Proteins are soft-bodied organisms less likely to leave a fossil trace than hard-bodied organisms.
soft-bodied organisms are much more likely to decay than organisms with difficult body elements along with bones, shells or enamel. as a consequence the fossil document consists of many stays of creatures like fish, clams and mammals, and relatively few stays of creatures like jellyfish, earthworms or wild flora.
Animals with difficult shells and skeletons are represented nicely within the fossil record. alternatively, soft-bodied animals are probable represented very poorly. it is possibly that maximum gentle-bodied species that ever existed are long gone all the time with out a trace. Land animals are probable very poorly represented as nicely.
The maximum not unusual approach of fossilisation is petrification through a system called permineralisation. After a shell, bone or enamel is buried in sediment, it is able to be exposed to mineral-rich fluids moving via the porous rock fabric and turns into filled with preserving minerals consisting of calcium carbonate or silica.
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given the interior of the phospholipid bilayer is nonpolar, how do you think water, which is polar, is able to travel across the membrane?
Water, which is polar, is able to travel across the membrane because it is a small molecule and employs the process known as osmosis.
What is Osmosis?
This is referred to as the movement of solvent molecules from a region of low concentration to a higher concentration through a selectively permeable membrane. For example, there will be movement to an area which has a higher concentration such as salt solution thereby leading to shrinking of the cells.
Water as a compound has small molecules which is why it is able to pass through the membrane easily and the osmotic process involved also aids it thereby making it the correct choice.
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the part of the endocrine system that is responsible for overseeing and regulating the release of hormones across the entire body is the responses pancreas pancreas hypothalamus hypothalamus adrenal glands adrenal glands pineal gland pineal gland thyroid
The part of the endocrine system that is responsible for overseeing and regulating the release of hormones across the entire body is referred to as hypothalamus and is denoted as option B.
What is a Hormone?This is referred to as a chemical messenger which is released directly into the bloodstream and it helps in the coordination of different functions in the body. Examples include insulin, testosterone etc which have their various purposes.
The part of the brain known as the hypothalamus is responsible for overseeing and regulating the release of hormones so as to deal with various conditions appropriately.
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ingestion refers to the group of answer choices chemical breakdown of food. mixing of nutrients with digestive enzymes. input of food into the digestive tract through the mouth. progressive dehydration of indigestible residue. absorption of nutrients in the gut.
The digestive system's initial function is to take food in through the mouth. Before anything else can happen, the process known as ingestion must occur.
Large molecules that are present in undamaged food cannot cross cell membranes. Animals must consume food that has been broken down into tiny pieces in order for them to absorb the nutrients and organic compounds. Ingestion is the initial step in this procedure. The act of ingesting food through the mouth is called ingestion.
The teeth, saliva, and tongue are crucial components of mastication in vertebrates (preparing the food into bolus). The salivary enzymes start to chemically digest the meal as it is being mechanically broken down. Large food particles are transformed into a soft mass that may be ingested and travel the entire length of the oesophagus by the combined action of several processes.
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: crispr-cas9 may be used as a gene-editing tool to repair mutant genes (such as the gene that causes huntington's disease in humans). this technique has been used in bacteria, mice, and even human embryos. first, crispr-cas9 is used to target and remove the mutant gene. second, naturally occurring repair enzymes will add the wild-type gene into the gap left from the site where the mutant gene was removed. which of these bacterial repair mechanisms would most likely be responsible for repairing the dna when used to edit bacterial genes? choose one: a. nucleotide excision b. methyl mismatch repair c. base excision d. umudc translesion bypass synthesis in sos e. reca recombination repair
The majority of DNA damage is repaired by removing the harmed bases and then resynthesising the excised area.
Briefing:
However, some DNA lesions can be directly reversed, which may be a more effective method of handling some types of DNA damage that happen frequently.
The three major types of polymerases found in prokaryotes are known as DNA pol I, DNA pol II, and DNA pol III. DNA pol III is now understood to be the enzyme needed for DNA synthesis, whereas DNA pol I and DNA pol II are mainly needed for repair.
In order for the cells to repair the DNA damage, at least five major DNA repair pathways—base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER), mismatch repair (MMR), homologous recombination (HR), and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)—are active at various times during the cell cycle.
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Pls help I’ll give you 24 points
An individual with the genotype aabb makes gametes. An individual with the genotype aabb also makes gametes. How many gamete types do they have in common with respect to these two genes?.
An individual with the genotype AaBB and an individual with the genotype AaBb both make gametes. 2 types of gametes they have in common with respect to these two genes.
