Prior to DNA sequencing, chromosomes are broken up because only about 500 bases can be reliably called by DNA sequencing reactions.
Only roughly 500 DNA bases can be properly determined by a DNA sequencing process. The DNA of a cell is broken into relatively big chunks using a technique called map-based sequencing. After a certain length, it becomes challenging to determine the precise base or nucleotide. This is due to the fact that the length of the DNA strand and base quality are inversely related. Enzymatic DNA fragmentation techniques use enzymes to break intact DNA and long sequences into perfect fragments for sequencing, producing clearer findings than subdividing longer DNA sequences into smaller bits before sequencing. Transposase, restriction, and nicking enzymes are some of the enzyme-based techniques for DNA fragmentation for sequencing.
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the movement of water from the lumen through proximal tubule cells is an example of . see section 40.3 (page) . view available hint(s)for part a the movement of water from the lumen through proximal tubule cells is an example of . see section 40.3 (page) . secondary active transport passive diffusion primary active transport facilitated diffusion
A case of facilitated diffusion is the passage of water from the lumen through the proximal tubule cells.
The proximal tubule undergoes what process?Due to the fact that it is the only site where these filtered solutes are transported, the proximal tubule also completes the reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, and significant anions like phosphate and citrate. The proximal tubule is an organ involved in metabolism in addition to solute reabsorption and secretion.
Quiz about tubular reabsorption to learn more.The process of tubular reabsorption selectively removes substances from tubular fluid and transports them back to the bloodstream. Reabsorbed substances include ions like sodium, chloride, potassium, bicarbonate, and phosphate as well as water, glucose, amino acids, and urea.
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a coagulase plasma test is shown below with an unknown staphylococcus species. the species is most likely:
The species is most likely Staphylococcus aureus. It has long been known that S. aureus is one of the most significant germs that harm humans.
What is S. aureus ?A common component of the body's microbiota, Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive, spherically shaped bacterium that belongs to the Bacillota and is frequently found in the upper respiratory tract and on the skin.
S. aureus is typically a commensal member of the human microbiota, but it has the potential to transform into an opportunistic pathogen. It is a common cause of food poisoning, sinusitis, and various skin and respiratory infections, including abscesses.
One of the primary causes of antimicrobial resistance-related mortality is S. aureus, and the rise of antibiotic-resistant strains like methicillin-resistant S. aureus is a global issue in clinical practise. There is currently no licenced vaccination for S. aureus despite extensive research and development.
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application of heat to living cells can result in all of the following except group of answer choices damage to nucleic acids. denaturation of enzymes. alteration of membrane permeability. breaking of hydrogen bonds. decreased thermal death time.
Application of heat to living cells can result in all of the following except e) decreased thermal death time.
Thermal death time can be described as the time that it takes for a cell or microorganism to die when continuous heat is given to a cell. Hence, thermal death time will not be increased or decreased due to heat. The time taken for death will remain the same.
However, with the denaturation of the cell enzymes, damage to nucleic acid will occur due to the application of heat to living cells.
The membrane permeability will be affected by the application of heat and also hydrogen bonds will be broken with the application of heat.
The question will correctly be written as:
Application of heat to living cells can result in all of the following except group of answer choices
a) damage to nucleic acids.
b) denaturation of enzymes.
c)alteration of membrane permeability.
d) breaking of hydrogen bonds.
e) decreased thermal death time.
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Choose the reasons that low-income and minority groups often suffer more from the effects of air pollution. a. Nutritional deficiencies weaken the immune systems of people with low incomes. b. Low-income and minority groups encourage factory construction to bring jobs. c. Low-income and minority groups often have fewer resources to fight for their rights, d. Major pollution facilities are often placed in low-income or minority neighborhoods. e. Low-income and minority populations are predisposed to respiratory diseases.
The reason that low-income and minority groups often suffer more from the effects of air pollution is because major pollution facilities are often placed in low-income or minority neighborhoods and is denoted as option D.
What is Pollution?This is referred to as the introduction of contaminants or foreign substances into the environment and there are various sources such as wastes from companies, burning of fossil fuel etc.
In most climes, major pollution facilities are often placed in low-income or minority neighborhoods due to the low population and the land being available for such purpose which increases the risk of the inhabitants suffering from its effect.
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which of the following activate enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis: 1) cortisol, 2) epinephrine and norepinephrine, 3) glucagon, 4) growth hormone, and 5) insulin
Enzymes are involved in gluconeogenesis are activated by adrenaline, norepinephrine, and glucagon.
Gluconeogenesis: What is it?The process known as "gluconeogenesis" converts non-carbohydrate substrates like lactose, amino acids, and glycerol into glucose In order to create oxaloacetate (OAA), pyruvate must first be transformed from lactate and alanine. Pyruvate then reaches to mitochondrion and is event organised there by pyruvate carboxylation (PC).
Which organs engage in gluconeogenesis?Gluconeogenesis takes place in the kidneys and liver. Lactate, glycerin, amino acids, and with acetate making a modest contribution are the precursors of gluconeogenesis, The gluconeogenesis process, which derives the majority of its energy from oxidizing fatty acids, uses ATP.. For instance, the liver's production of glucose levels from lactate is a highly active process following intense muscular effort.
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which of the following regulatory elements is not composed of dna sequences? view available hint(s)for part b which of the following regulatory elements is not composed of dna sequences? promoter-proximal elements activators silencers enhancers
Activators are regulatory elements is not composed of DNA sequences.
In Eukaryotes transcriptional activators are composed of a DNA binding domain with a separated activation domain , These proteins also have a dimerization module.
Transcriptional activator is a protein that speeds transcription of a gene . Activators are the components that have positive control over gene expression, as they function to promote gene transcription. Their are several gene regulatory elements, including promoters, enhancers, silencers, and insulators . Regulatory Elements are Located in Promoter, Intergenic, and Intronic Regions.
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general name for the process that converts glucose(sugars) into ATP
Glycolysis is the general name for the process that coverts glucose into ATP
will an atom of iodine look similar to rubidium and fluorine?
No, rubidium and fluorine are not similar to atoms of iodine.
What element is most similar to iodine?The astatine atom is an extremely radioactive element and it is the heaviest known halogen. Its chemical composition is believed to be similar to those of iodine. Despite living as a halogen, iodine shares some of the usual physicochemical behaviors of the sulfur atom.
These structures have been well distinguishing. Iodine and iron are both minerals needed for good health because table salt holds the mineral, as does most of the farmland iodine in which food is grown on the other hand, iron atom exists in large amounts around the world.
So we can conclude that Iodine is a non-metallic, dark-gray/purple-black, lustrous, solid element. Iodine is the most electropositive halogen.
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Archaea have very diverse environmental requirements and tolerances. From what you have learned about them, which among the following conditions or substances do all archaeans require for survival and reproduction?.
Carbon is required by Archean's for their survival and reproduction.
Archaea devote in the functioning of ecosystem and vegetation by archiving functions involved in nutrient cycling, some stress response, and phytohormone biosynthesis and by interacting with both bacteria and their hosts.
Most Common characteristics of Archaebacteria are presence of tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs in their genome, other main characteristics is they don't contain peptidoglycan cell walls, on the place of peptidoglycan their present largely proteinaceous coat.
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Marine organisms can be grouped by size and habitat. match the group name to its description.
1. Organisms that are generally small and unable to move faster than the currents-
2. Organisms that are larger and able to move faster than the currents
3. Organisms of various size living on or in the sea floor
a. Nekton
b. Plankton
c. Benthos
Plankton are organisms that are too small to move faster than the currents.
Nekton are larger organisms that can move faster than the currents.
Benthos are small organisms that live on or in the seafloor.
