is also often referred to as the laminar cribrosa of such ethmoid bone. The olfactory bulb, that is located in the olfactory fossa, is supported by this ethmoid bone component. The olfactory nerves which carry the smell sense are transmitted by this bones, the cribriform plate.
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A F1 plant that is homozygous for tallness is crossed with a heterozygous F1 plant. What ratio of tall to short plants (tall:short) represents the possible offspring?
A.
1:3
B.
4:0
C.
1:1
D.
3:1
Answer:it is c
Explanation:it just is
After transformation of e. Coli with pglo, why are the cells grown in lb broth for 20 minutes before plating on amp plates?.
After transformation of E.Coli with pGLO, It takes 20 minutes to transcribe and translate the Green Fluorescent Protein.
Before RNA polymerase can bind to the Arabinose promoter, it must wait at least 20 minutes. There is a 20-minute phenotypic lag before the b-lactamase gene for Amp resistance can be expressed. The pGLO plasmid contains a gene (bla or ampR) encoding a protein known as -lactamase, which hydrolyzes antibiotics with a-lactam ring and renders host cells resistant to compounds such as ampicillin. The pGLO Lab Kits make use of Bio-pGLO Rad's plasmid, which encodes a green fluorescent protein (GFP), to give instructors a hands-on introduction to transformation, cloning, protein chromatography, and electrophoresis techniques. The pGLO plasmid contains the following genes: GFP, bla, Ori (origin of replication), araC, pBAD promoter, and a region with multiple cloning sites.
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global sea level during the mid-cretaceous was over 200 m higher than today, reducing the total land size and increasing the rate of extinction of land-animal species. what caused this increase in the sea level?
The cause of this increase in the sea level is Increased rates of seafloor spreading
What happens to cretaceous when sea level increase ?The most well-studied mass extinction, which occurred 66 million years ago at the beginning of the Paleogene and the Cretaceous epochs, wiped out the nonavian dinosaurs and cleared the way for the rapid diversification and evolution of mammals and birds.
The "Big Five" extinctions are most well-known for the end-Cretaceous event, which saw the extinction of all dinosaurs except for birds. Additionally, it gave mammals opportunities. Dinosaurs ruled all land habitats during the Mesozoic Era.Contrary to earlier extinction events that were brought on by natural phenomena, the sixth mass extinction is being caused by human activity, particularly (though not exclusively) the unsustainable use of land, water, and energy, as well as climate change.Learn more about Cretaceous here:
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why are chromosomes cut into fragments for sequencing?
Prior to DNA sequencing, chromosomes are broken up because only about 500 bases can be reliably called by DNA sequencing reactions.
Only roughly 500 DNA bases can be properly determined by a DNA sequencing process. The DNA of a cell is broken into relatively big chunks using a technique called map-based sequencing. After a certain length, it becomes challenging to determine the precise base or nucleotide. This is due to the fact that the length of the DNA strand and base quality are inversely related. Enzymatic DNA fragmentation techniques use enzymes to break intact DNA and long sequences into perfect fragments for sequencing, producing clearer findings than subdividing longer DNA sequences into smaller bits before sequencing. Transposase, restriction, and nicking enzymes are some of the enzyme-based techniques for DNA fragmentation for sequencing.
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How do bonds form between atoms?
What Is a Chemical Bond?
A chemical bond is a force of attraction between atoms or ions. Bonds form when atoms share or transfer valence electrons. Valence electrons are the electrons in the outer energy level of an atom that may be involved in chemical interactions. Valence electrons- electrons furthest from the nucleus, are the basis of all chemical bonds.
Question: How do bonds form between atoms?
Sharing or transferring neutrons
Sharing or transferring electrons
Sharing or transferring protons
Can someone help me with this?
Decomposition
Displacement
Synthesis
Elimination
Answer:
displacement reaction
Explanation:
because in the chemical equation CuSO4+Mg, Cu and Mg switch places so the equation is now MgSO4+Cu. This is an example of a single replacement because only one pair of elements switch with each other
Earth experienced a ‘global warming’ event 55 million years ago. What is the likely cause of the final, dramatic pulse of warming during this time?.
The greenhouse gases were the major cause of the ‘global warming’ event 55 million years ago.
Over 55 million years ago, as a result of human lives being developed, major greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide began to expand on the Earth. This caused a dramatic change in the Earth's conditions causing global warming.
Greenhouse gases are gases that are harmful to the earth and damage it. The greenhouse gases also increase the temperature of the earth hence making it unsuitable for living conditions. One of the leading causes of global warming is the emission of greenhouse gases.
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