A dihybrid cross is a mating experiment between two organisms that are genetically identical in two ways. A heterozygous hybrid organism is one that carries two different alleles at a specific genetic position, or locus. Mendel used a dihybrid cross to combine two opposing traits, such as the color and shape of seeds, for crossing. He crossed the wrinkled-green seed with the round-yellow seed. In the F1 generation, he only got round-yellow seeds.
The term F1 generation refers to the offspring produced by a cross between two different types.
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What is the primary term used for classification of silicates, carbonates, sulfates, and oxides?
Responses:
aggregate
crystal structure
ionic bond
chemical composition
Chemical composition is the primary term used for the classification of silicates, carbonates, sulfates, and oxides.
On the basis of their chemical compositions, scientists classify minerals. Native Elements, Sulfides, Sulfates, Halides, Oxides, Carbonates, Phosphates, Silicates, and Organic Minerals were the first nine mineral classes classified in the Dana Classification System.
The arrangement, kind, and ratio of atoms in chemical substance molecules are referred to as chemical composition. When chemicals are added to or removed from a substance, when the ratio of substances changes, or when other chemical changes take place in chemicals, the composition of the substance changes.
A CHEMICAL FORMULA, which only lists the proportions of the various elements and groups of elements in the mineral, can be used to describe the composition of a mineral.
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compared to opium or cocaine the prevalence of marijhuana products among patent medications during the 19th centruy was
Compared to opium or cocaine the prevalence of marijuana merchandise amongst patent medicines for the duration of the nineteenth century was much lower.
Marijuana turned into used as an all-reason medication within the 1800s. infantrymen who used heroin in Vietnam were generally capable of giving up their addiction upon going back to the united states.
The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 basically banned it nationally in spite of objections from the American medical affiliation associated with clinical utilization. This act came just a year after the movie Reefer insanity warned dad and mom that drug dealers would invite their teenagers to jazz events and get them hooked on “reefer.”
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a gardener is concerned that her greenhouse is getting too hot from too much light and seeks to shade her plants with colored translucent plastic sheets, the color of which allows passage of only that wavelength. what color should she use to reduce overall light energy but still maximize plant growth? a gardener is concerned that her greenhouse is getting too hot from too much light and seeks to shade her plants with colored translucent plastic sheets, the color of which allows passage of only that wavelength. what color should she use to reduce overall light energy but still maximize plant growth? orange blue green any color will work equally well. request answer
If she wants to minimize overall light energy while maximizing plant development, she should utilize blue.
How do you refer to light energy?
When an object is heated, electromagnetic radiation is produced, which is a type of kinetic energy connected to electromagnetic radiation. This electromagnetic radiation is known as light energy. both natural sources, such as the sun, and man-made objects, like as lasers and lightbulbs, can be used as the source.
Light system: what is it?
An intelligent promote efficient of devices for controlling lights is referred to as a lighting control system. relays, monitoring devices, photocells, light switch or touchscreen controls, and signals from many other building systems are some examples of these gadgets.
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Kinetic energy depends on _____. Question 2 options: Position and height Heat and pressure Mass and speed Density and volume
Answer: mass and speed
Explanation:
kenetic energy is energy when moving
global sea level during the mid-cretaceous was over 200 m higher than today, reducing the total land size and increasing the rate of extinction of land-animal species. what caused this increase in the sea level?
The cause of this increase in the sea level is Increased rates of seafloor spreading
What happens to cretaceous when sea level increase ?The most well-studied mass extinction, which occurred 66 million years ago at the beginning of the Paleogene and the Cretaceous epochs, wiped out the nonavian dinosaurs and cleared the way for the rapid diversification and evolution of mammals and birds.
The "Big Five" extinctions are most well-known for the end-Cretaceous event, which saw the extinction of all dinosaurs except for birds. Additionally, it gave mammals opportunities. Dinosaurs ruled all land habitats during the Mesozoic Era.Contrary to earlier extinction events that were brought on by natural phenomena, the sixth mass extinction is being caused by human activity, particularly (though not exclusively) the unsustainable use of land, water, and energy, as well as climate change.Learn more about Cretaceous here:
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An animal's metabolic rate is best defined as?
Metabolic rate refers to the rate at which an animal burns calories to produce energy. Among vertebrate species, [tex]10^{7}[/tex] fold of the range of metabolic rate are present.
Even among vertebrate species of the same weight and higher taxon, there are large differences in metabolic rate, with various explanatory factors postulated such as energy content, latitude, altitude, temperature and precipitation. A consistent underlying factor may be the availability of food, which is controlled by the net primary productivity (NPP) of the animal's natural environment.