The classification of all living organisms is based on basic, shared characteristics. Each group of organisms is then subdivided into smaller groups. These smaller groups are formed on the basis of more specific similarities within each larger group. Living organisms are classified primarily to avoid confusion, to facilitate organism study, and to learn how various organisms are related to one another.
There are several types of marine organisms. These include several bacterial genera and species, as well as protozoans, planktons, marine invertebrates, and vertebrates. There are three major groups of marine animals based on habitat and mobility: plankton, nekton, and benthos.
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Is uracil in dna or rna.
Answer: RNA
Explanation:
Uracil is used in RNA in place of Thymine in DNA.
Can someone help me with this one please
Answer:
I'm pretty sure the 3rd one is correct.
Explanation:
Mitosis helps to make things grow (for example, trees)
which part of a cell synthesesises protien
The part of a cell that synthesizes protein is the Ribosomes.
Ribosomes are made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell. Cells have many ribosomes. If a cell is actively synthesizing proteins then it contains a large number of ribosomes, and rapidly growing cells also have more ribosomes.
Ribosomes are macromolecular machines, found within all cells, that perform biological protein synthesis also known as mRNA translation. They link amino acids together in the order specified by codons of messenger RNA (mRNA) to form polypeptide chains.
The ribosomes consist of two parts, the small and large ribosomal subunits. Each subunit consists of many ribosomal proteins and one or more ribosomal RNA (rRNA). The translational apparatus also refers to the ribosomes.
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During replication, the enzyme dna uses energy from atp to separate the two strands. This generates additional coiling ahead of the replication fork that is alleviated by another enzyme called dna.
During replication, the enzyme helicase uses energy from ATP to separate the two strands. This generates additional coiling ahead of the replication fork that is alleviated by another enzyme called topoisomerase.
Replication is the process of forming new daughter strands from the parent DNA. This is done inside the nucleus of the cell. For this, the DNA unwinds at the specific region by using certain enzymes. Both the strands of the parent DNA act as template strands to form new daughter strands.
Replication fork is the Y-shaped structure formed due to the unwinding of the DNA. This is where the process of replication begins from. Two forks are formed because of the unwinding. These two forks together form the replication bubble.
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Select the correct answer from each drop-down menu.
Cancer is a disease that involves uncontrolled cell division
Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell division and tissue invasion (due to DNA alterations).
Cancer, what is it?Cancer is fundamentally a mitotic illness in which the cancer cell ignores or overrides the usual mitotic "checkpoints" that control the process. When a single cell undergoes a transformation into a cancer cell, cancer is said to have started.
Is unchecked meiosis or mitosis the cause of cancer?Every cell's genes play a significant role in controlling mitosis. This control may not always work. If it only affects one cell, it has the potential to spread and create other uncontrolled cells through self-replication. They are malignant cells.
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students conducted an experiment to determine the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis. they punched 40 leaf disks from spinach leaves and used a syringe partially filled with water to pull the gases from the leaf disks so that all leaf disks sunk to the bottom of the syringe. ten (10) leaf disks from the syringe were placed in each of four cups and covered with 50 ml of the solutions as indicated below. all leaf disks were resting on the bottom of the cups when the experiment began. the volume of liquid in each cup and the temperature of the solutions were held constant. all cups were placed 0.5 meters from the designated light source. a large beaker of water was placed between the light and the cups to act as a heat sink to prevent a change in temperature. at the end of 10 minutes, the number of disks floating in each cup was recorded. trial grams of baking soda (co22 source) wattage of light bulb disks floating at 10 minutes 1 0.5 25 3 2 0.5 50 5 3 0.5 75 9 4 0 75 0 use your knowledge of the mechanism of photosynthesis and the data presented in the chart to determine which of the statements below is a correct explanation for the student's data. students conducted an experiment to determine the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis. they punched 40 leaf disks from spinach leaves and used a syringe partially filled with water to pull the gases from the leaf disks so that all leaf disks sunk to the bottom of the syringe. ten (10) leaf disks from the syringe were placed in each of four cups and covered with 50 ml of the solutions as indicated below. all leaf disks were resting on the bottom of the cups when the experiment began. the volume of liquid in each cup and the temperature of the solutions were held constant. all cups were placed 0.5 meters from the designated light source. a large beaker of water was placed between the light and the cups to act as a heat sink to prevent a change in temperature. at the end of 10 minutes, the number of disks floating in each cup was recorded. trial grams of baking soda (co22 source) wattage of light bulb disks floating at 10 minutes 1 0.5 25 3 2 0.5 50 5 3 0.5 75 9 4 0 75 0 use your knowledge of the mechanism of photosynthesis and the data presented in the chart to determine which of the statements below is a correct explanation for the student's data. cup 4 had the slowest rate of photosynthesis because it had the least baking soda. cup 3 had the same rate of photosynthesis as cup 1 because they had the same ratio of disks floating to wattage of light. cup 2 had the highest rate of photosynthesis because 5 disks were floating at the end of 10 minutes using a 50 watt light bulb. cup 1 had a low rate of photosynthesis because 0.5 grams of baking soda did not provide a sufficient amount of co2.
Cup 4 had the least amount of baking soda, which resulted in the fastest rate of photosynthesis.
How did photosynthesis come into being?According to the endosymbiotic theory, the earliest eukaryotic cells acquired photosynthetic bacteria (via endocytosis) to create the first plant cells. Consequently, chloroplasts could be photosynthesis bacteria that have evolved to live inside the cells of plants.
Which plant emerged first?Cooksonia, which originated in the late Middle Silurian around 425 million years ago, is widely perceived as the earliest fossilized vascular land plant. It was a tiny plant that stood only a few centimeters tall. It contained sporangia (structures that produce spores) at the terminals of its leafless stalks.
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1. How do plants benefit from fungi?
A. Fungi cause growth of plants.
B. Fungi attract light energy to plants.
C. Fungi make nutrients more available to plants.
Answer:
C. Fungi make nutrients more available to plants.
Explanation:
The fungi colonize the root system of a host plant, providing increased water and nutrient absorption capabilities while the plant provides the fungus with carbohydrates formed from photosynthesis. Mycorrhizae also offer the host plant increased protection against certain pathogens.
waterborne infections refer to: a. person to person transmission of a disease due a shortage of water b. an infection that water helps to spread c. an infection transmitted by insects that breed in water d. an infection that occurs when water with the pathogen is ingested
Waterborne infections refer to an infection that occurs when water with the pathogen is ingested. So the correct option is d.
Waterborne infections or illness is mainly caused by swallowing impure recreational (lakes, rivers, etc.) or even drinking water. Many waterborne infections happen by eating/drinking food or beverages, from contact with animals or their environment, through person-to-person, or breathing in impure water droplets.
Contaminated water could carry viruses such as Hepatitis A and E, and bacteria like E.coli (E.coli can be passed from hand to hand, such as via vendors of street food or food handled by someone carrying E.coli bacteria. It can lead to food poisoning).
The result: dangerous diseases like cholera and typhoid fever. Some other waterborne diseases include diarrhoea, dysentery, polio, and meningitis.
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If tall (T) is dominant to short (t) what is the phenotype of a TT plant ?
using an antiseptic oral rinse before treatment, a rubber dam, or an antimicrobial-laced external water supply during treatment when ultrasonics or irrigators are used may be of help in preventing the spread of infection.
Using an antiseptic oral rinse before treatment, a rubber dam, or an antimicrobial-laced external water supply during treatment when ultrasonics or irrigators are used may be of help in preventing the spread of infection. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
Infectious diseases are commonly transmitted from person to person through the direct transfer of bacteria, viruses, or other germs. This can happen when an infected person touches, kisses, coughs, or sneezes on someone who isn't infected. Microorganism transmission can be divided into five major routes: direct contact, fomites, aerosol (airborne), oral (ingestion), and vectorborne. Some microorganisms can spread via multiple routes.
Infectious disease pathogens include viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and, in rare cases, prions. Infectious diseases can be contracted from other people, bug bites, and contaminated food, water, or soil.
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In guinea pigs, an allele for rough fur (r) is dominant over an allele for smooth fur (r), and an allele for black coat (b) is dominant over an allele for white fur (b). What would be the genotype of a guinea pig with smooth black fur?.
The smooth black guinea pig genotype is rr, BB. The correct option is d.
What is genotype?Genotype usually refers as the genetic makeup of an organism. In other words, it represents the entire gene pool of an organism. The term can also be used to refer to alleles or variants of genes carried by an organism in a more specific sense. The letter R stands for the recessive smooth coat allele and the uppercase R stands for the dominant rough coat allele. The genotypes that may result from mating heterozygous (Rr) and homozygous (aa) guinea pigs are Rr and rr.
Each genotype has a 50% chance of generational occurrence. However, the presence of her nine smooth-haired offspring from both heterozygous (Rr) and homozygous (rr) parents suggested a low frequency of chromosomal recombination in this cross.
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The complete question is as follows:
In guinea pigs, an allele for rough fur (R) is dominant over an allele for smooth fur (r), and an allele for black coat (B) is dominant over an allele for white fur (b). What would be the genotype of a guinea pig with smooth black fur?
RR, BB
Rr, Bb
rr, bb
rr, BB
The child with autism spectrum disorder has difficulty with trust. With this in mind, which of the following nursing actions would be most appropriate?
a. Encourage all staff to hold the child as often as possible, conveying trust through touch.
b. Assign a different staff member each day so child will learn that everyone can be trusted.
c. Assign same staff person as often as possible to promote feelings of security and trust.
d. Avoid eye contact, because this is extremely uncomfortable for the child and may even discourage trust.
c. Assign the same staff person as often as possible to promote feelings of security and trust .
Engage a child with autism spectrum disorder by Create an environment that is not over stimulating the environment should be calm and peaceful. The child will do better if there is no loud music in the background, as it distracts an autistic child from concentrating. It is required to Create a structured environment with predictable routines.
Hence , for treating a autism in child it is required to create a calm environment by removing distractions, loud noise. Relaxation techniques such as counting to 10, deep breathing can also help calm someone with autism in a moment of stress.
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Compare and contrat exocrine and endocrine gland. Provide an example of an exocrine gland, an exocrine ecretion, an endocrine gland, and an endocrine ecretion
The primary distinction between the two types is that endocrine glands secrete substances directly into the bloodstream, whereas exocrine glands deliver their products through a ductal system to an epithelial surface. Exocrine secretions originate in the acinus, a modest cell cluster at the start of glandular ducts.
What is exocrine and endocrine glands ?A gland that produces bodily fluids such saliva, milk, tears, sweat, and digestive juices and releases them through a duct or other orifice to a body surface. Sweat, lacrimal, salivary, mammary, and digestive glands in the intestines, stomach, and pancreas are a few examples of exocrine glands.
The circulation receives hormones from endocrine glands. This enables the hormones to reach cells in different regions of the body. The endocrine hormones aid in the regulation of mood, growth and development, organ function, metabolism, and reproduction. Each hormone's release rate is controlled by the endocrine system.Learn more about Exocrine and endocrine glands here:
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who raised emily dickinson
Answer:
Samuel Fowler Dickinson
Explanation:
Hope this helps.
A student is provided with a specimen of tilapia of length 10cm. The student made a drawing of the specimen of length 12cm. Calculate the Magnification of the drawing.
Answer:
1.2 is the magnification of the drawing
Explanation:
According to the question,
Actual length of tilapia specimen provided to a student = 10 cm
Drawing length made by student of the specimen= 12 cm
[tex] \rm Magnification \: of \: the \: drawing= \dfrac{Actual \: length \: of \: the \: specimen}{Drawing \: length \: of \: the \: specimen} \\ \\ \rm= \frac{12}{10} \\ \\ \rm = 1.2[/tex]
Which of the following scientist(s) received a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their discovery that RNA can be both a substrate and an enzyme?
A) A. I. Oparin
B) Stanley Miller
C) Sidney Fox
D) Graham Cairns-Smith
E) Thomas Cech and Sidney Altman
Thomas Cech and Sidney Altman received the Nobel prize in chemistry for their discovery that RNA can be both a substrate and an enzyme.
Brief about Thomas Cech and Sidney Altman?For their discovery that RNA actively facilitates chemical reactions in cells, molecular biologist Sidney Altman and Thomas R. Cech (1947-) were jointly awarded the 1989 Nobel Prize in chemistry. Altman and Cech independently identified a novel function for RNA.
It was once thought that only proteins could engage in enzymatic activity, which is the induction and acceleration of essential chemical events within living cells. They made the ground-breaking finding that RNA, which was previously thought of as a means of transporting genetic information throughout the cell, could also serve as an enzyme. This finding shed light on how cells work and created new scientific and biotechnological disciplines.
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CHALLENGE QUESTION:
Describe how Cupples bodies regulate (control) blood sugar. Make sure to include the organs,
Hifferent hormones released into the blood, and how each lowers or raises blood glucose. Use as
much detail as you can!
When blood sugar levels rise cells in the pancreas release insulin which causes the body to absorb glucose from the blood and bring blood sugar levels down to normal levels.
The human body wants to keep blood sugar levels within a very narrow range. Insulin and glucagon are the hormones that do this. Both insulin and glucagon are called pancreatic endocrine hormones because they are secreted by the pancreas. The main function of the pancreas is to maintain healthy blood sugar levels. A large gland behind the stomach.
Produces insulin glucagon and other hormones. Diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body does not use insulin properly. The endocrine system is responsible for regulating many processes in the body. The following list provides a sample of the roles of glands in the endocrine system. Pancreas Regulates blood sugar levels.
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True or false? lipid-insoluble hormones affect their target cells by binding to receptors inside the cell.
False as Lipid-soluble hormones enter the target cell and diffuse through the plasma membrane where they bind to a receptor protein.
Lipid-insoluble hormones must connect to receptors on the cell surface and send their signals through signal transduction pathways since they are unable to penetrate the plasma membrane and enter the cell.
Water-soluble hormones attach to a protein receptor on the cell's plasma membrane.
The receptor for lipid-soluble hormones is typically found in the cell's cytoplasm or nucleus. The receptor can affect transcription in the nucleus as a result of the hormone binding, either by itself or in combination with other transcription factors.
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Which of the following results of Thomas Hunt Morgan's experiments with white-eyed mutant flies was unexpected in light of Mendelian genetics?
Morgan started raising the mutant white-eyed flies and discovered that after one generation, just the males had the feature. Morgan discovered that the genetic component governing fly eye color was located on the same chromosomal that defined sex during more breeding studies.
The color of a bird's wings absorbs ambient light. Butterfly color pigmentation affects the phenotypic manifestation of wing form.
Morgan found a mutation that changed the hue of a fly's eyes. He noticed that male and female flies inherited the mutation in distinct ways. Morgan came to the conclusion that the eye color gene must be placed on the X chromosome depending on the inheritance pattern.
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An individual with the genotype aabb makes gametes. An individual with the genotype aabb also makes gametes. How many gamete types do they have in common with respect to these two genes?.
An individual with the genotype AaBB and an individual with the genotype AaBb both make gametes. 2 types of gametes they have in common with respect to these two genes.
A dihybrid cross is a mating experiment between two organisms that are genetically identical in two ways. A heterozygous hybrid organism is one that carries two different alleles at a specific genetic position, or locus. Mendel used a dihybrid cross to combine two opposing traits, such as the color and shape of seeds, for crossing. He crossed the wrinkled-green seed with the round-yellow seed. In the F1 generation, he only got round-yellow seeds.
The term F1 generation refers to the offspring produced by a cross between two different types.
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