Skinner shown that operant conditioning could be used to train even rats to carry out difficult tasks. Conversely, classical conditioning only trains a person to link two stimuli.
How do animals employ operant conditioning?The foundation of animal training is operant conditioning. An animal learns (or is conditioned) through its behaviours as it acts (operates) on the environment in this sort of learning. According to operant conditioning, the subsequent consequences might either raise or decrease the chance of a behaviour.
What is Skinner's learning theory?According to Skinner's theory of learning, a stimulus is first presented to a subject, which prompts a response. The reaction is then strengthened. This is what affects our behavior.
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Geographic isolation caused the separation of rainforest frog populations into a population in the north and a population in the south. The separated populations later reconnected because the climate became wetter and warmer, causing the rainforest to expand. When males from the north mated with females from the south, the offspring failed to develop past the tadpole stage. When males from the south mated with females from the north, the offspring developed more slowly than the offspring of pairs of northern frogs. Based on these data, which event occurred while the two populations of frogs were separated?
The two populations developed into new species.
Geographic isolation refers to the separation of species due to physical barriers such as water forms, oceans, mountains, and so on. Finally, the organisms are prevented from exchanging genetic material with other organisms of the same species. Geographic isolation has been linked to divergent evolution, resulting in distinct phenotypes. Often, morphologically distinct populations are discovered to be interfertile, whereas reproductive isolation is discovered within nominal morphological species, revealing the existence of cryptic species.
A mountain range prevents two types of goats from mating, resulting in a less diverse gene pool. A group of genetically distinct bottlenose dolphins becomes isolated from the rest of its species and eventually becomes extinct. Two populations become separated as a result of an earthquake.
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which term describes the tertiary structural organization of chromosomal dna that allows the long strand to be packed and fit into the cytoplasm of the cell? double helix telomere base pairing supercoiling centromere
Supercoiling term describes the tertiary structural organization of chromosomal dna that allows the long strand to be packed and fit into the cytoplasm of the cell
What does supercoiling mean?A higher-order DNA structure is described by DNA supercoiling. Two complimentary strands are wound around one another and around a shared helical axis to form the double-helical structure of DNA.Supercoiling happens when the molecule twists around itself to release the helical stress. Positive supercoiling results from overtwisting, whereas negative supercoiling results from undertwisting. In a circular model, twist can be changed by severing the circle, over- or undertwisting, and then re-connecting the ends.Small intranucleosomal DNA loops arise in conjunction with RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription through chromatin. DNA supercoiling builds up when Pol II is trapped inside a tiny loop,To learn more about Supercoiling refer to:
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45 points for this.
Multiple parts
Answer:
evaporation, condensation, cloud formation, precipitation
What is the difference in the concentration of molecules in two areas across a membrane.
Answer: For cell transport, diffusion is the movement of small molecules across the cell membrane. The difference in the concentrations of the molecules in the two areas is called the concentration gradient.
Explanation:
which of the following is true about ectotherms? answer they maintain their body temperature internally they include mammals and birds they include reptiles and amphibians
Ectotherms rely mostly on outside heat sources, and the environment's temperature affects how hot or cold they are inside.
Which statement concerning ectotherms is correct?The truth about ectotherms is that they expend more energy on reproducing than on producing heat. Ectotherms will devote more energy to reproduction than endotherms since they do not expend much energy to maintain a constant internal body temperature.
Are ectotherms capable of maintaining body temperature?Ectotherms are creatures whose body temperatures are typically similar to those of their surroundings. Their body temperature cannot be controlled internally. Ectotherms, such as lizards and snakes, adopt the ambient temperature rather than producing metabolic heat to keep their bodies at a constant temperature.
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Which type of air mass is the most responsible for the cold weather that travels from canada to north carolina during the winter?.
The continental polar air mass is the most responsible for the cold weather that travels from Canada to north Carolina during the winter.
Air mass is the volume of the air which is measured according to its temperature and humidity. A certain air mass will have the same temperature and humidity all across it. When two different air masses interact they cause the change in weather.
Weather is the phenomenon that explains the exact climatic condition of a smaller area. Weather is considered by taking into account the temperature of the area along with the conditions like humidity, cloudy, windy, etc. Weather is a small time phenomenon as it changes from time to time and place to place.