To test this possibility, we examined five of his Peromyscus mice in North America. All of these have similar diets (common omnivores) and gut morphology, but differ up to 13-fold in his NPP in native habitats. We maintained breeding colonies of all five species in the laboratory under identical conditions and on identical diets. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) and daily uninterrupted food intake were both increased with NPP, accounting for 88% and 90% of the difference, respectively.
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What precautions or steps can a phlebotomist take to limit their exposure to blood-borne pathogens?.
The precautions to be taken by phlebotomist to limit their exposure to blood-borne pathogens are: wearing personal protective equipment such as safety glasses, gloves and laboratory coats. In case of cuts or abrasions on the skin of hands, cover them with adhesive dressing.
Phlebotomist is a healthcare worker who performs phlebotomy. Phlebotomy is the process of performing a puncture in a vein, usually in the arm, with a cannula so as to extract blood so that certain tests can be performed.
Blood-borne pathogens are the harmful microorganisms that reside in the blood of living organisms and cause diseases. The most common examples of such pathogens are: HIV, HBV, HCV, etc.
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What causes the differentiation of blood stem cells into new cells with different shapes and functions?.
Signaling mechanisms cause the differentiation of blood stem cells into new cells with different shapes and functions.
A cell just needs to modify the genes (and consequently the proteins) that will be expressed in order for it to differentiate into its specific form and function. Transcription factors are the main process by which genes are turned "on" or "off." Cellular interactions with the surrounding matrix, growth and differentiation factors, and other environmental factors that temporally and spatially activate or inhibit cellular signaling pathways and the transcription of particular genes drive this complex process.
Pluripotent cells called embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can differentiate as a result of signaling pathways. Most growth factors, cytokines, and epigenetic processes including DNA methylation and chromatin remodeling tightly regulate them.
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the two most basic steps of dna replication are
Explanation:
The initiation of DNA replication occurs in two steps. First, a so-called initiator protein unwinds a short stretch of the DNA double helix. Then, a protein known as helicase attaches to and breaks apart the hydrogen bonds between the bases on the DNA strands, thereby pulling apart the two strands.
Why is photosynthesis and cellular respiration considered a cycle?
In your 3-4 sentence response be sure to mention the following:
Reactants of the equations
Products of the equations
How the product is being made
Answer:
A cycle is a recurrent series of events. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration is considered a cycle due to the products of one process serving the reactants of the other. Photosynthesis: Glucose+oxygen makes carbon dioxide+water. Respiration: Carbon dioxide+water makes glucose+oxygen.
mumans, the CFTR gene is responsible for a protein that regulates the components of sweat, digestive fluids, and mucus. Individuals with a mutated version of this gene develop cystic fibre
me following research questions would provide the best data for clarifying the role of DNA in the development of this disease?
What environmental factors stimulate or slow the production of sweat, digestive fluids, and mucus?
is cystic fibrosis present in individuals who have a normal, non-mutated copy of the CFTR gene?
Are the components of sweat, digestive fluids, and mucus significantly different in individuals with cystic fibrosis?
What is the current rate of the development of cystic fibrosis in the human population and has this changed over time?
The research question that would provide the best data for clarifying the role of DNA in the development of this disease is: Is cystic fibrosis present in individuals who have a normal, non-mutated copy of the CFTR gene.
The CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) gene is present in every human being in two copies. To have cystic fibrosis, a person must inherit two mutant copies of the CFTR gene, one from each parent.
CFTR is a complex protein that is present on the cell surface membrane in a number of tissues and serves as a controlled chloride ion channel. On the apical membrane of the cells lining the airways in the lung, CFTR is present.
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they started with e. coli that had been growing for many generations in medium containing 15n. they then transferred the bacteria into medium containing only 14n, and allowed the bacteria to undergo two rounds of dna replication. after each round of replication, the scientists performed density-gradient centrifugation of the dna. the scientists reasoned that each of the three models would predict different dna banding patterns after the two rounds of replication. can you identify the banding patterns predicted by each model after the first round of replication? (then, in part c, you will identify the banding patterns predicted after the second round of replication.)
The conservative model predicts different results after one replication round, while the dispersive and semiconservative models predict the same outcomes.
After being moved from 15N15N media to 14N14N medium, E. coil cells are allowed to continue to grow for two generations. These cells' DNA is ultracentrifuged in a gradient of cesium chloride density. Due to the semiconservative structure of DNA, both N isotopes will be present in the products or genomes produced after two generations. One low and one middle density band will therefore be visible in the density distribution.
