Two ecologists, Robert H. MacArthur and Edward Wilson, studied how organisms immigrate to islands and how their numbers change after colonization. They developed the island biogeography model to explain the composition and diversity of island species. The graph below shows the number of species versus the size of the Caribbean island:

Use the Species by Area graph to answer the following:
Describe the relationship between species number and island size observed in the data.
Describe two additional factors that affect species richness on islands.

Scientists have found that most species on the same continent are more closely related to each other than to organisms on other continents. They hypothesize that this phenomenon is due to the evolution that occurred after the continents split apart, or in the case of island biogeography, after islands formed off the coast of mainland regions.
Explain the role of adaptive evolution in island biodiversity.
Describe one process that leads to speciation of islands.
Explain how the biodiversity of an island affects its ecological tolerance to change.
Explain how specialist species are affected when generalist species migrate to an island.

Island ecosystems experience ecological succession in different stages of their development.
Describe the process of primary succession on an island.
Describe the process of secondary succession on an island.
Identify two scenarios that lead to secondary succession on an island. Explain how these scenarios can affect island biodiversity.

There is a directly proportional relationship between species number and island size. Two factors that may affect species richness on islands include food availability and the presence of predators.

Adaptation refers to the evolutionary process by which species fit specific environmental (island) conditions.

Island biodiversity is a consequence of the adaptive process by which organisms can adjust to specific island conditions.

Speciation refers to the emergence of reproductive barriers between individuals of the same population, which occurs in islands due to geographic separation.

With higher tolerance to change, will be higher the biodiversity (i.e., number of species) of an island.

Generalist species can negatively affect specialist species living on an island because they can also fit the same environmental conditions (and therefore compete for limited resources).

Primary succession refers to the process by which species first colonize a lifeless habitat, whereas the second succession on the island occurs by new processes of migration.

Learn more about island biodiversity here:

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Which of the following best explains the diffusion of plants and animals from their hearths of domestication?



A. Animals were domesticated before plants and diffused rapidly from their hearth of domestication through contagious diffusion because they were mobile and moved easily from place to place.

B. Domesticated plants spread through wind-borne dispersal of seeds from their original hearth, expanding slowly until a vast region was covered with new plants.

C. Both domesticated plants and animals spread across the globe through contagious diffusion in early years by farmers and traders, and later by relocation diffusion through European exploration and colonialism.

D. The diffusion of plants and animals was limited to areas close to each hearth of domestication because the newly developed plants and animals could not readily adapt to different soil types.

E. The diffusion of plants and animals was dependent on nomadic traders who traveled between agricultural villages because early farmers were sedentary and did not travel to other areas.

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