In bacteria treated with the drug, you find that small ribosomal subunits are bound to the mRNAs, but not the large subunits. This drug arrest translation in the termination stage.
The natural compound Blasticidin S, which acts on both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and inhibits both peptidyl-tRNA hydrolysis and to a lesser extent peptide bond formation, is the only known small molecule inhibitor that impacts termination.
However, this medication binds to the ribosomal 50S subunit at a place shared with several other antibiotics and functions primarily as a PTC inhibitor that has been demonstrated to deform the CCA end of the P-site tRNA8. Therefore, interference is its way of action.
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the schwann cells plasma membrane spirals repeatedly around the unmyelinated fiber as it does myelin sheath. True or False
The given statement is false. The Schwann cells plasma membrane spirals repeatedly around the unmyelinated fiber as it does myelin sheath.
What purpose do Schwann cells serve?The maintenance of the peripheral nervous system depends heavily on the Schwann cell (PNS). Myelinating and non-myelinating Schwann cells are the two types of Schwann cells, which are produced from neural crest cells. Both are crucial for maintaining and regenerating the axons of the neurons in the PNS.
Peripheral nerve fibres, both myelinated and unmyelinated, are maintained by glial cells known as schwann cells. The myelin sheath is created by Schwann cells in myelinated axons.
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Which tatement i the bet explanation of the pattern in the data?A. There i evidence that moquito bite caue an increae in temperature. B. There i a correlation between temperature and number of moquito bite. C. There i both correlation and caue between temperature and number of moquito bite. D. There i neither correlation nor caue between temperature and number of moquito bite brainly
There I evidence that mosquito chunks cause an increase in temperature is the guess rationalization of the sample in the data.
Contact our health care company if the mosquito bites seem to arise with warning signs of a severe condition. those may encompass an excessive fever, severe headache, frame aches, and signs of infection.
Mosquitoes, like every bug, are bloodless-blooded creatures. As an end result, they're incapable of regulating frame warmness and their temperature is essentially similar to their environment. Mosquitoes function first-rate at eighty stages F, end up torpid at 60 tiers F, and can not function underneath 50 degrees F.
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Sharon has a history of of bulimia. Which of the following symptoms would be congruent with her diagnosis?
a. Binging, purging, obesity, hyperkalemia.
b. Binging, purging, normal weight, hypokalemia.
c. Binging, purging, severe weight loss, hyperkalemia.
d. Binging, laxative abuse, amenorrhea, severe weight loss.
The symptoms of bulimia are binging, purging, normal weight, and hypokalemia.
Bulimia: What is it?The severe eating disorder bulimia nervosa, also referred to as bulimia, has a high mortality rate. Bulimics may secretly overeat and purge in an effort to burn off the extra calories in an unhealthy way. Consuming enormous amounts of food without restraint is referred to as bingeing.
Numerous methods can be used by bulimics to burn calories and prevent weight gain. You might, for instance, overuse laxatives, diet pills, diuretics, or enemas after bingeing or repeatedly self-induce vomiting. You can also use other tactics like fasting, strict dieting, or overexerting oneself to burn calories and prevent weight gain.
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Scientists determined that organisms of the genus spinoloricus were eukaryotes and not prokaryotes because spinoloricus cells have -.
Organisms of the genus spinoloricus that were eukaryotes and that not prokaryotes because the spinoloricus cells have the nuclear membrane
Spinolorix organisms are fundamentally different from other known eukaryotes in that they lack mitochondria and can exist without oxygen. However, their genetic material is contained within the nuclear membrane, making them more likely to be eukaryotic than prokaryotic. The nuclear membrane which is also called as the nuclear envelope. It consists of two lipid bilayer membranes. Nuclear membranes are present in both plant and animal cells The nuclear envelope is composed of two phospholipid bilayers. The membrane facing the cytoplasm is called the outer nuclear membrane (ONM) and the membrane facing the nucleoplasm is called the INM. The ONM is continuously connected to the ER and, like the ER, is decorated with ribosomes on its surface.
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what is the best reason below why snap cap tubes should not be used for the centrifugation of biohazards?
The forces during centrifugation may cause leakage around the top of the tube and cap because snap cap tubes are not completely airtight.