Since nitrogen is a key component of DNA, Meselson and Stahl used the 14N and 15N isotopes as sources of nitrogen in the culture medium in their experiment. Furthermore, the heavier 15N isotope of nitrogen, which is by far the most prevalent, is also functional in DNA.
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anaerobic and aerobic power training programs are designed to train the three metabolic energy systems: the atp-pcr system, the anaerobic glycolytic system, and the oxidative system. when training is adapted to train one or two of these systems, that is in-line with what principle of training?
Your body's physiological reaction to training is adaptation. The process through which the body becomes acclimated to a specific exercise or training regimen through repeated exposure is referred to as the principle of adaptation.
Why is the ATP PCr system crucial?Since the PCr/CK system generates a lot of ATP, it is crucial during periods of high metabolic demand, such intense physical activity, when the rate of ATP use exceeds the rate at which other metabolic pathways can produce it.
The glycolytic system: How does it function?The glycolysis system, which is similarly anaerobic, breaks down carbs into glucose or glycogen in order to resynthesize ATP. Carbohydrates are the only micronutrient that can be broken down without oxygen. This mechanism actually separates into rapid and slow glycolysis.
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Which two statements about interactions are correct?
The option D should be correct
Which of the following host defenses is considered the most effective in combating S. aureus infection?
Phagocytic response is considered the most effective host defenses in combating S. aureus infection.
What is phagocytic response?Phagocytosis is a type of cell response that plays a key role in the course of an immune response as well as in the remodeling of tissues and the healing of wounds. Professional phagocytes are specialized cells that can carry out this task quite effectively.
What is S. aureus infection?It has long been known that S. aureus is one of the most significant germs that harm humans. It is the main contributor to skin and soft tissue infections such cellulitis, furuncles, and abscesses (boils). Boils are the most typical staph infection form. This is a pus-filled pocket that forms in an oil gland or hair follicle. Typically, the skin around the infected area turns red and swells. To treat staph infections, doctors frequently administer cefazolin, nafcillin, oxacillin, vancomycin, daptomycin, and linezolid. Vancomycin may be necessary for staph infections that are severe. This is due to the fact that a large number of staph bacterium strains have developed resistance to other common antibiotics.
Thus from above conclusion we can say that phagocytic response is considered the most effective host defenses in combating S. aureus infection.
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are fats and oils generally more soluable than fatty acids
Fats and oil are more soluble than fatty acids because they have more carbon chains than fats and oil.
Are fats and oil soluble in water?Lipids like fats and oil also known as triglycerides are soluble in organic solvents like petroleum ether and chloroform but are insoluble in water. They tend to come together to form a mass with each other in water.
Fatty acid on the other hand are less soluble than fats and oil because they contain more carbon hydrogen bonds than fats and oil and are non-polar bonds. Also unsaturated fatty acid has two hydrogen bonds removed from it which allows it to form a stronger double bond between two carbon atoms.
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impervious surfaces do not absorb water very well. Which of these would be considered an impervious surface? A. parking lot B. sandy beach C. grassy hills
Sandy beaches do not effectively absorb water.
What about impervious surfaces?Impervious surfaces are those that permit little or no infiltration of rainwater into the earth. Impervious surfaces are entirely man-made and, except from exposed natural rock cropping, constitute an artificial component of most ecosystems. Basically, water cannot soak naturally into the ground in constructed regions with large amounts of impermeable surfaces; instead, it rushes over the landscape, bringing pollution and biological contaminants into our rivers, harming fish, wildlife, and people. All hard surfaces, including paved roads, parking lots, roofs, and even densely compacted soils like sports fields, are referred to as "impervious surfaces." Residential roofs, public buildings, parking lots, commercial buildings, and bedrock near the soil's surface are a few examples of impermeable surfaces. Impervious surfaces are generally understood to include heavily compacted soils, concrete, asphalt, roofs, and other construction materials. Impervious surfaces include places like concrete patios, paved roads, driveways, sidewalks, and roofs because they are unable to absorb water. Perviousness is the capacity of a surface to let water pass through a substance. Pavement is impermeable but sand is not. Water will flow off an impervious surface until it encounters a previous surface because water cannot penetrate an impervious surface (such as a lawn).Learn more about impervious surface here:
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Answer: Parking lot
Explanation:
Based on your knowledge of microbial genetics and microbial pathogenesis, where do you think is/are the likely location/s of the genetic information for e. Coil shiga exotoxins?.
