Bones and cerebrospinal fluid make up the layers that protect the brain and spinal cord. The brain is the body's primary processing organ. It either directly or indirectly controls how the body functions.
Along with the spinal cord, the brain is a component of the CNS. The brain is divided into three sections: the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain.
Bones: The skull and vertebral column bones form a hard protective shell around the brain and spinal cord.
The meninges are located directly beneath the skull and vertebral column bones. The meninges are three layers of connective tissue that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): Inside the brain and spinal cord is a watery cushion. The Blood Brain Barrier is a filtering barrier that protects neurons from toxins in the bloodstream.
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Light from a distant star is focused by the lens onto the retina . With a pupil diameter of 3.0mm, the intensity of light falling on the retina is illustrated by the graph below . The spot illuminated on the retina is about 8micrometers in diameter. When star gazing on a very dark evening, the pupil diameter will expand to much larger than 3.0 mm.
a.With an expanded pupil diameter, what will happen to the total amount of light energy reaching the retina?
increase,decrease,or stay the same?
b. With an expanded pupil diameter, what will happen to the spread of the image on the retina?
increase,decrease,or stay the same?
c. With a decreased spread in image size, what will happen to the intensity of the central maxima?
increase,decrease,or stay the same?
With an expanded pupil diameter, the total amount of light energy reaching the retina will increase, the spread of the image on the retina will decrease, and the intensity of the central maxima will increase.
a. The total amount of light energy reaching the retina will rise with enlarged pupil diameter. The iris of the eye has an aperture called a pupil that controls how much light enters the eye.
More light can enter the eye when the pupil dilates, increasing the quantity of light energy that reaches the retina overall.
b. The spread of the image on the retina will narrow as the pupil diameter increases. The retinal image is spread out over a larger surface area as the pupil dilates, which reduces the size of the image.
c. The central maxima's intensity will rise as the spread of the image size decreases. The center maxima's intensity rises as a result of the light's greater concentration in a smaller region due to the lower image size.
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Why do phospholipids tend to spontaneously orient themselves into something resembling a membrane?
Phospholipids tend to spontaneously orient themselves into something resembling a membrane because of their unique chemical structure. Phospholipids are composed of a polar, hydrophilic (water-loving) head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic (water-fearing) tail.
When phospholipids are in an aqueous environment, such as in water or in the cell, the polar heads of the phospholipids interact with the water molecules, while the nonpolar tails are repelled by the water molecules and tend to aggregate together. This creates a barrier that separates the polar heads from the nonpolar tails, which is known as a lipid bilayer.
The hydrophobic effect is the main driving force for the self-assembly of phospholipids into bilayers. The hydrophobic effect is the tendency of nonpolar molecules to aggregate together in order to minimize the number of polar interactions with the surrounding water molecules. This effect drives the phospholipids to align their hydrophobic tails together, creating a barrier that separates the hydrophilic heads from the hydrophobic tails.
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What are 3 ways a mutation can occur in the DNA?
The three ways a mutation can occur in the DNA are, (1). Insertion
(2). Deletion (3). Translocation.
1. Insertion: The DNA strand receives more DNA nucleotides.
2. Deletion: The DNA sequence is altered as a result of the deletion of DNA nucleotides.
3. Translocation: The exchange of chromosomal segments.
Point mutations, or defects introduced in a single spot on a DNA molecule, include substitutions, insertions, and deletions. Sometimes errors can be significantly larger. Errors that relocate entire regions of a DNA molecule are known as chromosomal mutations, also known as gross or gene-level mutations. When cells divide and make duplicates of themselves, changes to the DNA sequence are called gene or genetic mutations. The human body is programmed with instructions from the DNA.
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what can temperature and pH measurements tell you about the biogeochemical cycles in a pond ecosystem
The most important climatic element affecting soil N and P cycles is temperature. Temperature increases often aid in the breakdown of soil organic matter and the buildup of soil accessible nutrients.
They are essential because they recycle and store materials, as well as control key elements through physical features. These cycles represent the interaction of living and non-living entities in ecosystems and allow ecosystems to survive indefinitely.
Biogeochemical cycles change the chemistry of the ocean, atmosphere, and terrestrial ecosystems across geological time, so that rate-limiting reactions within important cycles change the speed and manner of development.
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What offspring would you predict from a black female cat and an orange male cat?
Black females and orange males also give birth to calico cats. Usually, male kittens only inherit the male's coat color. The Y chromosome determines the sex of males, but has nothing to do with coat color.
Calico cats are domestic cats of all breeds with tricolor coats. Calico cats are most commonly thought of as being 25% to 75% white with large orange and black spots, but they can also include other colors in their patterns. A variation of off-white and gray patches called muted calico sometimes occurs.
The dominant O allele encodes an orange tone, while the recessive O allele encodes non-orange pigmentation (black or brown).
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Growth hormone stimulates the liver and other tissues to produce growth stimulants called insulin-like growth factors which are also called what
Development chemical invigorates the liver and different tissues to deliver development energizers called insulin-like development factors which are additionally called Somatostatin is one more name for human development chemical.
Corticotropin-delivering chemical (CRH) is let out of the nerve center, which invigorates the foremost pituitary to deliver adrenocorticotropic chemical (ACTH). ACTH then, at that point, follows up on its objective organ, the adrenal cortex.
Development chemical animates the creation of insulin-like development factor 1in the liver and different organs, and this follows up on tissues in the body to control digestion and development. Notwithstanding its impact on the development of chemical discharge, the development chemical delivering chemicals additionally influences rest, food admission, and memory.
Human development chemical, otherwise called hGH and somatotropin, is a characteristic chemical your pituitary organ makes and delivers that follows up on many pieces of the body to advance development in youngsters.
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As climate changes, which type of reproduction would most likely result in a greater chance of survival for a species? (1) sexual reproduction, with a short reproductive сycle (2) sexual reproduction, with a long reproductive cycle (3) asexual reproduction, with a short reproductive сycle (4) asexual reproduction, with a long reproductive сycle
Sexual reproduction with a short reproductive cycle would probably increase a species' chances of survival as the climate changes. Therefore, option (1) is correct.
The fusing of a haploid female gamete (egg cell) with a haploid male gamete (sperm cell) is known as sexual reproduction. Reproduction requires either one parent (asexual reproduction) or two parents (sexual reproduction).
Asexual reproduction is typically undesirable because the environment is always changing. Sexual reproduction is generally preferred. Asexual reproduction results in organisms that are exact copies of their parents. The process of sexual reproduction can result in the development of new genetic combinations. The variety of phenotypic qualities is also increased by the genetic diversity of organisms.
During meiosis, independent assortment and crossing-over take place, which causes variation. This variation provides organisms the ability to adapt to a changing environment so that they will live and reproduce in the new habitat. In doing so, sexual reproduction would be able to adjust to new environmental challenges. And a shorter reproductive cycle allows it to produce more offspring.
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Which of the following does not contribute to bacteria's ability to evolve rapidly? A)Sexual reproduction. B)Genetic recombination. C)Mutation
Answer: A) Sexual reproduction
Explanation:
Bacteria cannot reproduce sexually. They instead exchange genetic information.
Which of these haploid strains produce permease constitutively but do not produce β-galactosidase
a. I+ P+ O+ Z- Y-
b. I+ P+ O- Z+ Y+
c. I- P+ O+ Z-Y+
d. I- P+ O+ Z+ Y-
e. I- P+ O+ Z+ Y+
The answer is : I- P+ O+ Z-Y+
The lac operon genes, which encode vital enzymes for lactose absorption and processing, must be expressed for the bacteria to utilise lactose. E. coli should only express the lac operon when two conditions are met in order to be as effective as possible:
Glucose is not readily available, but lactose is.
The Y gene codes for lactose permease.
In the operon I- P+ O+ Z-Y+, I codes for repressor protein, therefore I- implies this lacks repressor means operon is not inhibited so it is always active.
Z codes for beta-galactosidase in this operon.
This haploid species can produce permease persistently but do not produce -galactosidase since this operon has no functioning Z gene but does have a functional Y gene.
So the answer is : I- P+ O+ Z-Y+
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2. How does sneezing protect us from germs?
5. What would happen if SpongeBob and Patrick crossed two "goobers" or green jellyfish? Complete the
Punnett square to help you determine the probability for each color of jellyfish.
(a) Give the possible genotypes and phenotypes for the offspring.
(b) What percentage of the offspring would be yellow? ____%
(c) What percentage would be blue? ___%
(d) What percentage would be "goobers" (green)? _%
(a) The possible genotypes and phenotypes for the offspring 25% Yellow YY , 50% Green Yy , 25% yy .
(b) Percentage of the offspring would be yellow is50%.
(c) Percentage of be blue is 0%.
(d) Percentage of "goobers" (green) is 50%.
The young creation of living organisms, known in biology as progeny, can be created by a single organism or, in the event of sexual reproduction, by two organisms. A group of offspring is sometimes referred to as a brood or progeny in a more generic sense.
Your biological parents are the ones who gave birth to you. Basically, this is another term for kids. Offspring includes young humans, horses, gorillas, lizards, and gorillas. When a mother gives birth to quadruplets, she subsequently has a large family.
The genotypes of a specific cross or breeding experiment are predicted using the Punnett square, a square diagram. It bears Reginald C. Punnett's name, who developed the method in 1905. Biologists use the picture to estimate the likelihood.
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Why was Lucy's mutation not a problem?
Because it has no effect on the active site, the gene mutation is not an issue.
Lucy was able to produce more proteins and break down deoxyadenosine correctly after receiving stem cell therapy, which helped her fight off the additional stop protein.
The active site will not be affected by the gene mutation. This is because the non-essential amino acid or protein in the molecule is affected by the mutation. The molecule maintains its original shape and state as a result. In addition, the active site of the quaternary protein structure comprises a large number of proteins. Therefore, the mutation won't have a significant impact on the molecule's overall structure or ability to perform its function.
The complete question is:
Your scan of Lucy's ADA gene showed a mutation in the active site. Why was this mutation not a problem?
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In order to make food, plants need animals for _____.
oxygen
nitrogen
water
carbon dioxide
Which of the following features of the alveolar sacs allows for the ease of diffusion of gasses?
a. They are made of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium.
b. Type II alveolar cells secrete surfactant.
c. Elastin fibers allow the alveoli to stretch thin enough for diffusion to occur.
d. They are made of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium and elastin fibers allow the alveoli to stretch thin enough for diffusion to occur.
The alveoli can stretch thinly enough to allow for diffusion thanks to elastin fibers. The alveolar sacs' unique characteristics make it possible for gases to diffuse easily.
Describe elastin fibers.Elastic fibers are crucial macromolecules of the extracellular matrix, consisting of an elastin core encircled by a mantle containing fibrillin-rich microfibrils. They give vital characteristics like elasticity and durability to connective tissues including blood vessels, lungs, and skin.
Where can you find elastin fibers?The both fibrous perichondria comprising hyaline and fiber cartilages as well as the joint fibrous tissue in diverse joints include elastic fibers. Elastic fibers are present in bones' exterior fibrous periosteum layer but not in the inside cellular (cambial) layer.
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Why is a high surface area to volume ratio important in epithelial cells in the gastrointestinal GI tract?
When a cell performs its normal functions, it must exchange substances with the world outside the cell membrane. Cells with a large surface area to volume ratio can exchange substances more efficiently.
Maximizing the surface area of this organ system is important. This is because the greater the surface area of the cell the better the digestive mechanism and the greater the absorption of simplified nutrients.
Digestibility increases with increasing surface area. An explanation for this is a mechanism that accelerates and supports the number of enzymes involved in digestion, and this is one of those enzyme individuals that work more effectively on larger surfaces.
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9.-13. Match the description to its anatomical term.
-
A membranous, serous layer attached
to a fibrous sac
A tissue composed of layers and bundles
of cardiac muscles
Outside layer of the heart wall that's
interspersed with adipose
The interior lining of the heart
External grooves that indicate the regions
of the heart
a. Visceral pericardium
b. Sulci
c. Endocardium
d. Myocardium
e. Parietal pericardium
The regions of the heart: Visceral pericardium, c. Endocardium, d. Myocardium, e. Parietal pericardium.
What is Visceral pericardium?The visceral pericardium, sometimes referred to as the epicardium, is the innermost layer of the pericardium, a sac that encloses the heart and its major vessels. It is composed of a thin mesothelial membrane which is continuous with the outer layer, the parietal pericardium. The visceral pericardium is firmly attached to the heart and the great vessels, and its surface is covered with a thin layer of serous fluid that acts as a lubricant and helps reduce friction between the heart and the outer layers of the pericardium.
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the urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination known as
The urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination known as neurogenic bladder.
Neurogenic bladder is a urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination. It is a condition wherein the nerves connected to the bladder do not function properly, which leads to difficulty in controlling the bladder and emptying it properly. This can lead to a wide range of symptoms, including difficulty in starting urination, an inability to empty the bladder fully, incontinence, and urinary tract infections.
The primary cause of neurogenic bladder is usually damage to the nerves that control the bladder. This can be due to a variety of conditions, including traumatic brain or spinal cord injuries, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and diabetes. In some cases, the underlying cause is unknown.
The symptoms of neurogenic bladder are usually the result of an inability to control the flow of urine. This can lead to an overactive bladder, which can cause frequent urges to urinate, even when the bladder is not full. In some cases, the inability to completely empty the bladder can lead to urinary retention, which can cause urinary tract infections. In addition, the condition can also cause incontinence, or the inability to control the flow of urine.
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What do snails and clams have in common?
The common characteristics of snails and clams is that both belong to the phylum Mollusca and posses a calcareous shell on their body.
The phylum Mollusca is the second largest phylum of the kingdom Animalia. These are the invertebrate animals that are characterized by the presence of a calcareous shell on their body. The example of Mollusca are: snails, oysters, etc.
Shell is the outermost skeleton of organisms of Mollusca. It is made of calcium carbonate as the main constituent. The shell may be present only on the upper side of the body. Or it may be present on both the side, such animals are referred to as bivalves.
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An emergent property of an ecosystem could be the fall colors enjoyed by many who travel to the northeastern and midwestern US deciduous forests. True False
False. An emergent property of an ecosystem is a property that arises out of the interactions between the components of the system, and is not attributable to any one component.
Rather, the fall colors are a result of the deciduous trees shedding their leaves in preparation for the winter. This is a seasonal phenomenon which is not characteristic of the ecosystem itself, but rather the individual species which exist within it.
The autumnal changes observed in the leaves of the trees, and the resulting show of vibrant colors, is a result of the trees’ response to the changing environmental conditions. The trees are adapting to the decreasing levels of sunlight, temperatures, and moisture, which occur in the autumn months.
The emergent properties of an ecosystem are more subtle and complex than the seasonal changes in the trees’ leaves. Such properties are the result of the interactions between the various living and nonliving components of the system, and can be seen in the ways that species interact and change over time.
This could include the way that species evolve in response to changes in their environment, the way that certain species are able to dominate the environment, or the way that resources are used and exchanged between species.
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Watch the short tedtalk (its like 6-8 minutes, link in image) and respond to the following questions
Why does the speaker say it is important for her to offer her daughter choices? How does the speaker compare that to the importance of choice for the animals she cares for?
Summarize how Holly’s chimpanzee behaviors were different from the rest of the troupe.
What approach did the speaker and her team decide to take to help Holly? Give at least three specific examples.
What did the team observe about Holly and her troupe over time?
Why is offering choice a revolutionary concept at a zoo? Identify an element from what you read in the unit as to how zoos are changing that also serve the purpose of offering animals more choice.
Applying this learning to yourself. Identify a time when you might have resented feeling enclosed, but the offer of choices improved your outlook.
The speaker mentions some examples of activity bins that they used as enrichment materials for Holly. Identify two materials that you would be curious about giving Holly in a bin to see how she would interact with that material. Keep Holly’s safety in mind as you make your suggestions; avoid things that would endanger her or the troupe!
The unit mentions that an important factor in zookeeping is to give animals their space, as they are wild animals after all. How do you think zookeepers balance their need for research and helping specific animals, like Holly with respecting Holly’s need for “wild space.”
Because Holly doesn't interact socially with other animals, she exhibits different behavioral patterns from other animals. Innovative ideas will help animals connect with their surroundings more effectively in zoos.
What is Animal Behavioral Pattern?Animals' usual responses to a specific stimuli or circumstance are referred to as behavioral patterns in animals. Foraging, migration, courtship, communication, mating, and parenthood are a few examples of these patterns.
a)
The speaker on the TED talk show argues that giving her daughter choices is crucial because it helps her daughter grow in autonomy and self-determination. In a similar vein, the speaker is of the opinion that animals should be given the chance to display their natural behaviors through choice. Holly's chimpanzee habits were distinct from those of the rest of the troop because she was less social, spent more time by herself, and was less willing to investigate her surroundings. The speaker and her team made the decision to provide Holly with extra options in order to aid in her comfort and safety. They modified the design of the room and provided her with activity bins filled with various materials and objects for her to investigate.
b)
A novel idea in zoos is to give animals the freedom to display their natural behaviors and choose how to interact with their surroundings. Zoos are evolving by giving the animals more natural environments so they may explore their surroundings and make more decisions about how to behave. Zoos are now offering more naturalistic enclosures, which allow the animals to walk around more freely and decide where they want to go and what they want to do, as an illustration from the unit.
c)
When I was studying for tests, I would have disliked feeling confined, but the availability of options helped my attitude. I gave myself the option to take a break and engage in something else I enjoyed because I was feeling overburdened by the amount of material I had to study. This decision enabled me to step back and unwind, which enhanced my viewpoint and assisted me in controlling my stress levels.
d)
A mirror and a ball are two items I'd be curious to put in a bin for Holly to play with to see how she might react. A ball may give Holly an interactive toy that she could play with by herself or with the other chimpanzees, while a mirror could enable her to study her own reflection.
e)
Zookeepers provide Holly with enrichment activities that let her explore her surroundings and make decisions without having to be directly interacted with in order to strike a balance between their need for research and aiding particular animals, like Holly, and respecting Holly's need for "wild space." They also give her adequate room to move about unrestrictedly and engage in social interactions with the other chimpanzees without feeling crowded.
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Is Gause’s Principle accurate? Explain why or why not.
Yes, Gause’s Principle is accurate mainly due to his description of how two species with the same niche cannot coexist in the same habitat.
What is the application of Gause's principle?Gause, which claims that it is impossible for two species to live when they are vying for the same resources. Gause's law is another name for this rule. A population will push out another population. If any of the members of the extinct population are still alive, it is because they have adapted to the new niche.
According to Gause's theory of competitive exclusion, two species that are vying for the same scarce resource cannot live in the same niche for an extended period of time.
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3.3.2 Test (CST): Planet Earth
Question 3 of 10
Which two terms apply to continental crust rather than oceanic crust?
A. Darker in color
B. Less dense
C. Older in age
D. Thinner
Less dense and Darker in color are two terms apply to continental crust rather than oceanic crust.
The both option are correct A and B.
What is a characteristic of oceanic crust?When compared towards the continental crust, the oceanic lithosphere is thin, relatively young, simpler, and chemically richer in magnesium. The oceanic lithosphere is the chilled and crystallised melt fraction that results from the magmatism of the mantle there at semi ridges.
How does the oceanic crust function?At subduction zones, the oceanic crust is forced back into the mantle, causing this process to happen. At mid-ocean divides and volcanic hotspots, new crust in the form of volcanic rock is created when old oceanic plate is submerged and melts into magma.
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What triggers the release of protease?
Answer:
Injury and inflammation trigger the generation and release of proteases from mast cells (tryptase), epithelial cells, and neurons
Explanation:
A follow-up experiment revealed that the genetic content of the bacterial cells was altered by the transfer of material from the phage. This process is best described as:
A subsequent investigation uncovered that the hereditary substance of the bacterial cells was modified by the exchange of material from the phage.
Transduction is the interaction by which an infection moves hereditary material starting with one bacterium and then onto the next. Infections called bacteriophages can contaminate bacterial cells and use them as hosts to make more infections.
Lysogeny can change the aggregate, wellness, and advancement of the bacterial host cell. On account of bacterial microorganisms, prophages permit the procurement of new characteristics, for example, destructiveness factors which thusly may work on the host's wellness.
It is the interaction by which phages can bundle any bacterial DNA (chromosomal or plasmid) and move it to another bacterium. The transducing particles of this method of transduction structure when bacterial host DNA is bundled into phage heads rather than viral DNA.
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Which leukocyte might you expect to find in higher quantities in a person experiencing allergies?
a. neutrophil
lb. ymphocyte
c. basophil
d. eosinophil
You could expect to see more eosinophil granulocytes in someone with allergies.
What is a high basophil number?An high basophil level is referred to medically as basophilic. It can be a sign of ongoing inflammation in your body. Or it can signal that your bone marrow is producing too many white blood cells due to a medical condition. Your doctor can assess your basophil levels using a blood test.
What causes high basophil levels?If you experience basophilia or some other basophilic disorder, your body creates too many basophils. A virus or a more serious condition of leukemia or even an autoimmune illness may be implicated by an extremely high basophil count.
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Assume that a new species of fish has been discovered deep in the ocean. It has a complete vertebral column made of cartilage. Which class should the new species be placed in? Name one other trait you would expect to find in the new species of fish. Explain your answers.
Assume that a new species of fish has been discovered deep in the ocean. It has a complete vertebral column made of cartilage therefore the class which the new species will be placed in is Chondrichthyes and also have cartilaginous endoskeleton.
They are referred to as a class that contains the cartilaginous fishes that have skeletons primarily composed of cartilage and examples include sharks, whales etc.
They usually have a pair of jaws and are found in marine environment. the presence of calcium salts in this type of environment is what gives rise to them having cartilages as their vertebral column and endoskeleton which are the features present in fishes under this class and is therefore the reason why it was chosen as the correct choice.
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Can plants perform light-independent reactions?
The second and last step of photosynthesis is the process that is not dependent on light are light-independent reactions. It creates organic materials for the plant .
The photochemical process of photosynthesis involves a number of light-independent biochemical events light-independent reactions that result in plant the formation of organic compounds from carbon dioxide. This metabolic pathway is propelled by the energy released from the ATP created during the light reactions. Photosystems I and II, which are both found in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, are plant responsible for using light energy. The light-independent reactions ,chemical energy obtained during the light-dependent processes is used to construct carbohydrate molecules from plant carbon dioxide in light-independent reactions (the Calvin cycle).
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Which among the following is the correct sequence of prophase I of meiosis?
A.Leptotene, pachytene, zygotene, diplotene, diakinesis
B.Leptotene, diplotene, pachytene, zygotene, diakinesis
C.Leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, diakinesis
D.Leptotene, zygotene, diakinesis, diplotene
Answer: C
Explanation: Leptoten, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, diakinesis
why does breathing become faster during exercise
Explanation:
When you exercise and your muscles work harder, your body uses more oxygen and produces more carbon dioxide. To cope with this extra demand, your breathing has to increase from about 15 times a minute (12 litres of air) when you are resting, up to about 40–60 times a minute (100 litres of air) during exercise.
Your body needs more oxygen and creates more carbon dioxide while you exercise because your muscles are working harder.
Which two of the following organisms are tertiary consumers in this food web?
Answer:
Snowy owl and Rough-legged hawk
Explanation:
Hard to tell but I believe I'm correct