What is cap tubes ?When it comes to small commercial refrigeration applications like prep tables and reach-in cooler boxes, capillary tubes are a fixed metering device that is frequently used. The process of turning the high pressure liquid refrigerant into a spray of low pressure liquid only requires a short piece of copper tubing.
Products that have already been chilled are stored using cap tube systems. It may take up to 24 hours for a cap tube refrigeration system to cool a box of non-refrigerated goods to the proper temperature.
A device used to metre refrigerant from a liquid state to a gas state is known as a refrigeration cap tube, also known as refrigeration capillary tubing. This procedure is used to take the heat out of a cooler or freezer. Nearly all of the smaller refrigeration units in bars and restaurants use capillary tubing.
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glycogen synthetase kinase 3 beta is a protein kinase that has been implicated in many types of cancer. depending on the cell type, the gene for glycogen synthetase kinase 3 beta can act either as an oncogene or as a tumor suppressor. which of the following best predicts how glycogen synthetase kinase 3 beta mutations can lead to the development of cancer? responses cells with overactive glycogen synthetase kinase 3 beta have longer cell cycles cells with overactive glycogen synthetase kinase 3 beta have longer cell cycles cells with inactive glycogen synthetase kinase 3 beta fail to trigger apoptosis cells with inactive glycogen synthetase kinase 3 beta fail to trigger apoptosis cells with inactive glycogen synthetase kinase 3 beta fail to proceed past the g2/m checkpoint cells with inactive glycogen synthetase kinase 3 beta fail to proceed past the g2/m checkpoint cells with overactive glycogen synthetase kinase 3 beta are more likely to repair dna damage cells with overactive glycogen synthetase kinase 3 beta are more likely to repair dna damage
Cells with inactive GSK3βGSK3β fail to trigger apoptosis are the following best predicts how GSK3β mutations can lead to the development of cancer.
What does GSK3β do?The multifunctional serine/threonine kinase glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3) was first discovered as a regulator of glycogen metabolism. It is essential for the control of several signaling pathways, including those that control biological processes including cell division, inflammation, and proliferation. There has been a noticeable increase in the number of articles and patents published by various employees throughout the world during the past several years. As a therapeutic target for the treatment of medical conditions, several pharmaceutical firms are concentrating on GSK3. The focus of the current review is on the signaling mechanisms of various disease conditions where GSK3 is involved. We provide a thorough map of GSK3 signaling pathways in disease physiologies in this review.Learn more about GSK3β mutations refer :
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suppose your crude enzyme has a specific activity of 326 umol/min/mg. suppose your purified fraction has a specific activity of 2300 umol/min/mg. what is the fold purification?
The number of times a protein preparation is enriched for the protein being purified is referred to as the fold. A protein has been purified 10 fold if its concentration before and after filtration is 1nM and 10nM, respectively.
How do you locate the fold of purification?For the purification fold, you must first determine the specific activity for the A sample by dividing the total activity units by the total protein mgs, and then perform the same calculations for the B sample. Finally, divide B/A: Purification activities specifically.
What constitutes a good protein purification yield?Insoluble proteins, which must go through a denaturation and folding cycle, can be recovered with lower yields (5% to 20%), whereas soluble proteins can be recovered with good yields (>50%).
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Africa, Asia, South America, and Antarctica share some patterns of primitive (fossil) plants and early reptiles, but do not have similar mammal populations. These findings
A. suggests that the mammals evolved earlier while continents were joined, but plants & reptiles radiated into diverse groups after separation.
B. cast serious doubts upon the theory of continental drift & fused land.
C. suggest that the earlier plants and reptiles evolved with continents were joined, but mammals radiated into diverse groups after separation.
D. suggests that a pattern of land bridges existed at different times in geological history.
E. are an unsolved puzzle probably due to the random nature of biological evolution
These findings suggest that the earlier plants and reptiles evolved with continents were joined, but mammals radiated into diverse groups after separation.
Briefing:
Seas and oceans separated species as continents split from Pangaea, leading to speciation. Previously compatible individuals were reproductively separated from one another and finally developed incompatible adaptations.
Species were produced as a result, driving evolution.
Smaller mammals appeared to have a greater chance of surviving because they could conceal themselves more easily and because they could adapt more swiftly to a variety of diets.
The preserved remains, or traces of remains, of extinct animals and plants are known as fossils.
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How does scientific knowledge continue to change over time?
A. Living systems are constantly changing, so previous explanations
no longer apply.
B. Scientists always change their assumptions and explanations to
keep their work interesting.
C. Each new discovery is based on new data and ignores previous
investigations.
OD. Scientists reevaluate current assumptions and explanations as
new data and technology become available.
Answer: the answer is D
Explanation:
Inherited traits that can change without affecting the sequence of dna are examples of what?.
Heritable changes in gene expression of how environmental factors and behavior can alter how your genes function. Epigenetic alterations can be reversed, unlike hereditary modifications.
What types of qualities are examples?Character qualities include things like honesty, loyalty, charity, and impatience. These are only a few of the numerous character traits that could aid in your understanding of yourself or those around you.
What exactly are basic traits?Simply genetic predispositions are those in which the phenotype is controlled by one or a small number of genes. Simple hereditary features include coat color, horned/polled status, & numerous genetic disorders.
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vioxx and other prescription nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (n s a i ds) are potent inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase-2 (c o x-2) enzyme. high substrate concentrations reduce the efficacy of inhibition by these drugs. these drugs are
Those drugs are competitive inhibitors Vioxx and different prescription nonsteroidal pills (n s an I ds) are mighty inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase-2 (c o x-2) enzyme.
Rofecoxib (Vioxx) was one of the first selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors (coxibs) to be authorized to be used in people. 5 years after its launch to the public, Vioxx became withdrawn from the marketplace because of the unfavorable cardiovascular consequences of the drug.
COX-2 Selective (consists of Bextra, Celebrex, and Vioxx) and Non-Selective Non-Steroidal capsules (NSAIDs).
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competition occurs between individuals of same species via aggression etc. when the individuals interfere with foraging, survival, reproduction of others, or by directly preventing their physical establishment in a portion of the habitat.
Interference competition takes place between individuals of equal species via aggression and so forth. whilst the individuals intrude with the foraging, survival, and replica of others, or via at once preventing their bodily establishment in a part of the habitat.
Whilst one organism bodily restricts any other organism's get entry to assets, it's far known as 'interference opposition'. Interference opposition is not unusual in animals such as songbirds, which preserve one-of-a-kind spatial territories with the aid of vocalizations.
Interference competition is an indirect impact that occurs thru the use of a shared aid and relies upon useful resource availability. Interference competition occurs by means of obstructing get entry to a resource and won't rely upon useful resource availability.
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If trey has a high score in neuroticism and a low score in extroversion on the big 5 personality test, he is likely to be.
If trey has a high score in neuroticism and a low score in extroversion on the big 5 personality test, he is likely to be: anxious and quiet.
Neuroticism describes the personality related to distress and dissatisfaction. If a person has high neuroticism, he/she remains highly dissatisfied with their lives and the work they perform. This can be high due to some stress, anxiety, trauma, etc.
Big 5 personality tests gives scores to an individual based on 5 parameters. These parameters are: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. The test gives an idea about how a person should react to situations.
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invertebrates1. illustrate the phylogenetic relationships among the major groups of animals, including the points on the tree where major adaptations appeared, such as tissues, bilateral symmetry, protostome and deuterostome development, ecdysis, and lophotrochozoan characteristics
Lophotrochozoan are protostomes, examples: flatworms, molluscs, and annelids; mouth forms; cilia with a crown of tentacles (worms)
What is Lophotrochozoan?The word "Lophotrochozoa," which refers to a clade of protostome animals that is sister to Ecdysozoa, has become commonly used in contemporary evolutionary and developmental literature. More animal phyla are represented by these non-ecdysozoan protostomes than by any other metazoan clade. Specifically, these include Annelida (together with a few extinct phyla, including Echiura, Pogonophora, Vestimentifera, and maybe Sipuncula), Brachiopoda, Bryozoa, Chaetognatha, Cycliophora, Entoprocta, Gastrotricha, Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, Mollusca, Nemertea, Phoronida, This quantity of phyletic diversity includes the second-biggest phylum (Mollusca), two phyla with some of the highest body plan disparities, and around half of all living animal phyla (Mollusca and Annelida). Although the connections between these phyla are yet debatable— Apart from the Ecdysozoa vs. Articulata problems
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if cells are placed in a strong sugar solution water will
Water will largely move from cells to the a high sugar solution if cells are submerged in it.
A concentrated sugar solution is what?Since sugar is less diluted than water, water is pulled from the fruits and combines with the sugar there. A sugar solution is produced when the sugar is dissolved in water. Fruits as a result have less water inside of them and are encircled by sugar solution.
What varieties of sugar solutions are there?A homogeneous solution is created when the sugar has been dissolved in the water. The sugar is referred to be a genuine solution as well. Because the sugar particles in sugar solution are less than 1 nm, the term "true solution" was coined.
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In the G2 phase Cyclin and CDK (cyclin dependent kinase) work together to inhibit (stop) or stimulate (start) the cell cycle at this checkpoint.
True or false
During the cell cycle, cyclins activate CDK, and together they form complexes that stimulate the cycle progession. The provided statement is false because this complex does not inhibit (stop) the cell cycle by itself.
What is the role of cyclin/CDKs complexes?Cyclins are cell cycle regulator proteins that control the cell during the process of division. Different types of cyclins act on a different stages.
For each stage of the cell cycle, there is an especific cyclin,
When the cell is going through one of the stages, the only cyclin in high levels is the one that is regulating that part of the cycle.Once that stage is over, that cyclin concentration decreases, and the following one increases.Kinases, Cdk, are enzymes that depend on cyclins and that remain inactive until cyclins are present.
The enzyme becomes functional when the cyclin binds it. Then, the kinase can accomplish its functions.
When the cyclin and the kinase are together, they compose the Maturation Promotor Factor, MPF.
MPF is composed of cyclin and kinase. MPF controls the cell cycle evolution, and is in charge of letting the cell go from the G2 stage to the M stage.
The inactivation of MPF is regulated by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) that are proteins that regulate cyclins and kinases bonds due to the degradation of cyclin. As cyclin is destroyed, the MPF gets inactive.
The following statement is false ⇒ In the G2 phase Cyclin and CDK (cyclin dependent kinase) work together to inhibit (stop) or stimulate (start) the cell cycle at this checkpoint.
It is false because the Cyclin-CDK complex work to stimulate the cell cycle evolution. Other factors act to inhibit its progress.
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after a protein is synthesized, it can undergo several subsequent processes.which process does a protein always undergo sooner or later?
After a protein is synthesized, it can undergo several subsequent processes. Process that a protein always undergo sooner or later is : degradation via proteasomes.
What happens after protein synthesis?After being synthesized, the protein is carried in a vesicle from the RER to the cis face of the Golgi. As the protein move through the Golgi, it can be modified.
After a polypeptide chain is synthesized, it may undergo additional processes, such as it may assume a folded tertiary shape due to interactions among its amino acids. It may bind with other polypeptides or with different types of molecules, such as lipids or carbohydrates.
The first step in protein synthesis is called transcription that is the process wherein DNA is used to create mRNA. mRNA is produced using DNA's code, which is within the cell's nucleus.
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Which labeled structure is the most likely target of cyanide poisoning in the cell?.
The principal target of cyanide's harmful effects is cytochrome c peroxidase, which is responsible for suppressing mitochondrial respiration (mitochondrial Complex IV).
What's a cell's structure?The three parts that make up a cell are the cytoplasm, the nucleus, and the cellular membranes. The cytoplasm contains tens of thousands of tiny, distinctive structures known as organelles and intricate arrangements of microscopic fibers.
What is a cell used for?They provide the body with structure, take in nutrients from food and convert them into energy, or carry out specific functions. Cells also contain the genetic material of the organism and are capable of self-replication.
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Why is the quadrat method useful for estimating snail populations? explain why the same method would not be useful for counting fish populations.
The quadrat method is employed to calculate the population density of an area. This technique involves marking a sizable square area—an enclave—on the ground. It counts the number of animals in the xenclave.
How does the Quadrat technique work?A technique called quadrat sampling allows for the direct counting of organisms within a predetermined area (or sample) of their habitat. The abundance (number), density, frequency, and distribution of the population are all estimated using this method. Both randomly selected and transect-placed quadrat positions are acceptable.
What makes the quadrat approach effective?A well-known technique for studying ecology, and particularly biodiversity, is quadrat sampling. It is a vital technique for directly counting the organisms in a certain area (sample) of the habitat. The abundance (number), density, frequency, and dispersion of the population are all estimated using this method.
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the form of natural selection that leads to an increase in the frequency of alleles that promote the fitness of genetic relatives is called:
The form of natural selection that leads to an increase in the frequency of alleles that promote the fitness of genetic relatives is called Kin Selection.
The true power of kin selection theory is its generality. Kin selection can explain a range of social interactions and not just altruistic cooperation. The simplest cases are that when interacting individuals are more closely related, they should be more likely to cooperate, show more selfish restraint, and show less aggression.
The honeybee and other social insects provide the clearest example of kin selection. They are also particularly interesting examples because of the peculiar genetic relationships among the family members. Male honeybees develop from the queen's unfertilized eggs and are haploid.
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one of the important outcomes of gastrulation is the establishment of germ layers. if gastrulation failed to occur, then: tissues and organs would not develop, and the pregnancy would not be viable. only skin and muscle would develop. only skin and the digestive tract would develop. only skin would develop.
If gastrulation failed to occur, then tissues and organs would not develop, and the pregnancy would not be viable
What is gastrulation ?When an embryo undergoes gastrulation, it reorganises from a one-dimensional layer of epithelial cells (blastula) into a multilayered, multidimensional structure known as the gastrula.
The formation of germ layers is one of the main effects of gastrulation. Tissues and organs would not develop, and the pregnancy would not be viable, if gastrulation did not take place.The development of the primitive streak and node marks the beginning of the digestive process. Deeper embryonic layers are accessible through the primitive streak. A vital molecular signalling hub is the primitive node.Learn more about Gastrulation here:
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atp can be produced as a by-product of the metabolism of glucose and several other substances. which of the following substances are possible sources of atp? check all that apply.
The following substances are possible sources of ATP includes triglycerides (fat), amino acids (protein), glucose (carbohydrate).
What materials could act as ATP sources?With one gramme of CHO delivering four calories of energy, carbohydrates are the body's primary meal energy source for the creation of ATP. After being digested, carbohydrates yield glucose, which is used in chemical processes to create ATP.
A pyruvic acid molecule can be created from glycerol, and Acetyl CoA can be produced right away from fatty acids. This allows for the entry of either triglyceride component into the citric acid cycle and the production of ATP.
The three steps that follow—glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA or Krebs cycle), and lastly oxidative phosphorylation—catabolize glucose, which serves as the majority energy source for cellular metabolism. These three reactions result in the production of ATP.
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which of the following activities would most likely be done by an anatomist? examining the bones of a person with osteoporosis comparing the effects of exercise intensity studying how nutrients are broken down and absorbed in the small intestines researching the flow of blood and fluids through the walls of the capillaries
Examining the bones of a person with osteoporosis.
A person who has received specialized training in anatomy (the study of the structures of animals or plants). Anatomy is a branch of biology that studies the structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a natural science branch that studies the structural organization of living things. It is an ancient science, dating back to prehistoric times.
An anatomist is a physician who studies the structure of living things. Anatomists frequently work in academia and as biomedical researchers, with a focus on biological structures and their functions. An anatomist may specialize in endocrinology, molecular development, or genetics.
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Before it grows too large a cell with divide into two ____cells .so that each new cell receives its own genetic instructions,the cell___or copies all of its dna
Answer:
Explanation:
I believe it is...
daughter or identical (not sure)
replicates
approximately how many genes are in our body?
The humans have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes.
What is genes?
The word "gene" can refer to a variety of concepts in biology. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that's also transcribed to produce a functional RNA, whereas the Mendelian gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Protein-coding genes as well as noncoding genes are the two categories of molecular genes. DNA is first copied into RNA during gene expression.
Genetic material that is transferred from parent to child. The chromosomes in the nucleus of cells have precise sites where genes are ordered sequentially on DNA sequences.
The building blocks of life are genes. They include instructions for constructing particular molecules and proteins that control how the body develops and functions and enable human cells to function. Additionally, they influence how certain physical traits and attributes, like hair or eye color, are expressed.
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which of the following choices list the correct order of structures through which urine passes on its way out of the body?
Calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra are the correct order of tissues via which urine should flow to leave the body.
What is the renal pelvis made of?The renal pelvis, like the ureter, is lined with a thin layer of moist mucous membrane that is linked to a thicker layer of smooth muscle fibers that is encircled by connective tissue.
Calyx whereabouts in the kidney?Calyces, or cup-like projections, obstruct the renal pelvis' perimeter. Each pyramid's renal papillae are surrounded by a little calyx that collects urine from that particular pyramid. A major calyx is formed when several minor calyces come together.
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. Where do most of the extinctions occur in the world? (Which biome?
The majority of extinctions worldwide are caused by sea level rise.
Where do extinction events usually happen?Most mass extinctions, including all of the "Big Five"—the End-Ordovician, Late Devonian, End-Permian, End-Triassic, and End-Cretaceous—as well as the more recently recognized Capitanian mass extinction of comparable severity to the Big Five—are correlated with sea level rise.
Where are the extinction rates the highest?Findings were erratic and challenging to compare between species. Furthermore, the majority (60%) of research on the impacts of climate change has focused on North America and Europe. But according to Urban, the three continents most at risk for extinction are South America, Australia, and New Zealand.
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Although lamarck hypothesized that adaptations to the environment did occur, he also believed that.
He believed that the offspring inherited characteristics acquired by their parents during their lifetime.
What is meant by offspring ?The youthful creation of living creatures, known in biology as progeny, can be created by a single organism or, in the event of sexual reproduction, by two organisms. A group of offspring is sometimes referred to as a brood or progeny in a more generic sense. This can apply to all of the offspring, as in the case of the honeybee, or to a group of offspring that hatched at the same time, as the chicks that emerged from one clutch of eggs.Without regard to age, one might refer to a parent's children as "minor children," "adult children," "baby children," or "teenage children" depending on their age. Male children are referred to as sons, and female children as daughters (see kinship). After mating or artificial insemination, offspring may develop.Learn more about offspring refer :
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The collective term for various diseases of the heart and blood vessels is ______ disease.
The collective term for various diseases of the heart and blood vessels is cardiovascular diseases .
Coronary heart ailment (CHD) is the maximum common form of coronary heart disease, killing about 382,820 human beings yearly. each year approximately 805,000 people have a heart attack. of these, 605,000 are a primary coronary heart assault and 2 hundred,000 manifest in human beings who have already had a coronary heart attack.
Coronary heart sickness can't be cured but treatment can help control the symptoms and decrease the chances of problems along with coronary heart attacks. remedy can encompass: way of life modifications, which includes ordinary workout and preventing smoking.
Coronary Artery sickness (CAD) is treatable, but there may be no therapy. because of this as soon as diagnosed with CAD, you need to learn to stay with it for the relaxation of your lifestyles. by reducing your chance factors and dropping your fears, you can live a complete existence no matter CAD.
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For the experiment on the D1580 locus, place the following steps in the PCR reaction in order from what you will do first to last. - Place the PCR tube in the DNA thermocycler and amplify for 30 minutes. - Add 25 pl of 2x Phusion Flash PCR Master Mix. - Mix the PCR tube and spin down the reagents. - Transfer 20 ul of Chelex supernatant to a clean PCR tube. Add 5 ul of the forward and reverse primer mix.
The Principle of PCR is to amplify many copies of Specific DNA region in a test tube rather in an organism. It requires several components like DNA template, DNA polymerase, Buffer solution, two DNA primers etc.
Moreover, PCR is also called a Polymerase chain reaction. It is a method developed by Kary Mullis.
The Principle of PCR is to amplify many copies of Specific DNA region in a test tube rather in an organism. It requires several components like DNA template, DNA polymerase, Buffer solution, two DNA primers etc. The procedure includes three steps namely: 1) Denaturation 2) Annealing 3) Extension/Elongation.
For the experiment on the D1S80 locus, the following steps in the PCR reaction are as follows:
1) Transfer 20 \mu l of Chelex supernatant to a clean PCR tube.
2) Add 25 \mu l of 2x Phusion Flash PCR Master Mix.
3) Add 5 \mu l of the forward and reverse primer mix.
4) Mix the PCR tube and spin down the reagents.
5) Place the PCR tube in the DNA thermocycler and amplify for 30 minutes.
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