Most Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains implicated in severe diseases such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) carry the large enterohemolysin-encoding (ehxA) plasmid. B. pO157 and pO103 contributing to the clinical presentation of STEC.
What is Shiga Toxin?The toxin is named after Kiyoshi Shiga, who first described the bacterial origin of dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae. Shiga toxin (Stx) is a protein exotoxin expressed by the Gram-negative bacterium Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1.
You can get STEC by eating products that are contaminated with the bacteria. The bacteria live in the intestines of healthy cows and can contaminate meat during slaughter. Infection is most commonly caused by consumption of contaminated food, especially raw or undercooked meat. occurs by
Shiga toxins are a family of related toxins with two major groups, Stx1 and Stx2, expressed by genes that are thought to be part of the lambdoid prophage genome.
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developmental scientists are interested in the role of culture in development. according to their findings, which of the following cultural groups is most likely to focus holistically on interrelationships rather than analytically?
East Asians tend to prefer holistic thinking to analytical thinking.
What is the difference between Holistic thinkers and Analytic thinkers?Holistic thinking is a complex study of the whole. For business organizations, holistic thinking considers their purpose, values, functions in the environment, processes and structures. It is the basis for developing business design structures, systems thinking, and strategy formation. Analytic thinking is to identify and define problems, extract key information from data, develop viable solutions to identified problems, test and validate root causes of problems, and provide solutions for identified problems You should be able to develop a solution.Analytical thinkers focus on individual objects and classify them based on their attributes. Holistic thinkers see the context as a whole and focus on the relationships between objects.
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excess acetyl coa that accumulates during fat breakdown is modified in the liver by which of the following pathways?
Acetyl-CoA builds up in the liver, where it mixes with other substances to create ketone bodies through a process called ketogenesis. Insufficient insulin production by the pancreas characterizes Type I diabetes mellitus.
Within 30 minutes after eating a meal containing carbohydrates, blood sugar levels increase. Acetyl CoA is redirected to produce ketone bodies if too much acetyl CoA is produced during the oxidation of fatty acids and the Krebs cycle is overburdened and unable to manage it. If the body's glucose levels are too low, these ketone bodies can act as a fuel source. A molecule known as acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) is involved in a variety of metabolic processes in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.
High levels of nucleocytosolic acetyl-CoA are indicative of a "growth" or "fed" state and encourage its use for histone acetylation and lipid synthesis.
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Which organ system is responsible for making sure blood flows to the whole body?.
The organ system responsible for ensuring the flow of blood throughout the body is the circulatory system.
What is the circulatory system?
The circulatory system (cardiovascular system) pumps blood from the heart to the lungs to get oxygen. The heart then sends oxygenated blood through the arteries throughout the body. Veins carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart to start the circulation process.
The heart is a vital organ of the circulatory system. The function of the heart in the circulation process is to pump blood throughout the body. The heart cooperates with the blood vessels in the circulation process. Blood vessels have the role of circulating blood to and from the heart.
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an antigen-antibody reaction, also known as an immune reaction, involves: the binding of antigens to allergens the binding of antibodies to allergens the binding of antigens to antibodies the binding of allergens to antibiotics submit
An antigen-antibody reaction additionally referred to as an immune response the binding of antigens to antibodies.
Option C is the binding of antigens to antibodies.
The antigens and antibodies combine through a method known as agglutination. it's by far the essential reaction in the body through which the frame is blanketed from complex foreign molecules, including pathogens and their chemical pollutants.
The antibody binds to unique antigens. This indicates the alternative cells of the immune machine to put off the invading microbes. The electricity of binding between the antibody and an antigen at a single binding website is known as the antibody's affinity for the antigen.
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input from most sensory systems converge on the ________ before being relayed to the cerebral cortex.
Input from most sensory systems converge on the thalamus before being relayed to the cerebral cortex.
The secondary sensory area receives input from the thalamus, the primary sensory area, or both, whereas the primary sensory area only receives input from the thalamus. Both the sensory regions of the cerebral cortex and the thalamus provide information to the motor areas. The relay hub of the brain is the thalamus. It takes in afferent impulses from sense receptors spread out across the body and processes the data before sending it to the proper cortical region. Additionally, it controls consciousness and sleep. To specific cortical regions known as primary cortical receiving areas, the thalamus acts as a "gateway" to the cerebral cortex.
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Explain the relationship between a P and S wave that makes
it possible to determine the location of an earthquake focus.
How is the focus location determined?
Answer:Use the time difference between the arrival of the P and S waves to estimate the distance from the earthquake to the station.
Explanation: