The formation of cancer cells occurs in the interphase cell cycle which is disrupted, precisely when DNA synthesis is in the S phase.
How does the cell cycle affect cancer?In many cancer cells, the number of chromosomes changes so that there are either too many or too few chromosomes in the cell. These cells are said to be aneuploid. Errors can occur during DNA replication resulting in mutations and possible development of cancer.
Cancer is the result of uncontrolled cell division caused by damage to the mechanism that regulates the cell cycle. Loss of control begins with a change in the DNA sequence of a gene that codes for one of the regulatory molecules. Incorrect instructions cause the protein to not work as it should.
Cells that progress through an uncontrolled cell cycle may eventually form a malignant tumor, in which masses of cells grow and divide uncontrollably, then develop the ability to spread and migrate throughout the body.
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What is a heritable characteristic
before a desired gene can be spliced into a bacterial plasmid cloning vector, the gene must first be
What two significant proteins of the muscles are involved in the contraction and relaxation of your muscles?.
The two most important are the contractile proteins actin and myosin. Among the regulatory proteins, troponin, tropomyosin, M-protein, beta-actin, gamma-actin and C-protein are great importance.
Which protein is found in muscles?The myofibrillar protein components most important for muscle fiber structure are actin and myosin. They are the most abundant proteins in muscle and are directly involved in the ability of muscle to contract and to relax.
What causes contraction and relaxation of muscles?Energy released from ATP by myosin ATPase activity results in the cycling of the myosin cross-bridges with actin for contraction. Thus contractile activity in smooth muscle is determined primarily by the phosphorylation state of the light chain of myosin—a highly regulated process.
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An aquatic predatory animal is a fast swimmer and chases prey through the ocean. Which of the following body plans would be most advantageous? A. Radial B. Trilateral C. Bilateral D. Asymmetrical
The most advantageous body plan for an aquatic predatory animal is a fast swimmer and chases prey through the ocean will be (A) radial.
Predatory animals are those that attack and feed upon the smaller and weaker organisms. The animals attacking is called the predator and the animal being attacked is called the prey. The example of predatory animals is: lions, sharks, tigers, etc.
Radial body plan is where the whole body of an organism is arranged around a central axis. The advantage of radial body plan is that the predator animals can grab their food from any direction. The animals possessing radial body plan are jellyfish, sea urchin, etc.
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which of the following correctly identifies the main role of mitosis and cytokinesis in multicellular organisms? areplicate dna bproduce gametes (sperm or eggs) cincrease genetic diversity dgrowth and repair
The statement that is correct is the role of mitosis and cytokineses in multicellular organisms is to replicate in DNA, increase genetic diversity growth and repair, produce gametes (sperms or eggs ). All options are correct except the last one.
What is mitosis ?Mitosis is the equational division in which the chromosomes numbers are same and the division is equational.
Cytokineses is the cytoplasmic division at the end of division of a cell division cytoplasmic that is the separation of a cell into two daughter cells. It is the process where the cell nucleus divides into two daughter nuclei along with that the cytoplasm gets divided as well.
It maintains genetic diversity in mitosis.
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what is an evolutionary explanation for the reason that the offspring of cliff swallows have significantly more unique and individualistic vocalizations than do those of barn swallows?
It is the result of the natural selection. It is an example of the adaptive behavior
What is natural selection and adaptive behavior ?Populations of living things adapt and change through a process called natural selection. People in a population are naturally variable, which means that each individual is unique in certain aspects. Because of this variety, some people have characteristics that suit their surroundings more than others.
Adaptive conduct is the way a person interacts with their environment in a way that maximises success and minimises conflict with others. This phrase is used in psychology and special education.In comparison to research on the evolution of body size in other bird species, selection on body size in cliff swallows was more severe. Due to their greater thermal efficiency and capacity for fat storage, larger swallows were probably preferred in cold climates.Learn more about Natural selection here:
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Explain how microevolution and migration can affect an ecosystem?
Answer:
Migration can negatively impact an ecosystem if the migration is permanent and leads to the loss of native species. Temporary migration, such as in the case of birds flying south in the winter, can maintain the biodiversity of an ecosystem. Microevolution, like migration, can aid the survival of native species.
explain how wavelengths of light are absorbed differently in aquatic ecosystems and how this pattern influences primary productivity.
Because light is required for photosynthesis, phytoplankton and other primary producers are restricted to the ocean's uppermost layers, where light is abundant sufficiently to sustain the reaction.
What is aquatic ecosystem?Oceans, lakes, rivers, streams, estuaries, and wetlands are all examples of aquatic ecosystems. Aquatic ecosystems contain living things that rely on water for survival, such as fish, plants, and microorganisms.
Increased light, while generally beneficial to primary production, is not always beneficial to aquatic organisms.
UV-A and UV-B radiation can damage genetic material, acting as a stressor by putting intracellular repair mechanisms under strain.
Thus, this way, wavelengths of light are absorbed differently in aquatic ecosystems and how this pattern influences primary productivity.
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Though he is considered the greatest painter of the neoclassical and romantic periods, ___________ belonged to neither group.
The greatest painter of the neoclassical and romantic period is Fransico Goya who belongs to neither group.
In 1792, Goya became deaf due to an unknown disease. During his convalescence, he began making uncommissioned paintings, including portraits of women of all professions. Francisco Goya was one of the greatest European painters and printmakers of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. He is one of the youngest of the Old Masters and is believed to be one of the oldest of the Modern Masters. His work reflected the upheavals of our time and influenced important later artists in the world.
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Which species concept is primarily used to define extinct species known only from the fossil record?.
Phylogenetic species concept is primarily used to define extinct species known only from the fossil record.
What is Phylogenetic species?Although species serve a variety of special and essential functions in biology, none are more crucial than their involvement in phylogeny, naming, and biodiversity research. There is no way to divide species into smaller units where shared derived features may be accurately identified. A universally applicable species idea is necessary for biodiversity inventory, evaluation, and conservation. In formal Linnaean classification and zoological nomenclature, species are the fundamental units.
The Biological Species Concept pushed a basic taxonomic problem—what are species?—into a population genetics framework—why are there species?—and has long had only minimal support from most zoologists. Early attempts to develop a phylogenetic species concept concentrated on fixing issues with the biological species concept related to ancestral populations before applying phylogenetic reasoning to the actual species.
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Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)?
a. CO2
b. NADH + H+
c. FADH2
d. ATP
e. acetyl CoA
FADH2 is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle).
The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or the citric acid cycle, is the primary source of energy for cells and an essential component of aerobic respiration. The cycle converts acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)'s chemical energy into the reducing power of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH).
The Krebs cycle reactions occur in eukaryotes in the mitochondrial matrix, a dense solution that surrounds the mitochondrial crests and contains, in addition to water, all of the enzymes required for the cycle's biochemical reactions, coenzymes, and phosphates.
The citric acid cycle is the mitochondrial hub for the final stages of carbon skeleton oxidative catabolism for carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids.
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A ______ is synthesized from cholesterol and can diffuse across the plasma membrane.
A Steroid hormones can diffuse out across plasma membrane and are made from cholesterol.
What makes it the plasma membrane?What makes it a plasma membrane, and why? The semi-fluid living substance known as protoplasm, also known as plasm, is found inside each cell. The plasma membrane is a biological membrane that houses this living material or plasm.
What is the plasma's primary purpose?Plasma is in charge of: dispersing water where it is required by your body. supplying proteins, hormones, and nutrients to various body areas while also assisting in the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen dioxide. preventing the collapse or blockage of blood vessels.
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Which two statements about interactions are correct?
Answer:
according to me it seems like it option B is the correct one
roken, energy is released. when bonds are formed, energy is absorbed. if more energy is released than absorbed during a chemical change, the process can be used as a source of energy. a general rule for processes such as respiration is the more carbon atoms there are in a molecule, the more energy that molecule can provide to the organism when it is used as food. 5. using the information from above and model 1, is a carbohydrate, lipid, or a protein more likely to be a good source of energy for an organism? use comparative data to support your answer.
When a link is broken or established, the carbohydrate is more likely to be a suitable source of energy for an organism.
What exactly is a carbohydrate?Carbohydrates, often known as sugar molecules, are sugar molecules. Carbohydrates are one of the three fundamental nutrients found in foods and beverages, along with proteins and lipids. Your body converts carbohydrates into glucose. Glucose, often known as blood sugar, is the main source of energy for your body's cells, tissues, and organs. A carbohydrate is a naturally occurring substance or a derivative of a naturally occurring compound with the chemical formula Cx(H2O)y, which is made up of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) molecules. Carbohydrates are the most common organic compounds and are required for all living things to function.
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in trying to determine whether dna or protein was the genetic material, hershey and chase made use of which of the following facts about these two types of molecules? question 10 options: dna contains sulfur, whereas protein does not. dna contains nitrogen, whereas protein does not. dna contains phosphorus, whereas protein does not. dna contains purines, whereas protein includes pyrimidines.
While determining whether DNA or protein was the genetic material, Hershey and Chase made use of the following fact: DNA contains phosphorus, whereas protein does not.
DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid. It is the most prevalent form of genetic material present in majority of the organisms. The structure of DNA is double stranded with backbone made of sugar and phosphate alternating. And the nitrogenous bases projecting inwards perpendicularly to form the hydrogen bonds.
Proteins are the polymers of amino acids. These are the structures that are required for almost all the functions of the body. Protein can function as enzymes, food components, signaling molecules, etc.
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A promoter in a genome is a DNase-resistant site. Which of the following events could convert the site to a DNase hypersensitive site?
Choose All that Apply
A. The level of a transcription factor that binds a nearby enhancer increases.
B. A remodeling complex uses ATP to move nucleosomes to expose the promoter.
C. A histone acetyltransferase modifies histone tails in the vicinity of the promoter.
D. A remodeling complex uses ATP to move nucleosomes to block the promoter.
E. A histone deacetylase modifies histone tails in the vicinity of the promoter.
A promoter in a genome is a DNase-resistant website online. Which of the subsequent events ought to convert the website to a DNase hypersensitive site the level of a transcription issue that binds a close-by enhancer increases.
Option A. The level of a transcription factor that binds a nearby enhancer increases.
Transcription elements can bind to enhancer sequences located upstream or downstream from an associated gene, resulting in stimulation or enhancement of transcription of the related gene.
Enhancer certain transcription elements recruit co-activators and trendy factors of which a few had been shown to play a vital role in enhancer-promoter communication. one of the quality studied factors is the extensively expressed transcriptional cofactor Ldb1.
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Cellular respiration is the process in which organisms break down food to release _____.
What is the correct sequence of events for activation of a b cell by a t-dependent antigen?.
The correct sequence of events for activation of B-cells by T-dependent antigen is recognition of antigen, fragmentation, binding and secretion.
The process can be understood as firstly immunoglobulin receptors on the B cell recognize and bind with the antigen, secondly an antigen fragment in complex with MHC class 2 is displayed on the B cell's surface, thirdly the MHC-antigen complex binds a receptor on a TH cell and finally the TH cell secretes cytokines that activate the B cell. B-cells are the antibody producing cells that produce antigen specific immunoglobin molecule to fight against the pathogens such as bacteria or fungi. These B-cells are found in bone marrow of an individual. Lesser number of B-cells in the body makes it prone to infections as the immune system gets weak. T cells are the types of white blood cells primarily involved in directly killing of infected host cells, activating other immune cells, producing cytokines and regulating the immune response.
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If pacific field male crickets in hawaii attract females by rubbing their wings together to sing, why is it that in some places up to 90% of the males no longer sing? how could this have evolved?.
Answer:
to shield from predators
Explanation:
A certain mutation causes crickets to stop singing; and not for no reason, it happened as a result of parasitic flys that used the song to find hosts-- and although it worked and fewer crickets died from the parasite it also meant that certain crickets couldn't attract females. This evolved as a way to prevent the parasites from finding crickets and killing them but unfortunately also prevents females from finding them. I hope this helps!
which nervous system component would prevent people from experiencing the effects of illicit drugs if the component was better able to filter small molecules? question 1 options: oligodendrocytes interneurons unipolar neurons astrocytes
The nervous system component which would prevent people from experiencing the effects of illicit drugs if the component was better able to filter small molecules is referred to as astrocytes and is denoted as option D.
What is Astrocytes?This is also known as astroglia and it is referred to as a characteristic star-shaped glial cells which is present in parts of the central nervous system such as the brain and spinal cord.
They have different functions and an example is that it responds to neural tissue damage and also prevents people from experiencing the effects of illicit drugs if the component was better able to filter small molecules.
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What is the basic unit of matter
atom
molecule
gas
compound
why are humans so genetically similar
Answer:
All human beings are 99.9 percent identical in their genetic makeup. Differences in the remaining 0.1 percent hold important clues about the causes of diseases.
Explanation:
Our bodies have 3 billion genetic building blocks, or base pairs, that make us who we are. And of those 3 billion base pairs, only a tiny amount are unique to us, making us about 99.9% genetically similar to the next human.
Our bodies have 3 billion genetic building blocks, or base pairs, that make us who we are. And of those 3 billion base pairs, only a tiny amount is unique to us, making us about 99.9% genetically similar to the next human.
What is genetics?
The study of genes and heredity. Heredity is passing genetic information and traits (such as eye color and an increased chance of getting a particular disease) from parents to offspring.
What is the role of genetics?
Genetic research studies how individual genes or groups of genes are involved in health and disease.
Thus, out of 3 billion base pairs, only a tiny amount is unique to us. So humans are genetically similar.
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Every few
years, a farmer plants clover in a wheat
field. Explain how this practice might
benefit the farmer.
This practice will benefit the farmer in fixing the nitrogen in the soil
What is clover?
Clover is a member of the distinguished legume family. On the roots of legumes are bacteria that can convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can use. Plants utilize nitrogen in large quantities since it is a component of chlorophyll. The farmer enriches the soil with plenty of nitrogen and organic matter by planting clover and plow it beneath. A crop would be seeded after allowing the organic matter to decompose.
Advantages of clover in agriculture:
Clover is a Fixer of Nitrogen.
Clover is a legume crop that is a member of the bean and pea plant family. It helps the soil fix nitrogen. In other words, it works with helpful bacteria to convert nitrogen gas that is present in soil air pockets into stable organic molecules that feed nearby plants.Animals Love It
Because it is so nutrient-rich, clover provides farmers with a high-protein meal for their animals and enhances digestibility. Leaner meat and more nutrient-rich milk are produced as a result of reducing mineral deficiency, which can cause a number of illnesses and problems.Additionally, clover can be used as poultry feed for chickens, geese, and birds (and even humans - clover is edible and its colorful flowers can really make a salad pop).Positive insects and pollinators I adore it, too
Honey bees are drawn to the readily available nectar found within the small florets of white clover and crimson clover, which is why clover honey isn't simply a smart name. Clover, dandelions, and other "weeds" have been eliminated, and this has resulted in a sharp fall in bee populations, according to scientists.Hence clover practice is beneficial to farmers
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60) a chemical that affects neuronal function but is not stored in presynaptic vesicles is a) acetylcholine. b) epinephrine. c) endorphin. d) nitric oxide. e) gaba. topic: concept 48.4
D. Gaba is a chemical that affects neuronal function but is not stored in presynaptic vesicles.
The main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the fully developed mammalian central nervous system is gamma-aminobutyric acid, or GABA. Its main function in the neurological system is to lower neuronal excitability. In several nations, GABA is offered as a dietary supplement.
Because it inhibits or blocks some brain messages and lowers nervous system activity, GABA is referred to as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. GABA has a calming impact when it binds to the GABA receptor protein in your brain. Anxiety, worry, and fear can all be relieved with the use of this.
People who take GABA orally as a supplement can experience relief from anxiety and persistent stress. Studies have shown that taking supplements helped with relaxation and anxiety relief.
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which of the following actions helps maintain a sleep-promoting environment? group of answer choices warmth: set the thermostat in your bedroom to 68-70 degrees fahrenheit. light: keep the bedroom brightly lit until you are ready to go to sleep. cleanliness: wash your sheets and other bedding regularly, and get rid of clutter. comfort: keep your cell phone, tv, laptop, and/or other devices by your bed so that you know you can reach them easily should you need them.
Comfort: Set the temperature in your bedroom between 68 and 70 degrees Fahrenheit.
Which of the following factors affects how much sleep someone needs?Medical disorders, drugs, stress, the environment in which you sleep, and what you eat and drink can all affect how much sleep you need. The amount of light exposure may have the biggest impact.
Which statement regarding REM sleep is accurate?Your breathing becomes erratic, your heart rate increases, and your eyelids move quickly behind your closed eyes while you are in REM sleep. Your brain is quite busy during REM sleep, and your brain waves become more varied than they do during other sleep stages, when your brain waves settle down.
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Compare and contrast the structures and functions of RNA and DNA. Then, describe the functions of mRNA, tRNA, rRNA.
If you cross 2 parrots that are heterozygous for color and barring, what is the possibility, in the form of a ratio, of a
blue and unbarred parrot as offspring?
Green Parakeets dominant (G)
Blue are recessive (g)
Barred wing pattern dominant (B) Unbarred recessive (b)
1/16
3/16
9/16
None of the above
Answer: 1/16
Explanation:
The ratio of blue and unbarred parrots as offspring is 1/16. The blue and unbarred are recessive characters. Hence, the first statement is the correct answer.
What is a Dihybrid cross?A Dihybrid cross involves two different traits, such as the gene for colour and the gene for wing. In the given statement, it is given that green is dominant over blue. G is dominant, and g (blue) is recessive. Blue will only express in recessive gg case.
The barred wing pattern is dominant over the unbarred wing pattern. B is dominant over b. Barred will express in BB and Bb condition while unbarred will express in bb condition .
When two heterozygous parents for colour (Gg) and barring (Bb) are crossed, the genotypes of each parent is GgBb. Each parent will form four gametes such as GB, Gb , gB , gb. Hence, total offspring will be 16, as four gametes form from each parent. 9 will be G_B_, 3 will be G_bb , 3 will be ggB_, 1 will be ggbb.
Hence , 1/16 is the ratio of blue and unbarred . First option is correct.
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Describe the usefulness of evolutionary-tree diagrams in zoological studies. Describe two problems associated with their use.
The evolutionary tree diagrams are essential in zoological studies because they exhibit evolutionary relationships between species. Moreover, two problems that are associated with their use include polyphyletic groups and the presence of analogous structures.
What is an evolutionary tree diagram?An evolutionary tree diagram is a graphical representation of a given taxonomic group that exhibits the relationships to a common ancestor shaped by all the groups.
A problem associated with an evolutionary tree diagram is the presence of groups that derive form one of more ancestors (polyphyletic groups) as well as the presence of analogous structures that do not exhibit an evolutionary origin.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that an evolutionary tree diagram is very useful to show the relationship between different species that share a common ancestor but it has some limitations associated with the presence of polyphyletic groups and analogies.
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which of the following is false about fossils? they are scarce because organisms were not as prevalent during the history of life on earth as today. they give a complete record of life on earth. they are scarce because most organisms died in oxygen-poor environments. they give us factual information about the history of life on earth. they are less numerous for marine animals. all of the above.
All of the given statements are false about fossils:
they are scarce they were not as prevalent during the history of life on earth as today. they provide the complete record of life on earth. they are scarce because majority of the organisms died in oxygen-poor environments. they give us factual information about the history of life on earth. they are less numerous for marine animals.Fossils are the remains, traces or impressions of the dead plants and animals that dies millions of years ago and were buried deep down in the earth. The fossils provide information about the organisms of their time and how current organisms evolved from them.
Marine animals are those that live inside sea water. These can be living in the salt water of seas or oceans, or the brackish water of coastal estuaries.
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can someone help me understand Cellar Respiration
Answer:
the metabolic process in living organisms by which oxygen is combined with carbon in a cell to form carbon dioxide and generate energy.
Explanation:
Answer:
Explanation:
cellular respiration is a process by which organisms combine oxygen with food stuff molecules diverting the chemical energy in these substances into life sustaining activities and discarding as waste products carbon dioxide and water . Organisms that do not depend on oxygen degrade foodstuffs in a process called fermentation one objective of the degradation of foodstuff is to convert the energy contained in the chemical bonds into energy rich compound adenosine triphosphate which captures the chemical energy obtained from the breakdown of the food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular processes in eukaryotic cells this process ocurrs in mitochondria A liver cell has about 1000 mitochondria