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in which way does the b-cell population that participates in a secondary adaptive immune response differ from the b-cell population that participates in a primary adaptive immune response?
Answer: a. Antigen-specific B cells in a secondary response outnumber those in a primary response by 10- to 100- fold.
Explanation:
In a secondary reaction, the number of antigen-specific B cells is 10- to 100-fold greater than in a first response.
What is antigen?Antigen is defined as a substance that triggers the creation of antibodies and elicits an immunological response. This indicates that your immune system is attempting to combat the chemical because it does not recognize it. A substance from the environment, such as chemicals, germs, viruses, or pollen, can behave as an antigen.
The primary immune response happens in response to the first interaction with the antigen, whereas the secondary immune response happens in response to the second and subsequent exposure to the same antigen.
Thus, in a secondary reaction, the number of antigen-specific B cells is 10- to 100-fold greater than in a first response.
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After reading about our affects on the biosphere, think of a scenario where we as individuals of a population can help improve the lives of other populations all throughout the biosphere.
As individuals of a population, the lives of other populations throughout the biosphere can be improved encouraging public transportation, biking, carpooling or walking.
How do humans benefit from the Biosphere?A healthy ecosystem is crucial to the survival of human beings. The biosphere regulates the earth's climate, filters the water we drink and the air we breathe, diminishes the impact of natural disasters and converts nutrients.
Substituting production of vehicles that burn fuel and cause carbon emission for ecofriendly vehicles are important steps for a healthy biosphere. Individually, we can use public transports, walking, carpooling or cycling as ways to cut down emission and help the population.
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demonstrate that change in heat causes change in temperature
Answer:
When a system absorbs or loses heat, the average kinetic energy of the molecules will change. Thus, heat transfer results in a change in the system's temperature as long as the system is not undergoing a phase change.
Organisms grow during _______development (before they are born or hatched) and for some time ________developmet as well.
Organisms grow during animal embryonic development (before they are born or hatched) and for some time prenatal development as well.
The process by which an animal embryo develops is known as animal embryonic development or animal embryogenesis in developmental biology. Embryonic development is started when a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell (ovum) (spermatozoon).
After fertilization, the ovum transforms into a single zygote, a diploid cell. The zygote undergoes mitotic divisions with little to no growth (a process known as cleavage), cellular differentiation, and the formation of a multicellular embryo after navigating an organizational hurdle in the midst of embryogenesis.
The phrase generally describes the early stages of prenatal development in animals; fetus and fetal development relate to later stages.
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describe the chronologic development of vascular tissue. include various plants lineages associated with these different structures.
Plants have a highly developed vascular system.
It has made a significant contribution to the development of terrestrial plants.
The development of the vascular system is a dynamic process in plants, but it is also adaptable to environmental changes.
In early embryos, asymmetric cell division results in the formation of perivascular cells. Procambial cells, which serve as vascular stem cells, develop into a a variety of vascular cells.
The creation of vascular patterns, in which the arrangement of the xylem, phloem, and procambium is species-specific, depends on the interaction between auxin and cytokinin.
The progressive development of vascular tissues is aided by the hierarchical expression of multiple transcription factors. These transcriptional regulators can occasionally build feedback loops with plant hormones.
Hormones, peptides, and miRNAs are examples of non-cell autonomous signals that play a role in the development of vascular tissue.
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Which type of stem cells have the ability to become any other type of body cell?
Answer:
Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)
Explanation:
what is the function of the retinal pigmented epithelium? provide nutrients and oxygen to the retina. provide nutrients and oxygen to the lens and cornea. absorb light that enters the eye. secrete vitreous humor. secrete aqueous humor.
The human retinal pigment epithelium (H-RPE) consists of pigmented cells located between the neuroretina and the choroids. The H-RPE is produced from hexagonal cells organized into a monolayer that is densely full of pigment granules.
The retinal pigment epithelium is a fundamental aspect of the retina that performs essential roles in visible features. harm to the shape and characteristic of the retinal pigment epithelium ends in the diffusion of retinopathies, and there may be currently no healing remedy for these disorders.
The human retinal pigment epithelium (H-RPE) includes pigmented cells located among the neuroretina and the choroids. The H-RPE is constituted of hexagonal cells organized into a monolayer that is densely filled with pigment granules.
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How is energy transferred from a plant to a person?
I need this right now, please. Whoever answers first I'll mark the brainiest.
Answer:Through the food chain
The difference between the smooth and rough er is the _______ that are attached to the outside of the ________ er.
Difference between smooth and the rough end of plastic reticulated is that ribosomes are attached to the outside of the rough ER
What is the difference between rough and smooth ER?The difference between rough ER and smooth ER is the presence of ribosomes. When ribosomes attach to the surface of an ER then it gives a rough appearance and hence it is called Rough ER. Smooth ER does not have ribosomes on its surface but is attached to its membrane.
The endoplasmic reticulum can either be smooth or rough, but its function is to produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function. The rough ER has ribosomes, which are small and round organelles whose function it is to make those proteins. Function of smooth ER is the synthesis of lipids, steroids and carbohydrates.
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a patient was diagnosed to possess a mutation in an er-resident protein in which the er-signal sequences of the protein were inappropriately deleted and instead replaced with a mannose-6-phosphate during protein synthesis and posttranslational modification. what is the likely fate of this mutant protein?
The protein would be directed to lysosomes, secreted by exocytosis, and wouldn't be glycosylated. It would also never enter the Golgi complex.
What Is a Protein?
The body is made up of protein, which may be found in almost every organ, tissue, and body part, including muscle, bone, skin, and hair. It contributes to the production of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood, and enzymes, which conduct important biochemical reactions.
What is the real benefit of consuming protein?
Your muscles' primary building material is protein. Therefore, eating enough protein will help you keep your muscle strength and encourage strength growth when you engage in strength exercise. Eating a lot of protein can help build muscle mass and strength, as according numerous studies.
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what are the two main types of protein found in milk? casein and whey chymosin and albumin albumin and immunoglobin whey and albumin
Answer: casein and whey.
Explanation: They are the major proteins of milk.
Are inherited traits adaptable? Why or why not?
Answer: Hope this helps!
Explanation:
Inherited characteristics are the characteristics that makes plants and animals who they are. These characteristics are passed down from generation to generation. The amazing thing about these characteristics are that they can change over time. This is known as adaptation. This means that the plant or animal have evolved in such a way that it is better suited to live in its environment. These type of changes get passed down to offspring of that animal or plant and help the new animal or plant survive better.
would any populations begin to thrive?
Answer:Global population growth and the destructive consumption habits of high-wealth countries put pressure on biodiversity and human communities, exacerbating food and water shortages, reducing resilience in the face of climate change, and making it harder for vulnerable groups to rise out of intergenerational poverty.
Explanation:
The Center has been working to address the connection between human population pressure and the extinction crisis since 2009. Our innovative campaigns focus on commonsense solutions such as gender empowerment, the education of all people, universal access to all forms of sexual and reproductive healthcare, sustainable and equitable lifestyle choices, an economy that doesn’t rely on endless growth, and a societal commitment to improve living conditions for all species.
we could use genomic dna for this cloning project instead. for this application, cdna would work better. choose which reasons we would want to use cdna, and which reasons genomic dna would work better.
Genome DNA:
the whole genetic information of an organism is represented by genomic DNA. The genomes of virtually all species are made up of DNA, with the exception of certain viruses, which contain RNA genomes.
Reason to use genome DNA:
The human genome is 3.2 billion base pairs long.The majority of the genome (97%) is non-functional or non-coding.The first human genome sequencing took 13 years and cost $1 billion USD to complete.cDNA:
a complementary DNA to a given RNA that acts as a template for DNA synthesis in the presence of reverse transcriptase The First Known Application of cDNA.
Reason to use cDNA:
You have the ability to clean it. Changes to the sequence are possible. You may then put it back into the genome of another creature, such as yeast, using sophisticated molecular tools and enzymes. Yeast is extremely efficient in producing a large number of proteins. And if you inject insulin cDNA into its genome in the correct location and arrangement, it will begin producing insulin for you. This is one method through which scientists can create and test novel forms of insulin with features that may be useful in the treatment of diabetes.
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which of the following is not found in the dermis layer of the skin? select an answer and submit. for keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a sensory receptors b hair follicles c capillary network d all are found in the dermis
Sensory receptors, hair follicles, and capillary network all are found in the dermis layer of the skin.
So, the correct option is D.
Blood veins, nerve endings, glands, and hair follicles are all located in the dermis. The dermis' connective tissue is made up of a variety of cell types, including fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, mast cells, Schwann cells, and stem cells. In addition to connective tissue and blood arteries, the dermis also contains hair follicles, nerves, sweat and oil glands, and other components. The papillary dermis, the uppermost thin layer, and the reticular dermis, the lowermost thick layer, make up this structure.
The epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue are shown in this illustration of the skin's anatomy. The middle skin layer on your body is called the dermis. It serves a variety of functions, such as guarding against harm, supporting the epidermis, allowing you to experience different sensations, and even growing hair and sweat.
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The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer containing proteins and carbohydrates. Choose three of the statements that accurately reflect the structure and its function.
Answer:The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer containing proteins and carbohydrates. Choose ALL of the statements that accurately reflect the structure and its function. 1. Membrane proteins may be enzymes to catalyze metabolic reactions within the cell. 2. Membrane proteins may contain cholesterol to serve as identification tags for other cells. 3. Channel proteins allow a specific molecule to cross the cell membrane that is unable to cross the phospholipid bilayer unassisted. 4. Receptor proteins bind to ligands, initiating cell signaling pathways. 5. Molecules that are large or nonpolar must use membrane proteins for transport
Mitosis can occur in both haploid and diploid cells, but meiosis cannot occur in haploid cells. Why not?.
Because the cell is still haploid after mitosis, haploid cells can undergo mitosis. While the haploid cell will only contain half as many chromosomes after meiosis.
Can a haploid cell go through meiosis? Why, if at all, can a haploid cell undergo mitosis?Haplodiploid cells cannot undergo meiosis. Gametes are created by mitotic division in a haploid organism (n). After fertilization, these gametes (n) are joined to create a diploid zygote. This zygote or diploid cell then goes through meiosis to form a haploid organism once more.
In both diploid and haploid cells, can mitosis occur?A cell can go through mitosis whether it is haploid or diploid. A diploid cell goes through mitosis to create two genetically identical diploid daughter cells, whereas a haploid cell goes through mitosis to create two genetically identical haploid daughter cells.
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13. josh is working in the yard when an insect buzzes by his ear. before he can hear the insect, the receptor cells in his ear must produce an electrical change in response to the sound. this process is called:
This process is called Transduction
What is Transduction ?A virus or other viral vector introduces foreign DNA into a cell through a process known as transduction. One illustration of horizontal gene transfer is the viral transmission of DNA from one bacterium to another.
The transfer of chemical signals from an ext-erior to an inte-rior of a cell is known as signal transduction, sometimes referred to as cell signalling. To achieve an adequate reaction, signals must be successfully transferred into cells. Receptors on the cell surface start this process.The three stages of signal transduction are reception, transduction, and response.Learn more about Transduction here:
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Atherosclerosis is simply the acculation of lipods within the artery.
a. True
b. False
The given statement is (b) False i.e. Atherosclerosis is simply the accusation of lipids within the artery.
The buildup of lipids and fibrous components in the major arteries is a hallmark of the degenerative illness known as atherosclerosis.A pattern of the disease known as arteriosclerosis called atherosclerosis occurs when lesions begin to form on the arterial wall. Because plaque has accumulated due to these lesions, narrowing may result. Usually, there are no symptoms at first.Atherosclerosis is a chronic condition that goes years without showing any symptoms. Stable and unstable atherosclerotic lesions are the two main classifications of atherosclerotic plaques (also called vulnerable).Atherosclerosis steadily takes hold when plaque is formed in your blood by cholesterol, fat, blood cells, and other elements. Your arteries narrow as a result of plaque buildup. As a result, the body's essential organs receive less blood that is oxygen-rich. a healthy artery and a plaque-filled artery.
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Explain why it may have been difficult to discover pond water organisms from pond water sample under the microscope comparing to cheek cell sample and leaf sample?
It may have been difficult to discover pond water organisms from pond water sample under the microscope comparing to cheek cell sample and leaf sample because of the large area and involved and the cheek cell and leaf sample being a living tissue.
What is a Microscope?This is referred to as a laboratory equipment which is used in the enlargement of objects and cells and ensures that very small organisms can be seen and observed.
Living cells such as cheek cell and leaf sample are what the organisms mostly feed on which is why it is easy to see and observe them when compared to pond water.
Pond water also has a very large surface area and the sample gotten may not possess any organism which is why it may be difficult and is therefore the reason why it was chosen as the correct choice.
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In the reactions of photosynthesis, simple sugar molecules are manufactured in the.
In the reactions of photosynthesis, simple sugar molecules are manufactured in the chloroplasts.
Plants utilize carbon dioxide and water to convert them into energy and oxygen. As a result, the water turns into oxygen and carbon dioxide into glucose. After storing energy in the glucose molecules, the plant releases the oxygen back into the atmosphere.
Chlorophyll
The purpose of the microscopic organelles called chloroplasts, which are found inside plant cells, is to store sunlight energy. Plants are green because of chlorophyll, a pigment that absorbs light and is located in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast. During photosynthesis, chlorophyll absorbs energy from blue and red light waves while reflecting green light waves, providing the impression that the plant is green.
The two main stages of photosynthesis are light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions, despite the fact that there are many other steps. As suggested by its name, the light-dependent reaction takes place inside the thylakoid membrane and requires a steady stream of sunlight. Chlorophyll absorbs the energy of the light rays and converts it into chemical energy in the form of the molecules ATP and NADPH. The light-independent reaction is a stage of the Calvin Cycle that doesn't require light and occurs in the stroma or area between the chloroplast and thylakoid membranes.
Using the energy from the ATP and NADPH molecules, carbon dioxide is transformed into carbohydrates like glucose during this phase.
C3 and C4 are used in photosynthesis. Not all forms of photosynthesis, though, are created equal. Two of the numerous types of photosynthesis are C3 and C4 photosynthesis. C3 photosynthesis is used by most plants. It involves the Calvin Cycle creating the three-carbon molecule 3-phosphoglyceric acid, which later turns into glucose. The Calvin Cycle, on the other hand, causes a four-carbon intermediate product produced by C4 photosynthesis to break down into carbon dioxide and a three-carbon molecule. The advantage of C4 photosynthesis is that it produces larger levels of carbon, allowing plants to thrive in environments with little water or light.
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Whats the fate of pyruvate after its produced during glycolysis?
The fate of pyruvate depends upon the availability of oxygen after glycolysis. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate enters the mitochondria to generate reducing equivalents in the form of NADH and FADH2. And in the absence of oxygen, pyruvate exhibits fermentation.
Glycolysis is the process in which the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate occurs. This process occurs in the cytoplasm of all the cells and does not require oxygen. Glycolysis is a 10 step process where there is a net gain of 2 ATPs.
Fermentation is the process that occurs in anaerobic condition. It also happens in the cytoplasm of the cell. The products of fermentation can be either lactic acid or ethanol.
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In the stomach, food processing continues and secretions from stomach glands aid the initial digestion of? A. carbohydrates B. lipids. C. nucleic D. acids. E. proteins. F. vitamins
In the stomach, food processing continues and secretions from stomach glands aid the initial digestion of proteins.
What type of food is processed in the stomach?proteins
Enzymes from the stomach digest proteins, those from the stomach's salivary and lingual glands digest carbs and fats, and those from the pancreatic exocrine glands digest carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA.
In chemical digestion, which begins in the mouth, digestive fluids break down complex food molecules into their chemical building blocks (for example, proteins into separate amino acids). These secretions can comprise a variety of different enzymes, acids, and salts, but they often contain water.
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How have climatologists explained the collapse of the harrapan culture of india?.
Beginning around 2500 BCE, a shift in temperatures and weather patterns over the Indus valley caused summer monsoon rains to gradually dry up, making agriculture near Harappan cities difficult or impossible.
Many researchers believe that environmental factors, such as floods and earthquakes, were the primary cause of the Harappan culture's decline. Ans. According to research, flooding and drought were to blame for the decline of the Harappan culture. Historians believe that around 1900BC, things began to fall apart. Many Indus cities had been abandoned by 1700BC.
There are numerous reasons for the decline of the Harappan civilisation. Floods were common in the Indus and its tributaries. The excessive use of wood for burning bricks destroyed the forests, forcing them to migrate. They could have been attacked by Aryans from the north.
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